Current and Emerging Trends
@Global Trends
@Local Trends
@ Environmental Management
Global Trends
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Global Competitiveness
Global Warming
Sustainable Development
Green Consumerism
Global Trends
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Global Competitiveness
Increased productivity
Improved product quality
Cost effectiveness
Safety
Environment friendly
Social Conscience
Global Trends
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Globalization - refers to the process of global integration of the economics of nations by
allowing the unrestricted flow of goods, services, investments and currencies between
countries
Globalization phenomenon is happening because of
1. Technological revolution in transportation, telecommunication and information technology.
2. Revolution in IT has reduced the time of introducing new products to the market. Before it is “big eats
small” but now "fast eats slow” (Moore's Law)
3. World Trade Organizations (WTO) move towards liberalization
4. Transnational companies need to maximize their presence in every
market and minimize cost by constantly improving supply chain meeting
through just in time global sourcing and improved productivity within
the value chain
Global Competitiveness
The global economy is facing rising food and energy prices, a major
international financial crisis and the slowdown in the world's leading
economies. These challenges require each economy to increase its global
competitiveness to ensure solid economic performance today and in the
future.
Global Competitiveness
The World Economic Forum's annual Global Competitiveness Report 20082009 ranked the Philippines at 71 out of 134 countries. Competitiveness
is defined as the set of institutions, policies and factors that
determine the level of productivity of a country. The level of
productivity sets the natural level of productivity of a country. The
level of productivity sets the sustainable level of prosperity that can
be earned by an economy. More competitive economies tend to be able to
produce higher levels of income for their citizens. The productivity
level also determines the rate of return obtained by investments in an
economy.
In a smaller scale, a company must be able to increase productivity,
lower cost and ensure high quality and safety products to be able to
compete in the market. Certifications such as ISO (e.g. ISO 9000,
14000, 22000), HACCP, HALAL and Social Accountability 8000 can add to
the competitiveness of a company especially if their clients/ market
requires them to have certifications
Global Warming
Global Warming is a concern of everyone. For over the past 200 years,
the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, and deforestation
have caused the concentrations of heat trapping "greenhouse gases" to
increase significantly in our atmosphere. These gases prevent heat from
escaping to space. As the concentration of these gases continue to
increase in the atmosphere, the earth's temperature is climbing above
past levels causing climate change and rising sea level
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) concluded
that: Human beings are exposed to climate change through changing
weather patterns. One major move to address global warming/ climate
change is Kyoto Protocol, which contains legally binding emission
targets for developed countries for the post 2000 period.
They have committed to reduce their collective emissions of six key
greenhouse gases by at least 5%. The Clean Development Mechanism under
this protocol enables the industrialized countries to finance emission
reduction projects in developing countries and receive credit for doing
so.
Global Warming Fingerprints:
 Heat waves and periods of unusually warm weather
 Ocean warming, sea level rise, coastal flooding
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Glacier's melting
Arctic and Antarctic warming
Spreading Disease
Earlier spring arrival
Plant and animal range shifts and population change
Coral reef bleaching
Downpours, heavy snowfalls and flooding
Droughts and fires
Local Scenarios due to Global Warming
 Increasing cases of dengue fever, typhoid fever and cholera
 Stronger Typhoons (e.g. Milenyo, Frank)
 Coral bleaching
 Hotter summer days
 Rising sea level
Earth Hour — an international event created by the WVVF, held on the
last Sunday of March that asks households and businesses to turn off
their essential lights and electrical appliances for one hour to raise
awareness towards the need to take action on global warming
Local
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Trends
Food Safety
Energy Conservation
Environmental Issues
Health and Safety
Community Issues
Food safety
Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP)
-sets of sanitation guidelines for the food handlers in a food
processing plant or establishment to ensure safe wholesome and quality
products
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP)
-a scientific, rational and systematic approach to identification,
assessment and control of hazards during production, processing,
manufacturing, preparation and use of food to ensure that food is safe
when consumed.
