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UNIT 4: JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM
4.0 Intended Learning Outcomes
a. Identify the qualities of a hero.
b. Interpret views and opinions about bayani and kabayanihan in the context of Philippine
history and society.
c. Emulate the heroic traits and patriotism of the Filipino national and local heroes.
4.1 Introduction
In the study of the life heroes, it is important to put in mind that a hero is a
human being. Heroes are made. Heroes, like ordinary human beings, are a
product of their time. Heroes are the product of their environment, which includes their society, surroundings, and the conditions prevalent at that time.
Heroes are made because they responded to the call of the times and their response to this call had a decisive effect on the lives of their countrymen
(Pangilinan, M.C., 2016).
4.2 Topics
4.2.1 Criteria for National Heroes
Who declares if anyone is a hero? How did Rizal become a hero? There is no law or proclamation which directly made Rizal a hero. Rizal’s hero status was made by the acclamation of the
Filipino people. This becomes the object of public worship and accolades are heaped upon him.
This could be seen in singular tributes to his honor and it may even be manifested physically
through the erection of monuments and the naming of streets and buildings after him. The test
of a person’s heroism becomes stronger if the person is acclaimed long after his death and by
people who are not of his generation. This means the appreciation of his life and achievements
spans beyond his life (De Viana, A., et al, 2018).
The National Historical Institute (NHI; presently the National Historical Commission of
the Philippines), the country’s agency in charge of historical matters, prescribes the passage of 50
years before a person is confirmed as a hero. If the person is still being admired after that period and his ideas and ideals are still invoked and appreciated, the person has passed the test of time and is considered a hero.
The NHI also laid down the definition of a hero. In 1965, its predecessor office, the National Heroes Commission, released criteria on the definition of a national hero. It was approved by a committee headed by Director
Carlos Quirino of the National Library. According to their definition, a hero is defined as ―an admirable leader towering over his peers, who is serving a noble cause, possessing exceptional talent, distinguished valor and/
or hold enterprise, exercising a determinative influence over the spiritual
life of his people in a particular remarkable event.‖
https://www.google.com/
national-historical-commission-of-the-philippines
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The criteria also mentioned that ―the hero must, during extreme stress and difficulties,
project himself by his own fortitude, by his own sacrifices to be the inspiration of his countrymen in leading them to their rightful destiny. He must exhibit self-denial and abandon his personal interests to place those of his country before any other, and whose deeds and acts are
proudly emulated by a grateful people that, after his death, render him singular tribute, honor
him with public worship, and acknowledge his meritorious services to mankind by spontaneous national recognition.‖ Moreover criteria specified, ―a hero must exercise a determinative
influence over the spiritual life of his people in an event of great significance.‖ It further says
that in order to qualify for the distinction of a national hero, ―one must project himself by his
own fortitude, effort, and sacrifices to be the beacon light of his oppressed countrymen to their
rightful destiny.‖
The historical committee of the National Heroes Commission came out with the characteristics of a person to be examined before he could be considered a hero. These are the extent of
the person’s sacrifices for the welfare of the country.
1.
2.
3.
Motives and methods employed in the attainment of the ideal (e.g., welfare of the country). In the attainment of the ideal, did the person concerned sacrifice purely and exclusively for the welfare of the country or were there any selfish or ulterior motives in the
making of such sacrifices? Were the methods employed in the attainment of the ideal morally valid?
The moral character of the person. Did he do anything immoral to taint his personal character? If there was any immorality, did it affect his work, society, or ideal?
The influence of the person to his age or epoch and the succeeding eras.
Judging from these criteria, the considerations for heroism are very stringent and would
subject the person concerned to intense scrutiny. It is aimed to confer the mantle of being considered a hero to those who are truly deserving, as the word ―hero‖ is overused and abused
nowadays.
More definitions on what a hero is were added in the year 1993, as the country was preparing for the commemoration of the centennial of the declaration of Philippine Independence.
On March 28, 1993, then-President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order No. 75, creating the
National Heroes Committee whose aim is ―to study, evaluate, and explicitly recommend Filipino national personages as national heroes in due recognition to their sterling character and remarkable achievements for the country.‖ A round-table discussion for the criteria for national
heroes was held on June 3, 1993, which was attended by historians Onofre D. Corpuz, Carmen
Guerrero-Nakpil, Dr. Samuel K. Tan, Dr. Marcelino Foronda, Dr. Alfredo Lagmay, Dr. Bernardita R. Churchill, Dr. Serafin D. Quiason, and Professors Ambeth R. Ocampo and Minerva
Gonzales.
