Oil and gas Production
Operations
Production Equipment
Introduction
well completion
Well completion refers to the
process of finishing a well so
that it is ready to produce oil
or natural gas. In essence,
completion
consists
of
deciding on the characteristics
of the intake portion of the well
in the targeted hydrocarbon
formation
Introduction
Open hole completions
the most basic type and only
used in very competent
formations,
which
are
unlikely to cave in. An open
hole completion consists of
simply running the casing
directly down into the
formation, leaving the end of
the piping open, without any
other protective filter.
Introduction
Conventional perforated completions
consist
of
production
casing being run through
the formation. The sides of
this casing are perforated,
with tiny holes along the
sides facing the formation,
which allows for the flow of
hydrocarbons into the well
hole, but still provides a
suitable amount of support
and protection for the well
hole.
Introduction :
Sand exclusion completions
designed for production
in an area that contains a
large amount of loose
sand. These completions
are designed to allow for
the flow of natural gas
and oil into the well, but
at the same time prevent
sand from entering the
well
Introduction
Permanent completions
the
completion,
and
wellhead, are assembled
and installed only once.
Installing
the
casing,
cementing,
perforating,
and other completion work
is
done
with
small
diameter tools to ensure
the permanent nature of
the completion
Introduction
Multiple zone completion
is the practice of
completing a well such
that hydrocarbons from
two or more formations
may
be
produced
simultaneously, without
mixing with each other
introduction
Production equipment
Main disciplines
Surface equipment
Wellhead and Christmas tree
gathering lines
manifolds
separators
gas compressors
storage tanks
Down-hole equipment
tubing
packer
flow devices
control devices
Production equipment
wellhead
The wellhead sits on top of
the actual oil or gas well
leading down to the reservoir.
A wellhead may also be an
injection well, used to inject
water or gas back into the
reservoir
to
maintain
pressure and levels to
maximize production.
Well head assembly
introduction
Wellhead equipment is a
general term used to
describe
equipment
attached to the top of the
tubular goods used in a
well to support the tubular
strings,
provide
seals
between
strings,
and
control production from the
well.
Well head assembly
introduction
Well head assembly
Casing head
Lowermost Casing Heads
The lowermost casing head is a unit
or housing attached to the top end of
the surface pipe to provide a means
for supporting the other strings of
pipe, and sealing the annular space
between the two strings of casing. It
is composed of a casing-hanger
bowl to receive the casing hanger
necessary to support the next string
of casing
Well head assembly
Casing head
Intermediate Casing Heads
An intermediate casing head is a
spool-type unit or housing attached
to the top flange of the underlying
casing head to provide a means of
supporting the next smaller casing
string and sealing the annular
space between the two casing
strings. It is composed of a lower
flange, one or two side outlets, and
a top flange with an internal
casing-hanger bowl
Well head assembly
Tubing Heads
A tubing head is a spool-type
unit or housing attached to
the top flange of the
uppermost casing head to
provide a support for the
tubing string and to seal the
annular space between the
tubing string and production
casing string. It also provides
access to the casing/tubing
annulus through side outlets
Well head assembly
Christmas-Tree
A Christmas tree is an
assembly of valves and
fittings used to control
production and provide
access to the producing
tubing string. It includes all
equipment
above
the
tubing-head top flange.
Well head assembly
Christmas-Tree
A
Christmas
tree
consists of a main valve,
wing valves, and a
needle valve. These
valves are used for
closing the well when
needed. At the top of the
tee structure (on the top
of the ‘‘Christmas tree’’),
there is a pressure
gauge that indicates the
pressure in the tubing.
Production equipment
Manifolds/gathering
the individual well streams
are brought into the main
production facilities over a
network
of
gathering
pipelines and manifold
systems. The purpose of
these is to allow set up of
production “well sets”
Surface Gathering System
introduction
⚫
The well may be tied into the gathering system of lines, where
the produced fluids are separated.
⚫ The hydrocarbons must be separated from each other & from
water before they may be processed into useable petroleum
products.
⚫ The equipment used for the field processing is expensive and
is often installed so that several wells can be served by a single
process facility.
⚫ This single facility is in gathering form, so it is normally called
as the “Surface Gathering System”.
Surface Gathering System
types of gathering system
The Design of a Gathering System depends on the
details of flow lines and trunk lines, selection of valves
and fittings and the pipes to be used.
There are Two common types of Gathering System.
1, Radial Gathering System
2, Axial Gathering system
Surface Gathering System
Radial Gathering System
In Radial gathering system, the flow lines are converged
at the central point where the facilities are located.
Flow lines are normally terminated at the header.
A header in a gathering system or distribution system,
provides means of joining several flow lines into a single
gathering system line.
>A header has production and testing valves to control
the flow of each well, thus directing the produced fluids to
production or testing vessels
Surface Gathering System
Axial or Trunk line Gathering System.
This Gathering System is usually used on larger leases
or where it is not possible to built the process facilities at
a central point.
The Axial Gathering System handles the several flow
lines which coming from several headers on a field or
province.
Production equipment
Separation
More often, the well gives a combination of gas,
oil and water and various contaminants which
must be separated and processed. The
production separators come in many forms and
designs
Production equipment
Gas compression
Gas from separators
has generally lost so
much pressure that it
must be recompressed
to
be
transported.
Turbine compressors
gain their energy by
using up a small
proportion
of
the
natural gas that they
compress.
Production equipment
Metering, storage and export
oil is often stored
before loading on a
vessel, such as a
shuttle tanker taking
the oil to a larger
tanker terminal, or
direct
to
crude
carrier.
Production equipment
downhole equipment
Tubing
◼ Packers.
◼ Flow device
◼ Control devices.
◼
Production Technology
production challenges