repression
#1 ego defense mechanism = (it is automatic and
involuntary)
Freud
Insight
recall of repressed memory – and is often
curative
Freud
Suppression
denial, “refuse to think about it” for ex.
Freud
reaction formation
person can’t accept a given impulse and behaves
in the opposite manner
Freud
sublimation
person acts out an unconscious impulse in a
socially acceptable way (ie. Boxing)
Freud
identification
Sour grapes rationalization
person identifies with a successful person with the
unconscious hope he/she will be perceived as
successful. Freud
U87 “didn’t really want it anyway”
Freud
Sweet lemon rationalization
Projection
Compensation
Introjection
– overrates a reward (working here helps me lose
weight when actually it’s a sweatbox and terrible
work conditions) Freud
– your own unacceptable qualities are seen in
another. Freud
– when an individual tries to develop/overdevelop
a positive trait to make up for a limitation Freud
– a person accepts an aggressor’s values (POW
camps)
Freud
lifestyle
Predictable and self-fulfilling prophesy based on
psychological feels about oneself
Adler
Archetypes –
collective unconscious Archetypes are passes
from one generation to another
Jung
Extraversion and Introversion
Jung
Shadow
Mask behind the persona that uses id like
material – everything the individual refuses to
acknowledge
Logic side (male)
Logos – Jung’s definition
Eros - Jung’s definition
Intuition (female side)
Androgenous according to Jung
Anima = female side of men
Animus – masculine side of women
Word Association Test creator
Jung
Myer’s Briggs based on his theories
Jung
Anchoring
Desirable emotional state evoked via outside
stimulus (ie touch).
Bandler and Grinder
Reframing
Helping a client perceive a situation in a new light
→ new emotional reaction
Bandler and Grinder
NLP
Neuro – linguistic programming
psychological approach that involves analyzing strategies
used by successful individuals and applying them to reach
a personal goal. It relates thoughts, language, and
patterns of behavior learned through experience to
specific outcomes.
Bandler and Grinder
Maps
How a person views the world –
Bandler and Grinder
DBT
DBS 4 model
Marsha M Linehan
Downward Arrow Technique
Interdependence
Most powerful therapist tool
Dialectical Behavior Therapy Marsha M Linehan
Popular intervention for working with clients who
are self- abusive or have addictions
1 Skills training 2 Phone counseling
3 Therapies consultation team
4 Individual treatment
What is the worst thing that can happen? Getting
to the CORE belief – what the client is really upset
by. David D. Burns
Client and therapist are dependent on one
another.
Empathy
Concreteness
Specificity – used to specify client’s vague
language
interpretation –
when counselor uncovers a deeper meaning
regarding client’s situation – this needs to be well
timed by counselor
– suggestion by the counselor on what client
should work on
directive
biofeedback –
genuineness =
give brain information that helps client control
body functions like heart rate, palm temperature,
etc. Used to treat ADHD
congruence- counselor is being himself, not role
playing or putting up a façade
verbal tracking –
attending behavior that is verbal
Reflecting -
Type of paraphrasing when dealing with
emotional content
Post modern view
Reality is socially constructed
Social constructionism
Helper is like a partner and client is the expert on
themselves. Do not judge or blame client
Who created the term “group therapy?:”
Jacob Moreno
Also did psychodrama in the treatment process
Retroflection
Act of doing to yourself what you really want to
do to another person
Moreno
Jacobson Method
Technique where you tense then relax muscle
groups.
EEG
Measures brain waves
EMG
Man’s Search for Meaning
Measures muscles
Written by Victor Frankl
Staring at the Sun – overcoming the terror Written by Irvin Yalom
of death
Ontology
Philosophy of being and existing
Existentialists
Phenomenology
Client’s internal, personal experiences of events
Existentialists
Logotherapy means
Healing through meaning
Victor Frankl
Noogenic neurosis
Frustration of the will to meaning
Victor Frankl
Mentality of Apes
By Wolfgang Kohler
Coined the term “insight”
Gestalt therapy
Gestalt Therapy
Defined as the integrated whole is different from its parts
Gestalt emphasizes increasing psychological and bodily
awareness in the present Perls
Phony layer
Layer 1
Cliché
Perls
Phobic layer
Layer 2
Fear holds us back
Perls
Impasse layer
Layer 3
Feels stuck – gives up power
Perls
Implosive layer
Explosive layer
Layer 4
Willing to expose true self – fully experiences
deadness Perls
Layer 5
Relief due to authenticity – explosion of joy
Perls
Empty chair technique
Work on dreamwork
Perls
Splits in personality Perls
Critical Parent – “top dog” with the shoulds and
oughts
“underdog” – weak, powerless, passions, full of
excuses
Playing the projection
Act like the person you dislike
Perls
Unfinished business
Introjection
Book “Games People Play”
P = parent :
Unexpressed emotions – emotional debris,
turmoil, resentment that causes person’s inability
to stay in the present. Perls
Uncritically accepting other’s beliefs
Eric Berne
Transactional Analysis (TA) therapy
Behavioral
internalizes values from significant others in
childhood - Nurturing Parent
Critical Parent Bernes (TA)
A = adult:
Freud’s ego “neopsyche” – rational and logical –
NOT focused on emotions Bernes (TA)
C= child :
= Freud’s Id –natural child – spontaneous
Little Professor – hunches
Adaptive Child – complies Bernes (TA)
Persecutor ------ rescuer
Victim Bernes (TA)
Karpan’s triangle
Rosenthal effect
Rosenthal effect the situation in which an investigator's
expectations about the outcome of a given study unwittingly affect
the actual study outcome.