The body adapted the definition of a hero drafted by Dr. Corpuz. He said, ―Heroes are
those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation’s freedom.‖
He explained that our own struggle for freedom was begun by Bonifacio and finished by
Aguinaldo, the latter formally declaring revolution a success. In reality, a revolution has no end.
Revolutions are only the beginning. Once cannot aspire to be free only to sink back to bondage.
He also added that ―Heroes are those who define and contribute to a system of life and freedom
and order for a nation. Freedom without order will only lead to anarchy.‖
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Dr. Corpuz cited that persons who make the country’s Constitution and laws could be
heroes, like Apolinario Mabini and Claro M. Recto. An important element in considering heroism is the person’s nationalism. According to the group, a person could be considered a hero if
he has a concept of nation and thereafter aspires and struggles for the nation’s freedom. The
person to be considered a national hero must be guided by the conviction of national identity.
This means that the person must identify himself with the nation and would be willing to sacrifice for its benefit. Examples of these persons are Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Graciano Lopez
Jaena, and Marcelo H. del Pilar, who sought to uplift the social conditions of the Philippines
and not just a particular region or ethnolinguistic group. The body also said that heroes are
those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation.
In another meeting of historians held on November 15, 1995, the National Heroes Committee decided to adapt a criteria stating that ―a hero is part of the people’s expression.‖ However, the process of the people’s internalization of a hero’s life and works takes time, with the
youth forming part of that internalization. This means that the appreciation of a person’s contribution to history would require a period of analysis and younger generations who are not a
part of the hero’s era would play a part in the objective study of his role. Only by undergoing
such process can a person’s achievements and virtues be truly appreciated. The committee also
said that ―a hero thinks of the future, especially the future generations.‖ The choice of a hero, it
said, ―involves not only the recounting of an episode or events in history but of the entire process that made this person a hero.‖ This involves the understanding of the historical conditions
in which the hero had lived. Dr. Serafin Quiason gave a definition saying, ―a hero is an eventmaking man who helps create the fork in the historical time that he faces. Heroes in a democracy should be great figures in the pantheon of thought, the men of ideas, and social vision of scientific and artistic power.‖ There were some remarks that the process of evaluating and proclaiming heroes imitate the practice of the canonization of saints. Politicians, too, might be
tempted to legislate unilaterally on who should be heroes. Heroes, according to historians,
should not be legislated. The evaluation of their achievements should be better left to academicians. Acclamation for heroes, they felt, would be recognition enough. Even with the absence of
any official declaration proclaiming them as national heroes, persons like Rizal, Bonifacio, and
Aguinaldo remained admired and revered for their roles in the Philippine history. Proclaiming
them will only confirm the public veneration of their contribution to the country’s history.
Presently, the Philippines has set aside four days to honor its heroes. Rizal Day is commemorated every December 30. The origin of this commemoration came from the decree issued
by General Emilio Aguinaldo on December 20, 1898. It declared the 30 th day of December as a
national mourning day in honor of Dr. Jose Rizal and other victims of the Philippine Revolution. Though Aguinaldo’s decree did not specifically declare Rizal as a national hero, it was a
tribute to his heroism.
In Daet, Camarines Norte, Filipino masons erected a simple monument dedicated to Rizal on December 30, 1898. The monument bears the words ―A Jose Rizal;‖ ―Noli Me Tangere‖
and ―El Filibusterismo,‖ the titles of his two prominent novels; and the word ―Morga‖ which
refers to the book Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas which Rizal annotated in 1890. The monument in
Daet antedated the Rizal Monument which was constructed at the Luneta Park in Manila in
1911. The monument in Luneta was constructed through public subscription by Filipinos
(Pangilinan, M.C., 2016).
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The other day dedicated to a single Filipino hero is
Bonifacio Day which is celebrated every November 30. It honors Andres Bonifacio, the founder of the Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KK ANB)
which launched the Philippine Revolution of 1896. The celebration of Bonifacio Day was made possible by the issuance of
Act No. 2946 by the Philippine legislature on February 16,
1921.
