300536 Major Project in Construction
Thesis Report
Prepared by:
Mahmoud Agha Jounizadeh
18717857
Table of Contents
Executive Summary: ................................................................................................................................ 3
Objective: ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Specific Objections: ................................................................................................................................. 3
Background: ............................................................................................................................................ 4
Growing Importance of Green Construction (Explicit Knowledge) ........................................................ 4
Green Building Environmental Effect: ................................................................................................ 5
Green Building Economical Effect: ...................................................................................................... 5
Green Building Health Benefits: .......................................................................................................... 6
Implications with Green buildings, ..................................................................................................... 8
Green Projects and technologies; ................................................................................................... 8
Sustainable Construction in Developing countries; ........................................................................ 9
Materials and Design of Green Buildings (Tacit Knowledge) .................................................................. 9
Zero Energy Building (ZEB) ................................................................................................................ 10
An example of nearly zero energy building (XXI Building Lismore) .................................................. 10
Building Integrated Photovoltaic - Thermal (BIPV-T) .................................................................... 12
Natural lighting e natural ventilation ............................................................................................ 12
Windows shading .......................................................................................................................... 12
Ground Cooling System................................................................................................................. 13
SolarXXI building – nearly ZEB....................................................................................................... 14
Renewable energy system (RES) ....................................................................................................... 14
RES proposed model for a building ................................................................................................... 15
A path towards positive energy buildings (PEB) ............................................................................... 15
An example of PEB building: ......................................................................................................... 16
Design................................................................................................................................................ 18
ZEB model setting ......................................................................................................................... 18
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 20
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Executive Summary:
This project was proposed and undertaken to assess the adverse environmental effects of
conventional buildings that are accountable for a large part of environmental pollution and its
efficient substitute, "Zero energy buildings "concept which is practically energy independent.
The zero-energy building (ZEB) promotes a new building design that is entirely sustainable and does
not depend on an external energy source. This concept has commenced being implemented in
developing counties in residential buildings. However, this new innovation is limited to small-sized
buildings, and further technological advancement is required to implement the ZEB concept to larger
buildings.
Objective:
This study aims to show the various sustainable construction designs and technologies, focusing on
ZERO energy buildings. Furthermore, it illustrates the implications of implementing sustainable
practices in developments and solutions to achieve a higher rate of green buildings and sustainable
construction practices.
Sustainable and green construction is a solution to meet the present generation needs without
compromising those of the future by exercising sustainable practices that have minimal impact on
the environment and are resource-efficient. (Kubba 2010).
Specific Objections:
This report concentrates in the following objectives:
•
•
•
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Why there is a growing importance of Green construction.
A summary of the latest materials and design and implement Green Construction.
An assessment featuring the advantage and disadvantage of available options and what are
the innovations in Green construction.
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Background:
In the current environmental situation in the world, shifting to more sustainable and greener
construction is necessary. According to the world business council on sustainable development
(WBCSD) "The construction and operation of buildings require more energy than any other human
activity "(Wilkinson & Mangalagiu 2012a). The conventional construction method primarily concerns
about endurance, comfort, and cost-efficiency with minimal consideration to the environmental.
(Kubba 2010).
Sustainable construction and green building might be an effective way to improve human life quality
as it aims to conserve the environment and reduce pollution.
Growing Importance of Green Construction (Explicit Knowledge)
There is a challenge for the humankind to slow down or stop global warming, resource exhaustion
and health complications associated with environmental pollution.
The building environmental impact is immense, as it balances 40% of the natural resources
extraction, 70% of electricity and up to 65% of waste disposed to landfill. These numbers are rising
due to the rapidly growing population, and thebuilding's environmental effect is a prominent issue.
(Franzoni 2011)
Figure 1 shows global CO2 emission by sector. Building Operations and construction are accountable
for 39% of the C02 emission. Green building might be an effective solution to reduce CO2 emission.
Figure 1 - Global CO2 Emission by Sector Initial Finding
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Green Building Environmental Effect:
Green Construction practices have grown to decrease negative environmental effect by
incorporating the environmental factor into the construction practices from the initial design stage
to building operation. These practices concentrate on reducing environmental impact to a minimum
level (Ojo- Fafore, Aigbavboa & Ramaru 2018)
In the last decade, there has been a great effort to decrease the energy consumption for appliances,
electricity, and thermal control by introducing the latest innovative materials with lower
consumption. It is
Green Building Economical Effect:
The most denounced matter with green construction is the cost of the construction and materials.