7 Principles of HACCP
1. Conduct a hazard analysis
2. Identify critical control points
3. Establish critical limits for each critical control point.
4. Establish critical control point monitoring requirements.
5. Establish corrective actions.
6. Establish procedures for ensuring the HACCP system working as
intended.
7. Establish record keeping procedures.
ISO 22000
-specifies the requirements for a food safety management system that
involves the following elements:
 interactive communication
 system management
 prerequisite programs
 HACCP principles
Energy Conservation
Why do we need to conserve energy?
 High Cost of Electricity
 Low/ diminishing supply of fossil fuel
 Environmental Impacts (eg. Air Pollution, Global Warming)
1. Energy Management
-steps taken to minimize energy that is used and wasted
2. Energy Efficiency
-conservation and use of energy; a measure of the productivity per unit
of energy consumed; employs devices which results in less energy being
used for the same task and function
3. Energy Conservation
-saving energy by any means including energy efficiency and adopting
practices to reduce energy consumption
4. Improved energy efficiency and conservation
-provide the greatest scope for reducing energy requirements and its
negative impact to the environment
5. CR Energy Audit
-critical assessment of an energy consuming facility; an effective
energy management tool
6. National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Program (NEECP)
-declared policy of the government to promote the judicious
conservation and efficient utilization of energy resources through
adoption of the cost-effective options- toward the efficient use of
energy to minimize environmental impact.
Environmental Issues
Environmental Laws and Regulations
 RA 6969 (Toxic Substance and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Act)
-AN ACT TO CONTROL TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR
WASTES, PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES.
 DAO 92-29
-IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT 6969
 RA 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act)
-AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM,
CREATING THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES,
DECLARING CERTAIN ACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING PENALTIES,
APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
 RA 8749 (Clean Air Act)
-AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
 DAO 2000-81
-IRR for RA 8749
 RA 9275 (Clean Water Act)
-AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES
 DAO 05-10
-IRR for RA9275
 PD 586 (Environmental Impact Assessment System)
-AMENDING REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6372 ENTITLED: "AN ACT CREATING THE
MUNICIPALITY OF DUPAX DEL SUR FROM THE MUNICIPALITY OF DUPAX IN THE
PROVINCE OF NUEVA VIZCAYA," INSERTING NEW SECTIONS THEREIN,
PROVIDING FOR IMPLEMENT A TION THEREOF.
 DAO 96-37
-IRR for EIS
 RA 9367 (Biofuels Act)
-AN ACT TO DIRECT THE USE OF BIOFUELS, ESTABLISHING FOR THIS PURPOSE
THE BIOFUEL PROGRAM, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES
Health and Safety
1. Work Force Issues
-Healthy and safe work environment
-Health insurance premiums
2. Occupational Injury
-any injury which results from a work accident or from exposure in the
work environment
Typical Occupational Injuries
 Cuts, Lacerations, Punctures, Avulsions
 Contusions, Bruises, Hematoma, Abrasions
 Strains, Sprains, Dislocations, Fractures
 Burns & Scalds (Thermal, Chemical)
 Crushing, Spinal, Cranial Injuries
 Amputations, Loss of Body Parts
 Foreign Body in the Eye
 Electrocution, Electric Shock
 Asphyxiation, Poisoning
3. Occupational Illness
-any abnormal condition or disorder other than resulting from an
occupational injury, caused by exposure to environmental factors
associated with employment
4. PD 442 (Labor Code of the Philippines Article 162)
-A DECREE INSTITUTING A LABOR CODE THEREBY REVISING AND CONSOLIDATING
LABOR AND SOCIAL LAWS TO AFFORD PROTECTION TO LABOR, PROMOTE EMPLOYMENT
AND HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND INSURE INDUSTRIAL PEACE BASED ON
SOCIAL JUSTICE
-provides the establishment of OSH Standards
(Occupational Safety and Health Standards)
Community Issues
 Right-to-know
 NIMBY syndrome
 NIMTO
 Waste Segregation
 Participatory
5. NIMBY (Not - In - My - Back - Yard)
-reflects the propensity of local citizens and officials to insist on
siting unwanted but necessary facilities anywhere but in their own
community.
