GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Improper waste management have been a great problem for the
Philippines. Due to lack of discipline in management of waste and ignorance
towards the proper way of waste disposal, Philippines have been considered
as the most polluted country in Asia. (Business Mirror ,2018) Philippines
ranked as 28th having 74.13% of pollution index across the world. One of the
prevailing reasons why the country are being classified as polluted country
because of the issue of proper waste management. The Republic Act 9003
also known as The Ecological Solid Waste Management of 2000, approved
during the Administration of the former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
An act declaring the policy of the state to adopt Comprehensive and
Ecological Solid Waste Management Program. This act have been
implemented in the past 18 years, but it is assumed impact towards the
issue have been quite minimal because of the current ranking of the
Philippines as one of the top polluted countries around the world. In
response to this issue, many programs have been conducted such as the No
Plastic Policy in various locations in the Philippines. Also, the
implementations of the Recycling Programs to ease the number of PET or
Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles that is one of the usual components
1
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
blocking the drainages causing long term flood and other various
environmental problems.
Problem Statement
The production of non-biodegradable waste has been increasing
since the last century. According to Mercola (2018) 200 billion pounds or
100 million tons of plastic are produced every year, whether for industrial or
commercial usage. Plastic were not just the only issue while they are being
used and when disposed of. Fifty percent of plastic wastes goes to landfills,
where it stays for hundreds of years since it cannot be break down by any
bacteria or substance. The remaining forty-five percent were scattered into
the environment especially washed out in the bodies of water, causing
damages to marine ecosystem and even entering the environment.
(Business Mirror, 2016) Polyethylene Terephthalate or PET Bottles
are one of the most reusable and valuable forms of plastic in the Philippines
and it is also frequently the most retrieved because of its high residual value.
PET Bottles are usually used in food and beverages packaging. Philippines
are one of the highest PET Bottle recovery rates having ninety-percent of
residual value “Higher residual value are more likely to be collected from
disposal sites and resold. This means that the product or packaging with low
residual value are less likely to be collected. In connection to this, Metro
Manila is one of the highest plastic densities in the world, yearly six hundred
2
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
square kilometer capital produces approximately five hundred sixtythousand metric tons of plastic waste which converted to about nine
hundred metric tons per square kilometer. In addition, Waste
mismanagement has serious environmental effects, making the passage of
the Republic Act (RA) 2000 a landmark environmental legislation in the
Philippines. Philippines is prone in flood, typhoon, or any disasters that
suffered by the Philippines. The Philippine Government decided to
implement a rule that could help lessen the garbage pollution.
Although various programs have been conducted to lessen the
increasing number PET bottles and other non-biodegradable plastic
materials. Still, the ignorance and lack of discipline of the Filipinos have
been the very big reason behind the catastrophic situation that the country
is facing right now. Furthermore, lack of strict implementations of policies
and rules are really the main issue. People tend to neglect the consequences
of improper garbage disposal since the punishments for not following this
rules are paying cheap fines. Inadequate information of the community is
also one of the prevailing reasons, why proper waste management are not
that very effective in terms of mitigating the effects of excessive number of
non-biodegradable waste in the environment. This statement was supported
by (SEPO, 2017), claiming that the country is still being affected in Waste
Generation. The increase in the population, improvement of living standards,
3
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
rapid economic growth, and industrialization especially in the urban areas.
The NSWMC has calculated that from 37,427.46 tons per day in 2012 it has
escalated to 40,087.45 tons in 2016 with an estimated average per capita
waste generation of 0.40 kilograms per day for both urban and rural. The
NCR or the National Capital Region has generated the biggest volume of
wastes for the past five years due to its population, highest number of
establishments and modernized lifestyle. The estimated population is 12
million people, Metropolitan Manila generated 9,212.92 tons per day of
wastes in 2015, It is followed by Region 4A with waste generation of 4,440.15
tons per day (11.08%) and Region 3 with 3,890.12 tons per day (9.70%)
(NSWC).
The World Bank (2012) on the other hand, estimates that solid waste
being produced by Philippine cities will go up by 165 percent to 77,776 tons
per day from 29,315 tons as a consequence of a projected 47.3 percent hike
in urban areas.