Advanced sustainable methods tend to cost more than conventional building practices. Most green
construction might increase thestructure's price by 2% compared to the Non-Green buildings;
however, it has 10 times more financial advantages over thebuilding's entire life cycle. (Khoshbakht,
Gou & Dupre 2017)
Energy is a considerable cost of building operation that can be decreased through energy-efficient
products and correlated methods which are part of green construction design.
Maintenance Management in green building is lower than traditional buildings due to thematerials'
efficiency and longevity.
High Property market value is one of the essential factors that encourage developers to construct
green buildings.
Better Rent percentage and the shorter vacancy rate is another factor for a developer to consider
green building
Marketing opportunities for green building is substantial for their economic, environmental, and
social advantages
Lower Carbon Tax or other related government fees tends to be discounted for green building in
developing countries. (Ciora, Maier & Anghel 2015)
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The table below shows the Green building energy cost difference compared to conventional
buildings:
Figure 2- Reduced Energy use in Green Buildings as compared with Conventional buildings
The graph below shows the total cost per unit of floor area, conventional buildings vs Green-certified
in America.
Figure 3 -conventional building vs. Green (LEED) certified buildings
Green Building Health Benefits:
Public health research has shown that enhanced indoor environmental conditions are associated
with improved health effects and cognitive function.
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Design of the building can have a direct impact on the health of the occupant. The scientifical
research around the green building on cognitive function and heath finds that the following factors
in green buildings are the foundation of a healthy building:
•
•
•
•
Adequate Ventilation
Air quality
Thermal Comfort
Noise and Lighting
Overall, occupants report better Indoor environmental quality and fewer health problems in
certified green buildings than conventional buildings. (MacNaughton et al. 2017)
The photos below show different sections of a green-certified building designed with adequate
ventilation, high air quality, appropriate thermal comfort, Efficient and natural lighting and sufficient
insulation to manage noise pollution
Figure 4- Certified Green Building Design
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Figure 5- Certified Building Design
Implications with Green buildings,
There are several barriers to implement green design and construction in developing countries.
Worldwide, the importance of Green developments as been distinguished. However,
everygovernment's degree to sustainable practices effectively differs based on the obstacles
implementing green projects.
These barriers are more evident in developing countries for various reasons. Two of the main
reasons have been illustrated below;
Green Projects and technologies;
There are various green technologies for green buildings, such as doubled glazed windows or
energy-efficient HVAC systems designed for specific environments. These technologies and designs
are vastly available in developed countries and mainly suitable for a similar climate of the origin
country. For example, an energy-efficient HVAC system design in England might not be appropriate
to operate in an African country.
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Sustainable Construction in Developing countries;
There are various agendas regarding sustainable developments generated in 1992 Summit in Rio in
which Agenda 21 was approved for sustainable developments. These different agendas have
indicated that billions of dollars have been and will be spent on sustainable construction.
Unfortunately, most developing countries have not been able to implement these practices due to
the country financial situation, and they primarily rely on developed countries to implement these
sustainable practices in sustainable construction. Therefore, these practices are only implemented
to meet the developer goals rather than ensure the methods are appropriate and preserved in the
long term. (Nikyema & Blouin 2020)
Materials and Design of Green Buildings (Tacit Knowledge)
The selection of Green building materials is crucial to achieving the highest standard and rating from
the primary stage of the design method when strategic decisions are planned and at the
construction phase when available materials are selected.
Furthermore, the pre-use phase production of green building materials (extraction, production
method, and delivery) is crucial to mitigate the environmental impact. The materials can be
quantified through parameters uncovered in the procedures (ISO-14040) and Life cycle Assessment
(LCA), energy consumption, CO2 emission, water exhaustion. These parameters are fundamental to
ensure the environmental impact of green building materials is mitigated.