6. NIMTO (Not - - My - Term in - Office)
-no politicians will risk any challenging decisions if his/her
community does not want any facilities to be built in their area
7. Minamata Disease
-neurological svndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. Symptoms
include ataxia, numbness in the hands and feet, general muscle
weakness, narrowing of the field of vision and damage to hearing and
speech. In extreme cases, insanity, paralysis, coma, and death follow
within weeks of the onset of symptoms. A congenital form of the disease
can also affect fetuses in the womb.
8. Minamata Bay Tragedy
-From 1932 to 1968, Chisso Corporation, a company located in Kumamoto
Japan, dumped an estimated 27 tons of mercury compounds into Minamata
Bay
9. Bhopal Disaster
 A gas leak incident in India, considered one of the world's worst
industrial catastrophes.
 It occurred on the night of December 2—3, 1984 at the Union
Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya
Pradesh, India.
 A leak of methyl isocyanate (42 tons) gas and other chemicals
from the plant resulted in the exposure of hundreds of thousands
of people.
10. Marcopper Tragedy
 Philippines' biggest industrial accident.
 March 24, 1996, a tunnel in Marcopper Mining Corporation's Tapian
Pit collapse and spilled 1.6 million cubic meters of mine sludge
and causing biologic death of the Boac River, the biggest and
longest waterway on Malinduque island.
 The toxic spills immediately caused flash floods which isolated
five villages. Their sources of drinking water were contaminated
while fish, freshwater shrimp and pigs were killed.
MULTIMEDIA TRASFER OF POLLUTION
Cleaner Production
Pollution
US EPA - Pollution is defined as any undesirable change in the chemical
or biological characteristics of air, water or land that may or will
harmfully affect human life or that of other undesirable species, our
processes, living conditions or cultural assets or that may or will
waste or deteriorate material resources.
PD 984- Pollution is any alteration of the physical, chemical and
biological properties of any water, air and or land resources of the
Philippines or any discharge thereto of any liquid, gaseous or solid
wastes will or is likely to create or to render such water, air and
land resources harmful, detrimental or injurious to public health,
safety or welfare or which will adversely affect their utilization for
domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural creational or other
legitimate purposes.
APPLICATION OF POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNIQUES
(END-PF-PIPE TREATMENT)
After employing end-o Pipe treatment technologies, the pollutant may
still contaminate environment and pose health hazards since
technologies like air pollution control devices (APCD) and wastewater
treatment plants (WWTP or WTP) often times have high capital
investments and are expensive to operate.
Increase of wastes is associated with the depletion of most of the nonrenewable resources. The energy required to transform and upgrade these
wastes is proportional to the quantities being treated and rises
exponentially with increasing dilution of the waste. Total cost of
collections for collection, segregation, intermediate storage,
transport, treatment and final storage make pollution prevention
economically attractive.
Pollution prevention is the use of materials, processes, or processes
that reduce or eliminate the creation of pollutants or wastes as the
sources- includes practices that reduce the use of hazardous and nonhazardous material, energy, water or other resources as well as those
that protect natural resources through conservation or more
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LCA studies are conducted for the purpose of answering certain
questions, and those questions drive the design of the LCA study.
Ex: How does the potential environmental impact of a new product
compare to that of products that are already on the market?
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is also known as eco-balance, cradle to
grave analysis, resource analysis, environmental impact analysis.
