Report in Biochemistry
(Diabetes Mellitus)
Submitted To:
Mr. Francis Panaguiton
Submitted By:
Jeannie Alcazar
Stephanie Bernas
Jhessel Comparacion
Erick Dave Crispo
Maude Diaz
Reinalyn Jane Diaz
Krystal May Manalo
Lea Opina
I.
Brief History of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus originated
from the Greek word Diabetes means
siphon, which refers to a pass-through
and the Latin word Mellitus, which
indicates sweet or sugary. It simply
implies a surfeit sugar found in the
blood and urine. In the 6th century,
Ayurveda physicians first perceived
the sugary taste of urine called the
condition madhumeha ("honey urine").
Frederick Banting and Charles Best, 1924
In Traditional Chinese Medicine, the
condition was prescribed as xiāo kě, or a malady characterized by extreme thirst and
appetite, frequent micturition, and unexplained weight loss. In the early accounts of
Avicenna and the Medieval Islamic World, diabetes was described as a disease of
the kidneys. In 1674, Thomas Willis implied that diabetes could be a disease in the
blood. Johann Peter Frank is attributed with identifying Diabetes Mellitus and
Diabetes Insipidus in 1794. In 1889, Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski
made a discovery that the pancreas is causing the condition. At the beginning of the
20th century, physicians hypothesized that the Islets of Langerhans secrete a
substance called insulin that breaks down carbohydrates. Frederick Banting, J.J.R.
Macleod, Charles Best, and James Collip made a discovery and refinement of
insulin for clinical use. The patent for insulin was assigned to the University of
Toronto in 1923 to keep treatment accessible.
II.
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Diabetes
Mellitus
describes
as cellular starvation amid plenty. The
insufficiency may occur because the
pancreatic beta cells do not secrete insulin
properly, or the peripheral cell receptors
are resistant to the insulin binding or
transfer across the cell membrane. It is a
complex chronic disease characterized by
the non-utilization of carbohydrates,
proteins, and fat metabolism. It is either
an endocrine or hormonal disease because of its central feature of hyperglycemia.
It results from a deficit in the production or utilization of insulin. The pancreatic
hormone insulin has an important metabolic role. It decreases blood glucose
levels, suppresses fat metabolism, and promotes protein synthesis. Glucagon is a
counter regulatory hormone that raises blood glucose levels. It is also responsible
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for using stored fuels and produces new glucose from glycogen and amino acid
released into the blood.
III.
What are the problems occurred in Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin Dependent (IDDM), Type 1, is an insulin deficiency caused by islet cell
loss. It happens when a type 4 hypersensitivity response or the T cells attack the
pancreas. There's a phenomenon called the genetic abnormality that causes a loss
of self-tolerance among T cells, and it targets the beta-cell antigens. Losing betacell means less insulin, and glucose piles on the blood because it can't enter the
body's cells. 10% of the general population has IDDM Type 1, and it is commonly
associated with onset in childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood. It often
affects small blood vessels in eyes and kidneys.
B. Non-Insulin-Dependent (IDDM), Type 2, occurs when the cells have insulin
resistance. The body secretes normal or low amounts of insulin in the blood, and
the blood glucose rises higher than usual. The beta-cell defect may worsen as the
course of NIDDM progresses from the low levels of insulin. 90% of the general
population has NIDDM Type 2, and it is commonly associated with onset after 40
years of age. It often affects large blood vessels and nerves.
C. Gestational Diabetes (GDM) is glucose intolerance commonly associated with
the onset during childbirth, particularly in the latter half of pregnancy, related to
the placental hormones resisting insulin. Gestational Diabetes can be either IDDM
or NIDDM if the glucose tolerance remains impaired.
IV.
What is the Enzyme lacking in Diabetes Mellitus and what happens if the
Enzyme cannot take place?
The G6PD gene provides instructions for
making an enzyme called Glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase, which plays a
crucial part in red blood cells. This enzyme
defends red blood cells from damage and
premature destruction. A deficiency of
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD)
increases the risk of impaired glucose
tolerance and diabetes. G6PD deficiency
promotes oxidative stress and decreased betacell insulin secretion.
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V.
Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus
IDDM TYPE 1
NDDM TYPE 2
GDM

Polyuria

Usually Asymptomatic

Extreme Fatigue

Polydipsia

Polyuria

Blurring of vision

Polyphagia

Polydipsia

Polyuria

Glycosuria

Polyphagia

Polydipsia

Weight loss

Glycosuria

Nausea

Anorexia, nausea, and

Weight gain
vomiting

Blurring of vision

Increase susceptibility to
infection

Delayed wound healing
VI.
Diagnosis Test
A. Blood Test for Diabetes Mellitus
1. Fasting Glucose Test measures your blood sugar through fasting or not eating or
drinking (except water) for a certain period before the actual monitoring. To screen
for diabetes in patients recently admitted to hospitals care centers. It is part of annual
screening in primary care.
2. Random Glucose Test refers to the sample of blood is taken at any time. The Normal
Blood Glucose Level should be 99 milligrams per deciliter or below.
3. Hemoglobin A1C Test measures the amount of glycosylation of normal hemoglobin
A, and it correlates with the average blood glucose levels over the past 2 to 3 months.
4. Glucose Tolerance Test measures your blood sugar before and after drinking a
sweetened liquid called Glucola.
B. Methods/ Gadgets used for testing
 Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG)
 One Touch II Blood Glucose Monitor
 Glucometer M+ Blood Glucose Monitor
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VII.
Intervention and Treatment for Diabetes Mellitus
A. Primary Prevention
a. Advice the patient to attend nutrition counseling and healthy public
policies focused on food, diet, and physical activities.
b. Cut down sugar and refined carbs from the patient’s diet.
c. Drink an adequate amount of water daily
d. Exercise regularly
e. Avoid cigarette smoking
f. Use Dietary patterns to avoid obesity
g. Normal Blood Glucose Level and the ideal weight should be
maintained or achieved.
h. Educate the patient about the signs and symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus
and when to seek medical assistance if such disease occurs.
B. Secondary Prevention
a. Perform health care skills precisely. (Insulin administration, test
monitoring and interpretation of results, foot care, diet manipulation,
etc.)
b. Proper screening of blood glucose level
c. Constantly monitor the blood sugar, urine (for any protein or ketones),
blood pressure, and weight.
d. Instruct the patient to have an annual eye and kidney exam.
e. Examine the feet for any unusual blood circulation, loss sensation, and
skin integrity.
C. Tertiary Prevention
a. Monitor and administer Insulin and OHA therapy as ordered by the
physician.
b. Monitor signs for complications like atherosclerosis and
microangiopathy, and renal failure.
c. Ensure compliance to medication regimens, monitor changes, and
assist them in maintaining self-sufficiency in daily life.
d. Prevent the occurrence of further complexities through proper
medication.
VIII. Reference Cited
 https://www.news-medical.net/health/History-of-Diabetes.aspx
 https://www3.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id
=6721:2012-interventions-prevention-management-diabetes-obesity
 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/diagnosistreatment/drc-20371451
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_diabetes
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