Welcome Group 4 : - Kim Ngân - Phạm Hạnh - Quang Thành - Ánh Hoàng - Vũ Dung TOPIC : STRESS Three parts • Nature of stress • Level of stress • Stress placement 1. Definition • Stress is an extra force on a particular syllable or a particular word in spoken language . • The stressed syllable or word is said with greater energy and stands out in a word, phrase or sentence .is an extra force on a particular syllable or a particular word in spoken language. 2. Types of stress • a. Word stress : is an extra force put on a particular syllable of the word , it is usually fixed . • • • • Example : invite /ɪnˈvaɪt/ provide /prəˈvaɪd/ student /ˈstju:dnt/ 2. Types of stress • b. Sentence stress:- is an extra force put on a particular word in a sentence. - The sentence stress is not fixed - It depends on the speaker’s feelings and attitudes and the message that he wants to convey to the listener 2. Types of stress • Example : John bought that car yesterday . We want to emphasize John: /dʒɒn bɔt ðæt kɑːr ˈjestədeɪ/ we want to emphasize what was bought by John yesterday: /dʒɒn bɔt ðæt kɑːr ˈjestədeɪ/ we want to emphasize the time when John bought that car: /dʒɒn bɔt ðæt kɑːr ˈjestədeɪ/ 3. The nature of stress • From the production point of view: The production of stress is generally believed to depend on the speaker using more muscular energy than for unstressed syllables . • From the perception point of view: All stressed syllables have a common characteristic, that is prominence There are 4 factors that make a stressed syllable prominent: Loudness, Length, Pitch and Vowel quality a. Loudness In a sequence of identical syllables, if one syllable is made louder than the others, it will be heard as stressed b. Lenght If one of the syllables is made longer than the others, that syllable tends to be heard as stress c. Pitch If one syllable is said with a pitch that is noticeable different from that of the others, this will have a strong tendency to produce the effect of prominence d. Vowel quality A syllable tends to be prominent if it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighboring vowels Generally, these factors work together in combination, though syllables may sometimes be made prominent by means only one or two of them. What is sort of words are stressed or unstressed ? • All words of more than one syllable are stressed • Words of one syllables are generally not stressed if they are purely grammatical words like: • Pronouns (you, he, she, etc) • Prepositions (to, for, as from, by, etc.) • Articles (the, a, an) What is sort of words are stressed or unstressed ? • Syllables which are not stressed often contain the vowel /ə/ and this vowel only occurs in unstressed syllables, never in stressed ones . • For example: contain /kən ‘tein/: The second syllable is stressed • Words that give us pictures or provide most of the information such as full verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs are stressed. 4. The level of stress . • a. primary stress: the loudest syllable in the word . In one-syllable words, that one syllable has the primary stress . Primary stress is marked in IPA by putting a raised vertical line [ˈ] at the beginning of the syllable . In one-syllable words, that one syllable gets the primary stress. • Example : People /ˈpiːpəl/ Around /əˈraʊnd/ Enough /ɪˈnʌf/ • The only exceptions to this rule are a handful of function words like “the” which are usually unstressed or reduced. 4. The level of stress . • b. Secondary stress (non-tonic): syllables which aren't completely unstressed, but aren't as loud as the primary stress. Secondary stress is marked with a lowered vertical line [ˌ] at the beginning of the syllable. • Examples: Economical /ˌekəˈnɒmɪkəl / Disappear /ˌdɪsəˈpɪə/ (syllable with secondary stress is first syllable) 4. The level of stress . • c. Unstressed: syllables that have no stress at all. In English, almost all of these have schwa [ə] for their vowel, though [i] will also often be unstressed, like the [i] in happy [ˈhæpi]. (Very rarely, another non-schwa vowel might be unstressed, like the [o] of potato [pəˈteto] for most speakers.) • Example : Prepare /prɪˈpeə/ Organization/ˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃən/ The level of stress ’s the contrast between all these different levels of loudness, duration, and pitch that creates the rhythm of English. NOTE 5. Stress placement I.Two-syllable words Two-syllable verbs Two-syllable Adjectives Two-syllable Nouns II.Three-syllable words Three-syllable verbs Three-syllable Nouns Three-syllable Adjectives III.Complex word stress Derived words Compound words I.Two-syllable words • 1.Two-syllable verbs a. If the second syllable of the verb contains a long vowel or diphthong or it ends with more than one consonant, that second syllable is stress. b. If the