LCA is an analysis of a product or service system throughout all
stages of the life cycle raw materials acquisition,
manufacturing, transportation, use/reuse/maintenance recycling
waste management, and the relevant energy supply systems
TREND:
1. COMPLY WITH REGULATIONS THROUGH THE CONSTRUCTION OR INSTALLATION OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES,
2. ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY (EHS) WERE PERFORMED by STAFF
DESIGNATED FOR THESE RESPONSIBILITIES. COMPANY PERSONNEL ACT AS EHS
OFFICER OR COORDINATORS BECAUSE THE LAW SIMPLY REQUIRES THEN TO,
TODAY, MORE AND MORE COMPANIES HAVE REALIZED THE ADVANTAGES OF
PREVENTING POLLUTION BEFORE THEY OCCUR, PRODUCTS ARE BEING VIEWEP
FROM THE CUSTOMER SIDE, DESIGN, MANUFACTURE, TRANSPORT, USE
FINAL DISPOSAL, EHS ARE NOW FACETS COMPANY'S OPERATION,
Cleaner Production - refers to a mentality of how goods and services
are produces with the minimum environmental impact under present
technological and economic limits.
CP is a "win-win" strategy. It protects the environment, the consumer
and the worker while improving industrial efficiency, profitability and
competitiveness.
Other related terms to CP are:
Pollution prevention
Waste minimization
Eco-profitability
Green productivity
Low and non-waste technologies.
Zero waste emission
The key difference between pollution control (PC) and CP is one of
timing. PC is an after-the-event, 'react and treat' approach. CP is a
forward-looking, anticipate and prevent philosophy.
CP can be applied to processes used in any industry, to products
themselves and to various services provided in society.
For production processes - combination of conserving raw materials,
water, energy; eliminating toxic raw materials; and reducing the
quantity and toxicity of all emissions and wastes at source during the
production process.
For products - CP aims to reduce the environmental health and safety
impacts of products over their life cycles, from raw material
extraction, through manufacturing and use, to its "ultimate disposal of
productsFor services - CP implies incorporating environmental concerns into
design.
Benefits of CP
1. Increased plant productivity thru more efficient use of raw
materials due to improve processes and operations.
2. Reduced operating costs - by adapting production and packaging
procedures that consume fewer resources, thereby creating less
wastes- As wastes are reduced, the percentage of raw materials
converted to finished products increases, with a proportional
decrease in material costs- Other operating costs involved like
waste management may also be reduced.
3. Public health and Environmental benefits — CP reduces the
generation of wastes at the source, or results in less hazardous
waste, and thus assures improved public health and environmental
protection- Likewise the consumption of less raw materials
rebounds to the conservation of natural mineral resources.
4. Work Health and Safety - By reducing or eliminating toxic
substance use, the safety of the work environment can be improved
and personal protective equipment requirement decreased. Also,
reducing the likelihood of leaks, spills and releases can
decrease worker, visitor, and contractor exposure.
5. Reduced Risk of Liability - CP can reduce regulatory exposure,
and in some cases, may eliminate the need for permits,
manifesting, monitoring and reporting. CP can help reduce longterm liability by reducing the amount and the hazard of waste
generated.
6. Improve Corporate Image and Improved Global Competitiveness.
Practicing CP can enhance the company's public image and may also
increase the acceptance of its product globally.
Business definition of waste - anything other than the minimum amount
of equipment, materials, parts and worker's time which is absolutely
essential to add value to product. - 3M
Waste
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Management Hierarchy
Source reduction
Recycling
Treatment
Disposal
Source reduction involves product or process changes that reduce
pollution at source
Product changes in the composition or use of the intermediate or end
products are performed by the manufacturer with the purpose of reducing
waste from the manufacture, use or ultimate disposal of the products.
Product changes include:
Changes in quality standards
Changes in product composition
Increase in product durability
Product substitution
Product changes can lead to changes in design and composition. The new
product can thus have less environmental impacts throughout its life
cycle; from raw material extraction to final disposal.
Input material changes in raw materials accomplish CP by reducing or
eliminating the hazardous materials that enter the production process.
Also, changes in input materials can be made to avoid the generation of
hazardous wastes within the production process. Input material changes
include material substitution.
Technology changes are oriented towards process and equipment
modifications to reduce waste and emissions, preliminary in a
production setting. Technology changes can range from minor changes
that can be implemented in a matter of days at low cost to the
replacement of processes involving large capital cost.
Technology changes include the ff:
1. Changes in the production process
2. Modification of equipment, layout or piping
3. Use of automation
4. Changes in process conditions, such as flow rates, temperatures,
pressures and residence times.
IMPROVED OPERATING PRACTICE>
* OPERATING/MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
* MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
* MATERIALS HANDLING IMPROVEMENTS
* INVENTORY CONTROL
* PRODUCTION SCHEDULING
* STREAM SEGREGATION
* WASTE SEGREGATION
* TRAINING
Many of these measures are used in industry largely as efficiency
improvements and good management practices. Good operating practices
can often be implemented with little cost. These practices can be
implemented in all areas of the plant, including production,
maintenance operations and in raw material and product storage.
Management and personnel practices: Includes employee training,
incentives and bonuses, and other programs that encourage employees to
conscientiously strive to reduce waste and emission.
Materials handling and inventory practices: Includes programs to reduce
loss of input materials due to mishandling, expired shelf life of timesensitive materials and proper storage conditions.
Production scheduling: By analyzing these factors, the departments or
groups that generate wastes and emissions become more aware of the
effects of their treatment and disposal practices, and have a financial
incentive to minimize their wastes and emissions. By judicious
scheduling of batch production runs, the frequency of equipment
cleaning and the resulting wastes and emissions can be reduced.
Waste segregation and stream segregation: these practices reduce the
volume of hazardous materials/wastes by hazardous materials/wastes.
Reuse - A material is being reuse if it serves the same purpose and
objective as its previous usage.
Reuse means reutilization of a material in an environmentally sound
manner that will not result in a hazard to human health or the
environment. A material is reuse if it is either:
 Employed as an ingredient, including use as an intermediate
industrial process to make a product
 Used in particular function or application as an effective
substitute for a commercial product.
Reclaim: A material is reclaimed if it is processes to recover a usable
product or if it is regenerated.
Recycling can either be accomplished within the same manufacturing
process by methods such as distilling a spent solvent for reuse. Or it
may involve sending waste materials off-site for recycling if the
company is unable to reuse the material on-site, as in the case of
spent lead-acid batteries. Part of recycling is the need to close the
recycling loop by emphasizing the use of recycled material wherever
feasible.
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
Treatment of waste can include incineration, neutralization,
precipitation, or other chemical or physical methods to prepare a waste
for release to the environment by making it less hazardous.
Most common treatment technology present in almost all industry is the
wastewater treatment, plant/facility (WWTP) where wastewater with high
biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are
treated prior t discharge in bodies of water;
Treated, semi-treated or untreated wastes go to the sanitary landfills
or hazardous landfills. A secure landfill is a carefully engineered
depression in the ground into which wastes are put. The aim is to avoid
any hydraulic (water related) connection between the wastes and the
surrounding environment particularly groundwater.
4 Critical elements in a secure landfill:
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Bottom Liner
Leachate collection
Cover
Natural hydrogeologic setting
The natural setting can be selected to minimize the possibility of wastes escaping to ground water
beneath a landfill.
CP PROGRAM OVERVIEW
General steps in establishing the CP Program
1. Top management commitment- Getting top management support is
necessary to have an effective CP program.
2. Planning and Organizing - Organizing a CP begins by naming the CP
task force, formulating the CP goals and identifying driving and
restraining forces in implementing CP.
3. Assessment- Conducting a detailed CP assessment on the facility
and generating options.
4. Feasibility analysis - Evaluating CP options to determine which
are technically, economically and environmentally feasible.
5. Implementation - Selecting projects. Obtaining funds and
installing of the selected projects for implementation
6. Monitoring and evaluation- Monitoring of the implemented projects
and evaluating economic and environmental performance.
7. Maintaining and sustaining CP program for continued growth and
continued benefits to the company.