Literature Review
Since the rapid growth of the Non-Biodegradable plastic waste has
been a long and dwelling problem not only by the Philippines but also other
country in Asia. Building Industries are one of the major consumer of
plastics, including other types plastic such as Polyvinyl Chloride or PVC and
4
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
High-density polyethylene. Senoro, Delia B. (2006) Waste Utilization as
Potential Construction Materials.
This study have decided to use the Polyethylene Terephhalate or PET
bottles as the material in making the garbage since amongst the other
plastic material it has the highest recovery rate and residual value, and also
it is the most abundant plastic that is present in the environment according
to Businessmirror(2016) and Mercola(2018). The utilization of PET bottles
have been done for the past researches for example like the research entitled
“Trickling wastewater filter system using recyclable plastic (PET) bottles and
indigenous filtering materials”. The said research utilized the PET bottles
specifically recyclable mineral water together with other indigenous materials
as filter system using common wastewater.(Villanueva & Tilla-in,2009)
Another product that uses the PET as the main material for their
research is the Carpet made of PET polyester. This fiber polyester are made
from Recyclable PET chips that has been obtained from used PET bottles.
Although the material is said to be recycled, the quality of the fibers have not
been affected. This PET polyester can be used and recycled over and over.
(Carpet Classics,2018).
Moreover, PET bottles have been used to make clothes,
(Fairharbor,2016) plastic bottles were collected from various sources and
then sort according to the color since the mostly needed bottles are those
5
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
clear bottles because it makes a crisp polyester fiber suited to make white
fiber that is later dyed to other colors. After the sorting bottles were cleaned
and bath on a mixture of water and other chemicals for 10 hours. It will
leave the bottles as clear ones after ten hours. Next, the mixtures were sent
through hot pipes to melt down the plastics. To make thread, the molten
plastic flows through tiny holes to make filaments - threads that are 5 times
finer than human hair! After the that, the plastic filaments are torn into fluff
that eventually gets strengthened into the polyester thread, in a process
much similar to the production of cotton.
Purpose Statement
This paper aims to reduce the number of non-biodegradable plastic
waste in the country by introducing an innovation and a new strategy in a
waste management. To create an efficient garbage bins that would help
mitigate the increasing number of non-biodegradable plastic waste.
Specifically, this study seek to:
1. To produce a new set of effective and environmental friendly innovation
that everybody could benefit.
2. To formulate a project that would help mitigate the increasing number of
6
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
non-biodegradable plastic waste.
3. To create an efficient garbage bins made from Polyethylene Terephthalate
(PET) bottles that possess efficient and durable qualities.
4. To test the possibilities of producing garbage bins from non-biodegradable
plastic waste specifically PET bottles.
5. To test the usability of this garbage bins.
Definition of Terms
Landfills
-carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in
which trash is isolated from the surrounding environment. (HowstuffWork,
20018)
-According to the study these are designated areas where garbage’s are
disposed and stayed for a long time.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET/PETE) bottles
-Polyethylene terephthalate is best known as the clear plastic used for
water and soda bottle containers (Eco star, 2015). This is the most commonly
7
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
recycled type of plastic. Plastic #1 is usually clear and used to make common
household items such as water bottle, medicine jar, bean bags, and
mouthwash bottle. This type is considered safe but known to accumulate
bacteria and sometimes absorb odor and taste from food and drink that is
stored in it. (nonanoplastic.2016)
- is an abbreviation for the term polyethylene terephthalate; a plastic
industrially used as containers for mineral water and other beverages.
(Villanueva & Tilla-in,2009) Trickling wastewater filter system using recyclable
plastic (PET) bottles and indigenous filtering materials.
-According to the study Polyethylene terephthalate or PET/PETE
bottles are the most abundant and used plastic in the Philippines, also this
is classified as having the highest residual value and recovery rate among
other classification of plastic.
