Skeleton Notes Anatomy and Physiology Part 1: Formation 1. The Skeleton a. The human skeleton is initially _________________ and _____________ ___________________________________________________________ b. By age 25 __________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ c. Skeletal system is made up of _____________, __________, and ___________________________________________________________ d. Must be strong enough to ______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. Bones a. Bones are ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ b. They are composed of many_________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. Bone Functions a. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ c. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ d. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ e. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. Bones Shapes a. Flat Bones- _______________________________________________________ b. Cube Bones-______________________________________________________ c. Irregular Bones-___________________________________________________ d. Sesamoid Bones-__________________________________________________ e. Long Bones-______________________________________________________ 5. Long Bone Structure a. Diaphysis-__________________________ i. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ii. Medullary- _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ b. Epiphysis________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ i. __________________________________________________________ 6. Osseous Tissue a. Compact Bone is: i. __________________________________________________________ ii. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ iii. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ iv. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 1. Calcium phosphate makes bones hard b. Spongy (cancellous) Bone is: i. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ii. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 7. Bone Marrow a. Red Marrow i. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ii. __________________________________________________________ b. Yellow Marrow i. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ii. __________________________________________________________ 8. Bone Membranes a. Periosteum i. __________________________________________________________ ii. __________________________________________________________ iii. ____________________________ b. Endosteum i. __________________________________________________________ ii. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 9. Bone Development a. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ i. As intramembranous bones ii. As endochondral bones 10. Types of Bone Cells Osteoblasts Osteoclasts 11. Intramembranous Ossification a. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________________ i. __________________________________________________________ 12. Stages of Endochondral Ossification 13. Bone Growth a. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ c. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ d. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ e. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ f. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ g. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 14. Factors Affecting Bone Growth a. Deficiency of Vitamin A- _____________________________________________ b. Deficiency of Vitamin C-_____________________________________________ c. Deficiency of Vitamin D- _____________________________________________ d. Insufficient Growth Hormone-________________________________________ e. Excessive Growth Hormone- ________________________________________ f. Physical Stress- ___________________________________________________ 15. Bone Markings a. Projections- raised areas i. Head__________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ii. Process- ___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ iii. Condyle -___________________________________________________ iv. Crest- _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ v. Spine- _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ b. Depressions or hole i. Foramen- __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ii. Sinus- _____________________________________________________ iii. Fossa- ____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ iv. Meatus- ___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