Selecting the materials at the construction phase is as critical as the initial design as the engineer and
architect responsible for material selection might have a lack of evaluation tools to select the
materials adequately. (Franzoni 2011)
The picture below shows the different materials that can be used in green building;
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Figure 6- Green building Materials selection picture
Zero Energy Building (ZEB)
The latest advancement in renewable energy products has led to developing ZERO Energy building
concept suggesting Zero energy used from external sources and all the energy required to generate
from the building from the renewable energy product. (Thiel et al. 2013)
The zero-energy building concept is consist of the following critical elements with energy efficiency
coming first:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Use of solar gains
Thermal building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV-T)
Window shading
Ground cooling system
Natural ventilation
Natural lighting
An example of nearly zero energy building (XXI Building Lismore)
The concept of solar gains in ZEB buildings is a neutral building in energy consumption that provides
as much energy to the source grid as it uses from the grid). Based on this concept zero energy might
be used as a result of two central ideas, Firstly, minimise the building required energy and secondly,
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produce enough energy from solar panels and other materials to credit for the energy used from the
grid.
The example to demonstrate this concept is XXI building located in Lismore,
Table 1- XXI Building information
Picture 1 - XXI Building
In XXI Building PV units and windows are covering the central building façade. Thebuilding's glass
area interacts precisely with the occupied rooms, gathering solar energy, supplying heat and natural
light to these areas.
the photo below shows the front elevation of this building:
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Building Integrated Photovoltaic - Thermal (BIPV-T)
IN XXI building, besides utilising solar gains through windows, the BIPV_T System incorporating the
façade in the south also helps for the quality of indoor temperature during the day in warm season
when the heat emitted in the course of transforming solar radiation into energy is efficaciously
recuperated.
Figure 7- building BIPV-T system.-
Natural lighting e natural ventilation
The central skylight location as a prominent light distributor is important, as also the vents in the
doors that connect from south and north space to hallways and the glass areas spread around the
building envelop. These features designed for XXI building contribute to a reduction of energy
consumption for lighting. There is natural ventilation from the wind through the openings in the
façade and the roof.
Windows shading
Venetian blinds installed outside the windows to reduce direct solar exposure. It is an effective
measure during the summer to reduce solar incidence.
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Ground Cooling System
A land cooling structure as the source to provide cooled air into the building utilising the earth as the
source to cool down the air. The Cooling System has 32 tubes and installed at 4.5 meters deep in the
ground. The air enters the lines 15 meters away from the building and cool down to average ground
temperature from 13 to 19 degrees and return to the rooms by natural or forced circulation by using
fans.
This is an efficient way during hot days when the indoor air temperature is substantially higher.
Thetubes' air entered the room and caused the room temperature to drop down by 2 to 3 degrees.
Figure 8 - Ground colling system
Fig. 4 shows the distribution of the XXIbuilding's electric energy used contrasted with the
PVmethod's power.
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Figure 9 - Fig. 4. Solar XXI - Electric energy consumption.
SolarXXI building – nearly ZEB
XXI building shows a combination of integrated renewable energy systems to reduce building energy
consumption significantly. This building offers one of the most advanced efficient solutions and
strategies from the concept of reducing energy consumption to a level that is equal to the energy
produced by solar panels in the building.
Figure 10 shows Fig. 5 shows the building performance and the concept of Zero-energy building.
Figure 10-XXI building- path to ZEB
Renewable energy system (RES)
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RES proposed model for a building
RES System is compromising several energy transitions to generate enough energy for electricity,
cooling and heating of a building
The wind turbine produces the needed energy for electricity of the building that is linked to the grid
to offset the low energy level and transfer the additional energy supplied by RES.
The heating system that contains a heat pump water heater(HPWH), a gas boiler and solar collector,
is linked with a hot water tank(HW) to deliver fan coils and domestic hot water (DHW).
A water heater without a tank is placed as a second measure to control the DHW temperature.
(Sobhani, Shahmoradi & Sajadi 2020)
Figure 11- Diagram of the RES model.
The proposed system above shows the integration of all energies consumed in a building to minimise
energy wastage and at the same time, produce energy that contributes to the energy demand of the
building.
A path towards positive energy buildings (PEB)
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The case study below demonstrates how a practical and integrated design provides enough energy
for the building energy consumption demand and produces an energy surplus that could transit back
to the urban supply.
The table shows the main comparison between Nearly zero energy building to positive energy
buildings. (Magrini et al. 2020)
Peb is intended to produce excess energy and is a system to efficiently distribute the energy to
external sources. Therefore, the concept of PEB is comprised of several buildings linked to each
other at a suburb o contribute to the energy demand of buildings through a controlled distribution
system.
Figure 12- Energy Distribution between PEN buildings
An example of PEB building:
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This building has a conventional design and construction built in italy in 2013. This shows that high
efficiency does not mean that the building needs to have a modern line.
This building has three levels with the usable area of 322m2. The building was constructed with
52cm, of which 35 cm of filled blocks and fibreglass insulation) it been built with a thermal
transmittance U=0.19W/)m2k, with triple glazed wooden frames defined by U=1.30W/(m2k)
The thermal power plant is located in the basement of the house, which includes:
The electrically charged air-water heat pump with the heat output of 13.1KW and operational
control operation button which controls for cold temperature airconditioning with combining to the
luminous floor and supply of DHW;
The mechanical, ventilation that consist includes of an enthalpy exchanger hat operates consistently
around the clock and entails a flow of air changing from m3/h and 550 m3/h;
A dehumidifier,
A 500 L water tank linked to panels of thermal system.
This building has a building control system and building management system that controls humidity
and indoor temperature to a comfortable level based on the given information. Therefore, the
climate control unit has been installed to collect temperature and moisture level from the north of
the building. (Magrini et al. 2020)
Furthermore, the peculiarities are the existence of a trapped greenhouse facing south and an
expansion of the livable areas on the first d floor. In summer, it acts as a helpful build-up of heat,
which can be transferred through, which gets air from the greenhouse, employing two 100 m3/h
fans, when the temperature surpasses 3 °C the of the inside environment, inserting it in the rooms.
The coverage, concerning the parallel plane on the south of the building, with a photovoltaic
structure that satisfies the electricity consumption, and a solar thermal system which helps the
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pump to supply Hot Water (DHW). This strategy guarantees nearly total demand for building from
renewable sources (94%).
Figure 13-Difference between Design energy consumption and real consumption
The difference between electricity consumption and the photovoltaic system generated indicates
that the building consumes only 34% of the energy to meet consumer's needs. The energy surplus is
transferred to the urban supply, with high financial benefit compare to the little costs in winter, in
which the solar radiation is not adequate to cover energy utilisation.(Wilkinson & Mangalagiu 2012b,
Zhang, J. et al. 2021)
Design
From the perspective of Zero-Energy Building, the design is the most critical phase to achieving the
highest energy efficiency as most choices are selected at this stage.
Architectural aspects of Zeb buildings have a significant influence on achieving energy efficiency. The
New architecture should pursue to achieve the maximum efficiency in the management of linked
resources and the highest generation of renewable energy.
ZEB model setting
By 2050, the concept of zero energy building will inevitably continue to grow substantially. Various
building development approaches provide very diverse future.
To study the possible ways and strategy options to achieve the best path to energy efficiency and
CO2 reduction three models are described, under these three models, the total volume of extreme-
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low, close to zero and zero energy buildings will rise 50%,75% and 100% by 2050 individually. (Wang
et al. 2021, Aelenei & Gonçalves 2014)
the table below shows descriptions of these models:
ZEB-1
ZEB-2
ZEB-3
2016
2020
2030
2040
2050
Existing
buildings
ExtremeLow energy
buildings
Close to
ZEB
ZEB
100%
95%
85%
70%
50%
0%
5%
10%
15%
25%
0%
0%
5%
10%
15%
0%
0%
0%
5%
10%
Existing
buildings
ExtremeLow energy
Close to
ZEB
ZEB
100%
90%
75%
50%
25%
0%
10%
15%
20%
30%
0%
0%
5%
20%
20%
0%
0%
5%
10%
25%
Existing
buildings
ExtremeLow energy
Close to
ZEB
ZEB
100%
90%
60%
30%
0%
0%
5%
20%
25%
30%
0%
5%
15%
30%
30%
0%
0%
5%
15%
40%
Table 2 -Percentage of building types for the study models
Figures-7 compare possible energy building consumptions towards the future.
In BAU and CAP, energy usage resumes to rise over time and gets to 2456.8 and 1992.6 Mtoe,
individually, by 2050. For the three zero building developments, energy consumption first rises and
then declines. (Zhang, S. et al. 2020)
Three different zero energy building consumption show below
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Figure 14- Building Energy Consumption(2020-2050)Consumption for five scenario
Conclusion
It is inevitable with the growing concerns with global warming from conventional buildings
and construction adverse effects to not adopt green building methods to reduce energy
consumption, resource exhaustion, and ultimately decreasing CO2 emission. The Zero-energy
building concept (ZEB) is the final goal that many countries strive to achieve, requiring global
cooperation to succeed.
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