Polyethylene Terephthalate PET polyester
-
According to Carpet Classics (2018) This is a new type of polyester
fiber that has this long chemical name: Polyethylene Terephthalate, but still
falls in the class of fibers known commonly as polyesters. This fiber has
natural and permanent stain resistance. PET fiber is stronger than the old
polyester and has better abrasion resistance.
8
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
-
Defined in this research as the polyester made from the
Polyethylene terephthalate bottles and use to function as normal fibers but
more efficient and durable than normal fibers.
Resin identification code
-(American chemistry council, 2018) system that classifies plastic
product according to their component and chemical make-up. And they
indicate the type of plastic that an item is made from. These numbers are
intended to help consumers know whether and how to recycle various plastic
products and packages.
-Defined in the study as codes whose function as classification system
to differentiate non-biodegradable plastic materials.
The Republic Act 9003 of 2000
-an act of providing for an ecological solid waste management
program, creating the necessary institutional mechanism and incentives,
declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating
funds therefore, and for other purposes. (Ecolecx retrieved from FAOLEX)
In this study, it is defined as one of the main prevailing act that implies
proper waste management protocols and principles in the Philippines.
9
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Chapter 2
METHODS
This chapter represents all the processes and procedures
that have been conducted by the researchers throughout the study by
describing how data presented in the paper are obtained. Also, where this
data does come from, and in this chapter procedures and data analysis are
also elaborated. In more specified terms, it discusses the processes done to
be obtain data, research design to be used, procedures to follow and as well
as the data gathering procedures and data analysis.
Source of data
The data needed by this study will mostly come from the results and
data obtained from various test that the researchers have conducted. These
tests will be conducted to test the efficiency and as well as the quality of the
product the researcher have made. Also to supply the data relating to
compressive strength of the innovation, this study will undergo weight
capacity, researchers will also undergo weight capacity test to measure how
much weight can the garbage bin carry.
10
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Source of Materials
The materials needed by this study are collected by the
researchers themselves. This study chooses the PET bottles as the main
material for the project. The researchers will collect plastic bottles from
specific areas in Bacolod city; specific areas such as restaurants, local sarisari store and convenient stores which is known to be the top source of
plastic waste. Other indigenous materials that are needed to make this
project possible are either bought or collected.
Research Design
This study used experimental type of research design in its
goal of producing a potential innovation that would help ease the issue
regarding massive waste that have caused numerous problems to the
society. According to Centre for Innovation in Research and Teaching of
Grand Canyon University, (2012) Experimental type of research design were
used to investigate relationship between variables. This type is quantitative
in nature; researchers usually use experimental to compare two or more
groups in one or more measures. Experimental because it aims to test the
efficiency and durability of materials by achieving legit conclusions among
the relationship of the variables. This study will undergo several test and
observe numerous trial and error processes as it plays a significant part in
11
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
achieving the maximum durability and full effectively of the product that will
prove this study. (Del Siegle, Ph.D , 2015) Experimental research,
proprietors of the research does not only control the independent variables
but also randomly assigned individuals to various treatment categories. The
experimental type of design used in this paper will give accurate and efficient
results and evidences to support the stand and as well as the conclusion
since this type of research design relies on results provided by various test
conducted along the process of building and testing the product. Also,
researchers will also use the trial and error type of approach since this study
is merely came from scratch. The utilization of the Trial and Error approach
will be a great provider of data because the data that would come from it
serves as the basis of the future revisions and considerations to be applied in
the study’s final product which is the garbage bins made from PET bottles.
Procedure
Project making: The researchers collect and consolidate ideas
and as well as visualize possible design of the project in order to
determine what would be the final outcome of the product. Also, to
determine what material and equipment will be used in making the product.
The researchers also ensure that the materials to be used in building the
product are hundred percent recycle and cheap but have a high quality to
attain the goal of the study which is to lessen non-biodegradable waste. In
12
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
addition, the researchers ensure the product’s conveniences to the public at
any time and to analyze the durability and capacity of the materials used. In
order to surpass the events or phenomena that may cause damage to the
product. As well as to be able to know the target market of the said
innovation.
In conducting the study, the researchers will determine the
materials needed to build the product. Since the study chooses PET bottles
as the main material, researchers will collect bottles in areas where large
number of plastic bottles are located. Specifically, in some areas in Bacolod
City where plastic bottles are disposed in large numbers. After collecting all
the materials needed, the researchers will now start making the said project.
Project building: The researcher will start making the project; it will
begin in the formation of mold or the backbone of the garbage which will
serve as the foundation where the PET bottles will later be assembled. It will
have welded and shaped. Before attaching the PET bottles, the tarpaulin
cover will be attached to secure that the garbages will not ooze out of the
bin. After that, PET bottles will be assembled and attached to the
circumference or perimeter of the backbone. Plastic bottles will be attached
by the aid of strings or wires. Wires will serve as the attaching material to
keep the bottles in places. The structure of the garbage bins is 15 cm x 15
13
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
cm x 35 cm. Another model is a 35 gallon garbage bin with a roller, the
backbone is still metal rods but bigger in perimeter. Roller will be attacged to
it .
Data Collection
This part of research provides information about how researchers
obtain the data needed by the study.
Weight Capacity Test. In order to examine the weight of the data. To
address the weight, the S.C. Department of Health and Environmental
Control’s Office of Solid Waste Reduction and Recycling provide some
information to test the weight capacity of the trash bins. In order to examine
the weight capacity of the garbage bins, the researchers will conduct weight
capacity test .The reason for this test is to measure how much weight does
the garbage bins could carry . Also, the researchers should provide an
examination about the capacity estimate how full it is or how kilograms
could the trash bins occupied more often. (CR-011177)
Drop Test. To assess the durability of the product, the researchers
will proceed to drop test. To know the rigors that might occur when the
product is in use. The researchers will use the test that is commonly used
for product testing. First is the free fall drop test based on EN60068-2-31
14
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
that involves dropping the product from 5 meter height to test durability of
the product. Lastly, the impact test based on EN60068-2-75/IEC62262 that
involves the use of steel striking element to test the strength of the
product when strike by a hard object.
Data Analysis
Phase 1: Planning and canvassing. The first step in analysis in this
study were focused on general analysis on what type of research design to be
used. Material determination to ensure the quality if the innovation surpass
the expected outcome of the researchers.
Phase 2: Product visualization and design description. To make
sure the appearance of the product would be presentable, researcher
conducted design determination. The researchers have considered many
designs which have ergonomic properties and unique specifications so that
the innovation will stand out.
Phase 4: Material analysis. The material to be used were already
determine, it should be followed by series of material analysis test to
determine the exact type, size and shape of material will be using.
Phase: 5 Project testing: After making the prototype, the researchers
will now proceed to testing phase where the prototype product will undergo
15
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
series of test to measure the efficiency, durability and as well as the quality
of the said project.
Phase 6: Final product revision and building. After conducting the
tests, final revisions will be done, all the errors that have been determine
during the test will be revised. After the revision final product building will
be determined.
16
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
References
Villanueva, M.& Tilla-in, 2009 , Trickling wastewater Filter system using
recyclable plastic (PET) bottles and indigenous filtering materials.
Electronic References
https://www.google.com.ph/amp/s/www.instructables.com/id/Trash-canmade-of-plastic-bottles/%famp_page=truea
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/co
mparisontest
https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/06/07/12/trash-generated/ph/citiesincrease-165-2025-wb
https://www.google.com.ph/amp/s/m.wikihow.com/Make-a-Trash-Canfrom-Plastic-Bottles%3famp=1
https://www.scdhec.gov/search?keywords=weight+measure+for+trash+bins
https://www.testsources.net/application/testtyoes/compressiontest/
https://www.fairharborclothing.com/blogs/news/science-made-simple-howplastic-is-turned-into-polyester
http://www.carpet-guru.com/carpet-fiber/pet-polyester/
https://www.plasticsmakeitpossible.com/plastics-recycling/how-to-recycle/athome/recycle-your-carpeting/
17
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=
home.showFile&rep=file&fil=PLASTIC_ZERO_report_test_of_the_use_of_recycled
_plastic_to_make_clinical_waste_packaging_action4.2.pdf
18
GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
PROJECT STRUCTURE
19