final syllable contains a short vowel and ends with one or no consonant, the first syllable is stressed. c. The final syllable is also unstressed if it contains /ƏƱ/. Eg: Comply /kəmˈplaɪ/ Agree /əˈɡriː/ Eg: Credit /ˈkredɪt/ Open /ˈəʊpən/ Eg: Follow /ˈfɒləʊ/ Borrow /ˈbɒrəʊ/ I.Two-syllable words 2.Two-syllable adjectives - Two syllable simple adjectives and other words such as adverbs and prepositions are stressed according to the same rules as verbs. Eg: • Polite /pəˈlaɪt/ • Heavy /ˈhevi/ • Again /əˈɡeɪn/ I.Two-syllable words 3.Two-syllable nouns - If the second syllable contains a short vowel, the stress will usually come on the first syllable. Otherwise, it will be on the second syllable. Eg: • Money /ˈmʌni/ • Balloon /bəˈluːn/ Notes : special cases of stress words • Different stress of different type words : Notes: Special cases of stress words • Similar stress of different type word: -‘answer /ˈɑːnsə/ (n,v): câu trả lời, trả lời -‘offer /ˈɒfə/ (n,v): lời đề nghị, đề nghị -‘picture /ˈpɪktʃə/ (n,v): bức tranh, vẽ tranh -‘travel /ˈtrævəl/(n,v): du lịch, đi du lịch II.Three-syllable words 1.Three-syllable verbs • If the last syllable contains a short vowel and ends with not more than one consonant, the last syllable will be unstressed, and stress will be placed on the second syllable • Eg: determine: /dɪˈtɜː.mɪn/ remember: /rɪˈmem.bər/ • • If the final syllable contains a long vowel or a diphthong, or ends with more than one consonant, the final syllable will be stressed. Eg: entertain: /en.təˈteɪn/ introduce /ˌɪn.trəˈdʒuːs/ II.Three-syllable words 2.Three-syllable nouns • If the final syllable contains a short vowel or /ƏƱ/, it is unstressed. If the second syllable contains a long vowel or a diphthong, or it ends with more than one consonant, the second syllable will be stressed. • Eg: potato /pəˈteɪ.təʊ/ disaster /dɪˈzɑː.stər/ • If the final syllable contains a short vowel and the second syllable contains a short vowel and ends with not more than one consonant, both the final and middle syllables are unstressed, and the first syllable is stressed. • Eg: quantity /ˈkwɒn.tə.ti/ cinema /ˈsɪn.ə.mə/ • - If the final syllable contains a long vowel or a diphthong or it ends with more than one consonant, the stress will usually be placed on the first syllable. • Eg:. photograph /ˈfəʊ.tə.ɡrɑːf/ attitude /ˈæt.ɪ.tʃuːd/ II.Three-syllable words 3.Three-syllable adjectives • Three-syllable adjectives seem to need the same rules as Nouns to produce stress pattern such as • opportune /ˈɒp.ə.tʃuːn/ • possible /ˈpɒs.ə.bə/ • important /ɪmˈpɔː.tənt/ Rules : Stress is placed on the last syllable in case of most words with following endings Rules : The stress in these words shifts to initial position if they are immediately followed by another word with initial stress. Stress is placed on 2nd syllable from the end (penultimate) in most words ending with Rules : Stress is placed on 3rdsyllable from the end (antipenultimate) in multi syllable words, especially words ending with Rules : Stress is placed on the fourth syllable from the end in most words of four syllables or more especially word ending with: III.Complex word stress 1.Stress in derived words: The affixes will have one of three possible effects on the word stress. III.Complex word stress 1.Stress in derived words a. The affix itself receives primary stress. Example : III.Complex word stress 1.Stress in derived words b. The word is stressed as if the affix were not there : Example : III.Complex word stress 1.Stress in derived words c. The stress remains on the stem, not the affix, but is shifted to a different syllable Example : III.Complex word stress 3. Compound words • a. If the first word/part of the compound is adjectival, the stress goes on the second element with a secondary stress on the first. Example : • ‘Loudspeaker’ • ‘fast food’ • ‘open hearted’ III.Complex word stress 3. Compound words b. If however, the first element is, in a broad sense, a noun, the stress goes on the first element. Example : • car ferry • tea cup • suitcase III.Complex word stress 3. Compound words • c. in case of reflexive pronouns, it is the last syllable, which is always given the primary stress Example : • Myˈself • Themˈselves • Yourˈself • Himˈself III.Complex word stress 3. Compound words • d. Generally, each syllable of abbreviations is stressed. Example : • ˈAˈM • ˈBˈBˈC • ˈUˈSˈA III.Complex word stress 3. Compound words • e. In two-word verbs,made up of a verb and adverb, it is normally the adverb that receives stress,not the verb: Example : • To splitˈup • To putˈon. III.Complex word stress 3. Compound words • f. In compound verbs there is usually a secondary stress on the first component and a primary stress on the second component: Example : • ˌunderˈstand • ˌoverˈlook • ˌoutˈrun Quiz is waiting for you Hometask :