Hawthorn effect
the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a
study due to their awareness of being observed
4 types of data
NOIR – nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
Who created job clubs?
Azran
Who created the TAT?
Henry Murray
Another name for classical conditioning
Respondent conditioning
Another name for operant conditioning
Instrumental conditioning
SUDS
Subject Units of Distress used in systematic
desensitization. Wolpe
Who wrote “Schools without failure”?
William Glasser
Reality Therapy
Positive addictions –
noncompetitive activity which can be performed alone 1
hour a day (ie jogging) Instills confidence and leads to
personal improvement William Glasser Reality Therapy
Success Identity
– responsible people feel worthy and significant
to others William Glasser Reality Therapy
Failure identity –
focus on past failure can lead to this problem
William Glasser Reality Therapy
Another name of William Glasser Reality Therapy
Choice Theory
What therapy appeals to interventionists –
especially school counselors or those who
are not trained counselors
Person Centered Therapy
William Glasser Reality Therapy/choice theory
Person Centered Therapy – 3 conditions
for growth –
CCPT
Cognitive Therapy
3 automatic thoughts → depression
Overgeneralization
Personalization
Carl Rogers
Nondirective, existential, and humanistic
o Counselor is genuine
o Unconditional positive regard
o Empathetic understanding
Child centered play therapy
Virginia May Axline
Non-directive play therapy. (Rogerian)
Aaron T Beck
Focus on “rules or formulas” of living (not called
irrational thoughts)
1. Negative beliefs about self 2. Negative view of own experiences
3. Negative view of one’s future - Aaron T Beck
Cognitive distortion
Taking one bad situation/experience and applying
it to all
Cognitive distortion
Blaming self for failures or bad experience
Polarized thinking
Cognitive distortion
Black and white thinking
Selective abstraction
Cognitive distortion
Arbitrary influences
Cognitive distortion
Labeling/ mislabeling
Cognitive distortion
Magnification/minimization
Cognitive distortion
Written Self Analysis activity
Maxie Maltsby
RBT
Stress-inoculation technique
Donald Meichenbaum
Father of Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Albert Ellis
ABC theory of personality
Activating event →B → emotional Consequence
B= Belief system + intervention of Disputing irrational
behavior →new Emotional response Albert Ellis REBT
Absolute Thinking
Client uses too many shoulds and oughts
Must-erbation 😊 Albert Ellis REBT
Learned reinforcer/secondary reinforcer
Stands for a primary reinforcer (ie. Tokens)
Skinner’s Operant conditioning
Extinction burst
Behavior usually gets worse before it gets better.
Skinner’s Operant conditioning
Shaping
Premack principle
Reinforces behaviors which approach the desired
behavior. Skinner’s Operant conditioning
Also called Succession Approximations
Good reinforcer can be based on what the person
likes to do. HPB can reinforce LPB
Skinner’s Operant conditioning
Ratio scale of reinforcement
# responses = 1 reinforcement
Ex:4 answers = 1 gold star
Skinner’s Operant conditioning
Intermittent (interval) schedule
reinforcement
Avg. amount of time elapses before
reinforcement Ex: 10 min of work – 1 gold star
Skinner’s Operant conditioning
Fixed Schedule
Variable Schedule
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Number of responses or amount of time between
reinforcements is SET and Unchanging. The
schedule is predictable.
Number of responses or amount of time between
reinforcements change randomly. The schedule is
unpredictable. #1 best reinforcer for a high,
steady response.
= something is added (ie candy. Toy car runs on
track when child reaches biofeedback relaxation
goal.
something is taken away (loud noise stops when
worker productivity is at the right level.)
Reinforcement
Raise/increase the probability that an antecedent
behavior will occur again.
Punishment
Decreases the behavior You can add or take
something away as punishment.
Operant means
Behavior that leads to the consequence
Negative punishment
Something is taken away that will result in an
unpleasant consequence and decrease the behavior (ie
no video games for a week)
Positive punishment
Something is added that will result in an unpleasant
consequence and decrease the behavior (ie spanking)
BASIC ID
Lazarus, Arnold
Flooding
Deliberate exposure to fear but without a feared
consequence.
Implosive therapy
Like flooding but in the imagination.
EDMR
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
Francine Shapiro
4 stages of Systematic Desensitization
CS
1. Relax 2. Anxiety hierarchy SUDS scale (10-15
items) 3. Imagine the hierarch/interposition
phase 4. In Vivo
Neutral stimulus
UCS
Reinforcing or charged stimulus (US eat meat)
UCR
UCS
Unlearned response (ex salivating at meat)
Unlearned stimulus (meat)
CS
Conditioned stimulus (bell)
CR
After pairing with a CS the CR is the Conditioned
response.
Higher order conditioning
When 1 stimulus is replaced by another (bell
replaced with slamming door)
Another name for Conditioned Stimulus
Neutral Stimulus
Another name for Classical Conditioning
Respondent Conditioning