Biochemistry Review
Primary Structure: Linear arrangement of AA acids coded in an organism’s DNA.
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Listed from N-terminus to C-terminus
Stabilized by the formation of covalent peptide bonds between adjacent AA.
Encodes all information needed for folding at all the higher levels.
Secondary Structure: local structure of neighboring AA.
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Primarily the result of hydrogen bonding of intramolecular hydrogens between different
residues.
Alpha Helices: stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl oxygen and
the amide hydrogen found four residues down. O-H bond.
Tertiary Structure: the three-dimensional shape.
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Determined by hydrophobic interactions between R-groups.
N-H and C=O bonds are attracted to hydrophobic groups, electrostatic interactions result in
further stabilization.
Hydrophilic R groups are on the outside, hydrophobic ones on the inside.
Disulfide bonds are made between two adjacent cysteines that oxidize to form cystine. Create
loops.
Carbohydrate Metabolism Part 1:
Glucose entry into most cells is driven by concentration and is independent of sodium (except in the
digestive tract).
Glut-2: low affinity transporter in hepatocytes (liver) and pancreatic cells. Primarily for storage.
The liver will preferentially uptake excess glucose and store it.
Glut-4: adipose tissue and muscle, responds to the glucose concentration in peripheral blood. The
activity of this enzyme is increased by insulin
Glycolysis: