HISTORY-LESSON 1
History
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the scientific reconstruction and investigation of
human past based on written records, oral
tradition, cultural artifacts, and folk traditions.
Is based on what is written (e.g. diaries, letter,
records, treatises, inscription, etc.), what is said
(e.g. oral literature, oral history through
interviews etc.) and what is physically preserved
(e.g. photographs, forts, old places, old
structure, landmarks, etc.)
Achronistic-angkop sa panahon and anachronistichindi angkop sa panahon// oral literature- folklore,
physical literature-museum paintings, photographs
Importance of studying history:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Relevance to the present
Bridging the gap between past and present
Explain causes of things and events
Projecting the future
Promotes nationalism and patriotism
What is the relevance of studying the History of the
Moro People and the Indigenous People in Mindanao,
Sulu and Palawan?
There must be plenty of reasons why we need to study
the History of the Filipino Muslims and Lumads (IPs) of
Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan, but we see the following
as most relevant:
First: Studying the struggles and history of the Moros
and Lumads is a way of correcting the distorted,
incomplete and lop-sided history that had alienated
the Moros and Lumads ever since. Mention must be
made that in most Philippine History books, the Moros
and Lumads are either not mentioned or (if mentioned)
depicted only as villains, kontrabidas or ―wild people
to be tamed. In this way, the Moros and Lumads do not
see Philippine history as their history (How can they say
it is theirs when they cannot even see themselves taking
a dignified role in its chapters?). This, along with other
factors, consequently made them feel they are not part
of this nation. By recognizing the Moro and Lumad
contribution to the making of the Filipino nation and by
including their perspectives in the study of our past, we
hope to turn Philippine history into OUR STORY (i.e.
everyone‘s story, Moros and Lumads included).
Second: Studying the history of the Moros and Lumads
is a way of broadening our understanding of our
present situation. In particular, it helps us comprehend
better the present dynamics of Muslim-ChristianLumad relationships: what caused their divisions, their
biases, their claims (ancestral and proprietary), their
marginalization, their predicaments and their protests
(both peaceful and violent). We also hope to broaden
our understanding by seeing the implications of
government responses especially the impact of war on
the lives, properties, and relationships of our people.
More importantly, we also hope to see a bigger picture
by looking at their willingness and collective efforts to
dialogue; to find common grounds; to solve their
problems; to get back on their feet; to correct their own
mistakes. By emphasizing not only the violent and ugly
past of Mindanao but more importantly the inspiring
desires and dreams of its tri-people, we hope to
broaden our horizons!
Finally: By broadening our horizons, we hope to
develop essential values necessary for genuine
reconciliation like: empathy, respect, acceptance and
the culture of dialogue. When we learn the sad stories
of our fellow citizens, we understand, we empathize
and we help each other look for acceptable
compromises and solutions to our present problems.
Through them, we therefore learn the culture of
dialogue which is the beginning of genuine
reconciliation. In the long run, we hope that this will
eventually minimize (if not eradicate) the culture of
violence and the eventual triumph of the culture of
peace in Mindanao.
Lesson 2
2. Northern Mindanao (Region 10)
GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING OF MINDANAO
It Comprises five provinces: Bukidnon, Camiguin (island
province), Lanao Del Norte, Misamis Oriental, Misamis
Occidental, and two cities classified as highly urbanized,
Iligan City and Cagayan de Oro City as the
administrative capital.
Facts about Mindanao
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Mindanao is the second largest island in the
Philippines at 97,530 square kilometers, and is
the eighth most populous island in the world.
The island is larger than 125 countries
worldwide, including the Netherlands, South
Korea, Austria, Portugal, Czech Republic,
Hungary, and Ireland.
The island is mountainous, and is home to
Mount Apo, the highest mountain in the
country. Mindanao is surrounded by four seas:
the Sulu Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to
the east, and the Celebes Sea to the south, and
the Mindanao strait or Visayan Sea to the north.
As of the 2010 census, the main island was
inhabited by 20,281,545 people, while the
entire Mindanao island group had an estimated
total of 25,537,691 (2018) residents.
The island consists of 6 administrative regions,
22 provinces, and 30 cities (27 provinces and 33
cities if associated islands are included).
1. ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA (Region 9)
 Composed of the three provinces (Zamboanga
del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur and Zamboanga
Sibugay) with five cities, (Dapitan, Pagadian,
Dipolog, Isabela) and the highly urbanized city
of Zamboanga City
 Pagadian City is the administrative capital of the
region.
 Zamboanga City is also known as the little
Spanish city, Zamboanga Hermosa and Asia’s
Latin City.
 The term Zamboanga is derived from a Badjao
word ‘Samboangan’ which means “port”.
 On the other hand, it is also derived from a
Subanen word Jambangan which means “land
of flowers”.
3. Davao (Region 11)

Formerly known as Southern Mindanao. It is
situated at the southeastern portion of
Mindanao and comprises five provinces: Davao
Oriental, Davao Occidental, Davao Del Sur,
Davao del Norte, and Davao de Oro.
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Davao city is the administrative capital.

The word Davao derived from the Bagobo
word Daba-Daba which means “fire”.
4. SOCCSKSARGEN (Region 12)

Formerly known as Central Mindanao. The
name is an acronym that stands for the region’s
four provinces and one highly urbanized city
(South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat,
Sarangani, and General Santos City).

Koronadal City is the administrative capital
which is located in the province of South
Cotabato.
5. CARAGA (Region 13)

The region comprises five provinces: Agusan Del
Norte, Agusan Del Sur, Surigao Del Norte,
Surigao Del Sur, and Dinagat Islands (Island
Province).

Butuan City is the administrative capital

The word Caraga is derive from Spanish word
Caragas which means land of the “brave
warrior”.
6. BARMM (Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in
Muslim Mindanao)
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A special region which cover the territories
predominantly populated by Muslims.
It comprises five provinces: Lanao Del Sur,
Maguindanao, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi and Basilan
excluding her City (Isabela De Basilan) and three
cities: Cotabatao, Marawi and Lamitan.
Cotabato City is the administrative capital.
The province has its own Parliamentary form of
government.
Lesson 3
The Peoples of MINSUPALA
Broadly, we can categorize the peoples of MINSUPALA
into two: 1.) the Migrants, and 2.) the Indigenous
Groups.
1. The Migrants
The migrant populations of Mindanao refer to the
people who were not originally inhabitants of the
island. They were usually natives of Luzon or Visayas
who only arrived in Mindanao starting the early 20th
century.
2. The Indigenous Peoples
The indigenous peoples refer to the people who
inhabited Mindanao since time immemorial. This
peoples can further be categorized into three, namely:
1.) Moros (Islamized people), 2.) Lumads and
3.)Indigenous Christians.
a.Moros
The term Moro refers the thirteen Islamized tribes of
Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan. The definition of the term
Moro is actually a product of evolution. Etymologically,
the word was derived from the Spanish term
Mauru/Mauri of Mauritania (Moors in English), which
referred to the Muslims of North Africa who colonized
southern Spain for more than seven hundred years.
Moro land- refers to the traditional homeland of the
Moros or Muslims. It is divided into three regions such
as Sulu archipelago (Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi),
Lanao Region (Lanao Del Sur and Lanao Del Norte) and
Pulangi River Valley or the Cotabato region (North
Cotabato, South Cotabato, Maguindanao and Sultan
Kudarat).
The Thirteen Moro Groups
Moro Groups Found in Sulu Archipelago and Palawan
1. Badjao- they are known as sea gypsy of the south,
their boat serves as their houses. They can be found in
Sulu archipelago. Although the most partially Islamized
among the Moro tribes, the Badjaos were placed under
the Moro category because they used to be subjects of
the Sultan of Sulu.
2. Jama mapun- they are found in Mapun Island or
Cagayan de Sulu or Tawi-Tawi.
3. Samal/sama- commonly found in Tawi-tawi, they
have an Arab’s blood. They possessed highly developed
boat-building techniques.. They are known as “sama”
taken from the word “sama-sama” means togetherness.
4. Tausog- the dominant ethnic group in the Sulu
Archipelago, are the sole residents of Jolo (the historical
seat of Sultanate of Sulu and the biggest island serve as
the capital of the province wherein the people there are
known as Joloano). There are also other group of
Tausog known as Tawguimba and Guimbahanon “inland
people”. Some of them are also found in Palawan and
Sabah Malaysia. They are known as the “people of the
sea or current”, and fearless of the sea.
5.Yakan- commonly found in Basilan. They were
formerly known as Samales (coastal dweller).
6.Molbog- one of the smallest Muslim group in the
Philippines found in Balabac Islands and Southern
Palawan.
7.Panimusan/Palawani- found also in Southern
Palawan, they were called by the Tausug as the “people
in scattered places”.
Moro Groups Found in Mainland Mindanao
1. Mranao- means people of the lake. The word is
deriving from the word “Ranao” means body of
water. The people live along the lake. They are
commonly found in Lanao Del Sur and Lanao
Del Norte.
2. Illanun/Iranun- they are known as the “people
of the Illana bay”. It is believe that this people
are closely related to the Mranao. They are now
commonly found from Buldon to Parang,
Maguindanao. Lanun is Malay term for “pirate”.
3. Maguindanaon- the y are the “people of the
flood plain”. They are found in the Cotabato
Region known also as the Pulangi River Valley. It
is divided into North Cotabato, South Cotabato,
Maguindanao and Sultan Kudarat. However,
now they are commonly found in the province
of Maguindanao.
4. Kalibogan- commonly found in Zamboanga
peninsula, particularly in Hiwalan. They are
neither Muslim nor Christian. Some of them are
found at Mt. Kanlaon but they are Christianized.
Some also are found in Palawan and they are
also Islamized. Accordingly they are close
relatives of the Subanen, wherein, where there
is Subanen there is also Kolibugan.
5. Kalagan/Ka’agan- predominantly found in
Davao City, district of Sirawan, around Tagum,
Davao del Norte, Mati-in Davao Oriental, some
places in Davao del Sur and two other Davao
provinces.
6. Sangil/Sangir- commonly found in Sarangani
Island. They are migrants from Minado,
Indonesia. Boat is the best dowry to them.
Differences of the Moro people
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Habitation- immediate environment
Mood of subsistence
Intensity of contact
Cultural differences
Historical experiences
Intensity of Islamizaton
b. The Lumads
Another category of indigenous people is the Lumad. As
commonly understood, the Lumads refer to the tribes
who were neither Islamized nor Christianized upon the
arrival of the Spaniards. The term Lumad was actually a
borrowed word from Cebuano, which literally means
“indigenous”. The tribes deemed it necessary to adopt
the Cebuano term because they had no common
language except Cebuano.
c. The Indigenous “Christians”
It must be stressed that when the Spaniards arrived in
Mindanao in the second decade of the 17th century,
they already noted the significant Visayan-speaking
peoples in the northern and eastern parts of the island.
These people would eventually become the Christian
communities in the Spanish controlled territories of
Mindanao whose population was noted to be 191,493
in 1892.
It is no longer easy to identify them because they have
assimilated into the migrant Visayan populations which
now compose the majority of the place. They are known
locally by their place names like Davaweño in the Davao
provinces… mostly in Davao Oriental; Butuanon in
Butuan, Camiguinon or Kinamigin in Camiguin Island,
Cagayanon in Cagayan de Oro… Iliganon in Iligan…
Dapitanon in Dapitan, Dipolognon in Dipolog,
Chavacano in Zamboanga… Surigaonon, Waya-waya and
Jaon-jaon are spoken in the towns of Surigao del Sur.
Lesson 4
Islam: History, Expansion, and Basic Teachings
Abdul Mutalib- the grandfather of Prophet Muhammad
‫ ﷺ‬He is also an old chief of the Makkan
commonwealth.
Social Evils of Pre-Islamic Arabia: Age of Ignorance
(Jahiliya)
Abu talib- the uncle of Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Polytheism and Idol Worship
Practice of Infanticide
Lawlessness
Tribal feuds
Excessive vices
Women inferiority
Adultery
Life of Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
The man who gave Arabia and the world a new religion
“Islam” was Muhammad bin Abdullah ‫ﷺ‬. Born in
Makka about 570 C.E., he was named Muhammad,
which means “Highly Praised.” Orphaned at an early
age, he lived first with his grandfather and then with his
uncle, he became a trader of a rich widow (Khadija).
Later, he married Khadija.
Khadija bint Khuwaylid-the wife of Prophet
Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬at when he was at age of 25 while
Khadija was 40 years old. She was also the first person
to accept Islam by the prophet. (died on 619 CE at aged
of 63-64)
Khadija and Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬children: Qasim, Abdullah,
Zainab, Fatimah, Ruqayyah, Umm Kultum.
610 C.E. the first revelation to Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
at age of 40 at Cave Hira, Makka
Al-alaq- the first the 1st sura of Qur-an revealed to
prophet Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
Abu bakr al Siddiq- the first man converted to Islam
Ali - the first boy converted to Islam.
Mai’raj- Ascension of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬to
heaven.
Islam- literally means peace, loyalty, allegiance and
submission to the will of the Creator of the Universe.
The name Creator of the universe is Allah, an Arabic
word which means God Almighty. It is one of the largest
religions in the world.
1st of Muharram 622 C.E. - the migration of Prophet
Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬from Makka to Madina and this is
known as Hijra. This was also the beginning of Arabic
lunar calendar.
Jahiliya- dark age or age of ignorance in Arabian
Peninsula.
Famous Battles of Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬:
Reasons of the advent of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬:
Battle of Badr- 624 C.E.
1. Polytheism
2. Infanticide
3. Lawlessness
4. The fulfillment of Prophet Abraham covenant
that from his seed the last prophet would be
born in Arabia.
Abdullah- the father of Prophet Muhammad who died
when Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was at the womb of his
mother.
Aminah- the mother of Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬who
died when the Prophet was 6 yrs old.
Battle of Uhud- 625 C.E.
Battle of Trench- 627 C.E.
628 C.E – the Makkan Pagans and the Muslim in Madina
signed a truce called the Treaty of Hudaybiyya
beginning a ten-year period of peace.
630 C.E. - Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬finally transferred
and made Makka from Jahiliya to Darul- Islam, means
house of peace. Makka becomes the holy city in Islam.
Kaaba- the black cubicle in Makka which contained the
black stone. This became the center and the object of
the pilgrimage of all Muslims during the age of
ignorance this contains 360 idols worship by the
Makkans.
632 C.E. – Prophet Muhammad died because of a
poison at age of 63.
The four caliphates (successors of Prophet Muhammad
‫)ﷺ‬
Khulafah Ar Rashidun (Four Rightly Guided Caliphs)
Harun al Rashid- one of the brilliant leaders of the
Abbasid dynasty, the contemporary of Charlemagne in
roman byzantine empire.
Genghis khan- rose to power from Mongolia and
expanded their territory to Eastern and Central Asia
that led to the decline of the Abbasid dynasty in 1258
C.E.
1. Abu Bakr Al Siddiq
2. Umar Ibn Al Khattab
3. Uthman Ibn Affan
4. Ali Ibn Abi Talib
Expansion of Islam under the Muslim Dynasties and
Empire
Umayyad Dynasty- from 661 C.E. to 750 C.E. It was
founded by Muawiya Ibn Abu Suffian, the governor of
Syria. Damascus was the capital of this 1st Islamic
empire. This empire continued the expansion of Islam in
Central Asia, the Berbers of North Africa and in Europe.
Ottoman Empire-from 1299C.E to 1922C.E. the longest
Islamic empire. It was founded in northwestern Anatolia
in 1299 by the Turkish tribal leader Osman. After 1354,
the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the
conquest of the Balkans, the Ottomans was
transformed into a transcontinental empire. The
Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire in the 1453
conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) by Muhammad II
and transfer their Capital from Edirne to
Constantinople.
Another Islamic empire are:
Delhi sultanate- founded at India by Qutbuddin
Abbasid Dynasty- 750 C.E.-1258 C.E. It was founded by
Abu al Abbas As Saffa, descendant of Al-Abbas Ibn
Abdul Muttalib the uncle of Prophet Muhammad. He
transferred the capital of Islamic empire from Damascus
to Kufa and then later to Baghdad in 762 by his brother
and successor Al Mansur. This marks the highlight of
Islamic power and civilization and known as the “golden
age” of Islam.
Some contribution of Abbasid dynasty in arts and
science:
Calligraphy- beautiful hand writing
Paper making company was built
Algebra- by Al-khwarizmi
Measles and small pox- discovered by Al-Razi, a Persian
Muslim
Mughal empire- founded in 1526 at India
Lesson 5
Basic Teachings of Islam
Five Pillars of Islam:
1. Shahada - is a declaration of faith and trust that
professes that there is only one God (Allah) and
Muhammad is messenger of God. It is a set
statement normally recited in Arabic: Lā ʾilāhaillā
َ َ ٰ ِ
ُ
Allāh Muḥammadurasūlu-Allāh (‫ٌ َد ِمح هللا َا َهل ا‬
‫" ) هللا َُلُس‬There is no God but Allah and
Muhammad is the messenger of God." It is essential
to utter it to become a Muslim and to convert to
Islam.
able-bodied Muslim is obliged to make the pilgrimage
to Mecca at least once in their life.
A pilgrimage made at any time other than the Hajj
season is called an Umrah, and while not mandatory is
strongly recommended.
Articles of faith or belief (Iman)
2. Salah- is the Muslim prayers, it consists of five daily
prayers according to the Sunnah; the names are
according to the prayer times: Fajr (dawn prayer),
Dhuhr (noontime prayer), Asr (afternoon prayer),
Maghrib (sunset prayer), Isha (evening prayer)
3. Zakāt - or alms-giving is the practice of charitable
giving based on accumulated wealth. The word zakāt
can be defined as purification and growth because it
allows an individual to achieve balance and
encourages new growth. The principle of knowing
that all things belong to God is essential to
purification and growth. Zakāt is obligatory for all
Muslims who are able to do so. It is the personal
responsibility of each Muslim to ease the economic
hardship of others and to strive towards eliminating
inequality. Poor due is paid 2.5% out of a Muslims
wealth.
5. Hajj – is a pilgrimage that occurs during the Islamic
month of Dhu al-Hijjah to the holy city of Makkaa. Every
Belief in the oneness of God (Tawheed)
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Belief in the Angels of God
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Belief in the Holy Books: Torah (Taurat) sent to
Moses, Psalm (Zabur) sent to David, Gospel
(Injil) sent to Jesus; and the Qur’an sent to
Muhammad.
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Belief in the Prophets and messengers of God
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Belief in the Day of Judgment
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Belief in God's predestination (Al-Qadar)
Sources of Shari’ah (Islamic Law)
A.
Primary Sources:
1. Qur’an - it is the first and most important
source of Islamic law. Believed to be the direct
word of God as revealed to Muhammad
through angel Gabriel in Mecca and Medina,
the scripture specifies the moral, philosophical,
social, political and economic basis on which a
society should be constructed.
2. Hadith and Sunnah - is the next important
source, and is commonly defined as "the
traditions and customs of Prophet Muhammad"
or "the words, actions and silent assertions of
him". It includes the everyday sayings and
utterances of Prophet Muhammad, his acts, his
tacit consent, and acknowledgments of
statements and activities.
4. Sawm – or fasting is an obligatory act during the
month of Ramadan. Muslims must abstain from food
and drink from dawn to dusk during this month, and are
to be especially mindful of other sins.
The fast is meant to allow Muslims to seek nearness and
to look for forgiveness from Allah, to express their
gratitude to and dependence on him, atone for their
past sins, and to remind them of the needy. During
Ramadan, Muslims are also expected to put more effort
into following the teachings of Islam by refraining from
violence, anger, envy, greed, lust, profane language,
gossip and to try to get along with fellow Muslims
better. In addition, all obscene and irreligious sights and
sounds are to be avoided.

A.
Secondary Sources:
1. Fiqh – the jurisprudence and science of law
formulated by the Muslim jurist.
2. Ijma – consensus and agreed by the Muslim
jurists on a particular legal issue.
3. Qiyas – analogy of individual learned Muslim
scholars that comes out of fatwa (authoritative
legal opinion).
Basic Rules on Rewards and Punishment According to
Shari’ah law

Fardu – obligatory

Sunnah – highly recommended

Mubah – permissible

Makruh – objectionable
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Halal – permitted / allowed

Haram – forbidden
Muslim Schools of Thought (Madhab)

The Hanafi School was founded by Abu Hanifa
an-Nu‘man. It is followed by Muslims in the
Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India,
Bangladesh, Western Lower Egypt, Iraq, Turkey,
the Balkans and by most of Russia's Muslim
community.

The Maliki School was founded by Malik ibn
Anas. It is followed by Muslims in North Africa,
West Africa, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait,
in parts of Saudi Arabia and in Upper Egypt.

The Shafi'i school was founded by Muhammad
ibn Idris ash-Shafi'i. It is followed by Muslims in
Saudi Arabia, Eastern Lower Egypt, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Jordan, Palestine, the Philippines,
Singapore, Somalia, Thailand, Yemen, Kurdistan,
and the Mappilas of Kerala and Konkani
Muslims of India.

The Hanbali School was founded by Ahmad ibn
Hanbal. It is followed by Muslims in Qatar, most
of Saudi Arabia and minority communities in
Syria and Iraq.
Lesson 6
to participate extensively and profitably in the
international trade upon adopting Islam.
Expansion of Islam in Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is divided into 2 group of countries:
Peninsular or Mainland Southeast Asia
1. Myanmar (Brahma)
2. Thailand
3. Laos
4. Cambodia
5. Vietnam
Insular Southeast Asia
1. Malaysia
2. Singapore
3. Indonesia
4. East Timor
5. Brunei
6. Philippines
Theories on the Coming of Islam
Theory- a statement to be proven yet.
1. Trade theory – it maintains that Muslim trader
brought Islam along with their merchandise.
Therefore, the Muslim trader was at the same
time a religious mentor.
2. Missionary theory – it upholds that Islam was
introduced in Southeast Asia through the works
of professional teachers of Islam. Some of them
belong to the Sufi group who had some magical
power.
3. Political theory – it upholds that the adaptation
of Islam by the rulers was for political motives.
For example, Islam was utilized as a political
instrument with Muslim traders enjoying the
protection of native rulers, while they in return
provides the ruler their economic resources.
4. Economic theory – it maintains the conversion
to Islam of the rulers of principalities able them
Coming of Islam in the Philippines
5.
Ideological theory – this assert that Islam was
adopted by many natives simply because the manner it
was presented and introduced to them satisfied their
spiritual aspiration and expectation.
6. Crusade or Jihad theory – it views the spread of
Islam as the result of conscious response on the part of
the Muslim with the coming of the European colonizers.
It explains the acceleration of the spread of Islam and
the faster expansion of Islam due to growing Islamic
consciousness.
Tarsilas/Salsilas – the written genealogical account of
early Muslims which serves as source of writing the
historical account of the coming of Islam in Philippines.
Dr. Najeeb Saleeby – a Christian Arab brought by the
American and had studied the tarsilas/salsilas in
Mindanao and has written on the histories of
Maguindanao and Sulu, published in 1905 and 1908. His
works still remain authoritative.
SULU
Tuan Mashaika – he arrived in Maimbung Sulu around
1310 C.E. He was a trader or adventurer from an Arab
land and believed to be the first Muslim to settle in
Sulu. He married a local girl, a daughter of Raja Sipad,
and raised a Muslim family that later grew in the
locality. He was credited as the founder of the first
Muslim community.
SULU
Tuan Mashaika – he arrived in Maimbung Sulu around
1310 C.E. He was a trader or adventurer from an Arab
land and believed to be the first Muslim to settle in
Sulu. He married a local girl, a daughter of Raja Sipad,
and raised a Muslim family that later grew in the
locality. He was credited as the founder of the first
Muslim community.
Karim-ul Makhdum – also called Tuan Sharief Awliya,
he is an Arab who arrived in 1380 C.E. and converted
large number of inhabitants to Islam. The word
Makhdum is an Arabic term which means “master” and
a common designation for Sufi missionaries. He was the
responsible for the establishment the first Masjid in the
Philippines at Tubig Indangan in Simunul Island, TawiTawi.
Raja Baguinda – he was from Minangkabau, Sumatra
Indonesia, he arrived and settled in Buansa (Jolo)
around 1390 C.E. and established himself as Raja on the
western section of mainland Jolo. He was the “First
Muslim Raja” of Sulu. He established the first Agama
(Islamic Court) in Sulu, and instituting the Sharia
(Islamic law) in his Kerajaan (governance).
Sayyid Abu bakr – he came to Buansa around 1450 C.E.,
said to have and Arab father and a Malay mother and a
direct descendant of Prophrt Muhammad. He became
the first sultan of Sulu upon marrying Paramisuli the
daughter of Raja Baguinda and succeeded him as the
political leader of Sulu. He was known also as Sultan
Sharief ul Hashim, the responsible to the introduction
of new political system known as the sultanate system.
MINDANAO
Sharif Awlia – he appeared in Malabang around the 14th
century. It is strongly hinted that he was the same
personage to have arrived at Sulu and, therefore, a
Makhdumin missionary belonging to the mystical Sufi
order. He settled in the locality and married a local girl,
a celestial maiden “houri”. He begot a daughter named
Paramisuli (Permaisuri).
Sharif Maraja – he was from Johore/Juhur who arrived
at Malabang around 1460 C.E. He married the daughter
of Sharif Awliya.
Sharif Kabungsuan – he came from Johore to
Natubakan in Maguindanao around 1515 A.D. He
married local maidens and reinforced Islam into the
interior of Pulangi among the natives. He was often
regarded as the first Maguindanao ruler, though he did
not reign as Sultan like his 5th generation grandson
Sultan Qudarat (the first sultan of Maguindanao) and
successors.
Sharief Alawi- he arrived in 15th at Tagoloan (Misamis
Oriental) and became the first sultan of the said place.
He later on proceeds to Lanao and spread the religion
Islam.
Luzon
Raja Matanda – grandson of Brunie’s Sultan Blkiah
(1485-1524), he reigned as Raja of Luzon at the end of
16th century.
Raja Sulayman – nephew of Raja Matanda, known as
the Raja of the “Islamic Kingdom” of Manila.
Raja Lakandula – the Muslim ruler of Tondo.