The third day set aside for commemorating Filipino
heroes is the National Heroes Day, celebrated every last Sunday of August. The celebration of this holiday became possible in accordance to Public Act No. 3827 passed by the Philippine legislature on October 28, 1931. National Heroes Day
honors all the heroes of the Philippines including those who
are unknown.
https://www.google.com/ bonifaciorevolutionary-legacy
A fourth holiday was created by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on December 25, 2004, when she signed into
law the Republic Act No. 9256, which created Ninoy Aquino Day. This holiday is commemorated every August 21,
the anniversary of the assassination of then-Senator Benigno ―Ninoy‖ Aquino Jr. Ninoy was the leading symbol
of the anti-dictatorship struggle against then-President
Ferdinand E. Marcos.
As for who should recognize heroes, this should be better
left to the people through their popular acclamation. The
people are the final judge to the heroes’ achievements and they would subscribe to the heroes’
ideals as long as these are relevant and classic. Popular acclamation should be sustained and
should withstand the test of time.
https://www.google.com/ninoy-aquino-day
The role of the government
and other authorities is to continue to keep the memory of these heroes alive and to confirm
their heroism after a long period
of study and reflection. In the
case of Rizal, more than a hundred years have passed and we
can now say that Rizal has
passed the test of time and is a
true Filipino hero. Other national
heroes include Andres Bonifacio,
Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and all
those who helped guide the Philippines to being a nation-state
(De Viana, A., et al, 2018).
Activity
Form group (five members). Go to a plaza or park near you.
Take pictures of the monuments and identify at least one.
Using your local library or interview of government officials, especially those in the Department of Tourism, try to know the story of the
hero represented by the monument. Your work/
output must be in narration and with the aid of
video presentation (10-15 minutes).
Note: Students must continuously adhere to the
stipulated health protocols.
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4.2.2 Philippine National Heroes
Heroes are ordinary human beings who faced challenges with an extraordinary response.
In the end, their humanity will be unveiled through scholarly study. In closely studying the humanity of heroes, their frailties surface. There may even question their motives by making malicious conclusions about their achievements. These frailties should not distract a serious student
in studying the life of a hero. A National Hero is someone who has made significant positive
contributions to the growth and development of society, and represents all of us. To know our
heroes is to know ourselves: our values, our collective history, who we are, and what makes us
great. On the other hand, the students should be guided on the contribution of heroes to the
betterment of their country rather than on their shortcomings. It is also important to consider
how the hero’s achievements outweighed his deficiencies in serving the nation (Pangilinan,
M.C., 2016).
JOSE RIZAL (1861-1892) He was a medical doctor, scientist,
author, and poet who was very active in the movement to develop
a Filipino national consciousness when he was a student in the
1880s. His 1887 novel, Noli Me Tangere generated a lot of popular
support for Filipino independence, both in the Philippines and in
Europe. While living in Europe, he disagreed with the more militant stance of his newspaper editor, Marcelo del Pilar, and although he was elected president of a Filipino nationalist group, he
deferred to allow del Pilar to be president. He was very unpopular
with the Spanish authorities because of his critical writings, but
eventually returned to the Philippines at great personal risk. He
was approached by Andres Bonifacio about joining the Katipunan,
a secret society dedicated to armed rebellion against Spain for Filipino independence, but refused. Nevertheless, when the rebellion
broke out, the Spanish government arrested him for treason and
executed him.
ANDRES BONIFACIO (1863-1897) He was one of the initial
members of La Liga Filipina, an organization that began calling for
reforms to Spain’s rule of the Philippines as early as 1892. Later that
year, he also helped found the Katipunan, a secret society dedicated
to armed rebellion against Spain for Filipino independence. Bonifacio was the 3rd leader of the Katipunan, and was the leader when
war broke out against the Spanish. He selected the generals, and led
troops against the Spanish himself. When the Philippines declared
itself independent—before the United States said that the Philippines would be an American colony—he was the runner-up to General Aguinaldo in the election to choose the first President of the
Philippines. Shortly after that, he was captured, put on trial, and executed when Aguinaldo was trying to consolidate his power as the
first president of the Philippines.
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EMILIO AGUINALDO (1899-1964) In 1894, Emilio Aguinaldo
joined a secret society founded by Andrés Bonifacio dedicated to
armed rebellion against Spain for Filipino independence called the
Katipunan. Aguinaldo quickly advanced into the leadership of the
Katipunan, and shortly after the revolution began, led a series of victories against the Spanish. He was elected first president of the Philippine Republic in early 1897, and ordered the arrest and eventual
execution of Andrés Bonifacio, for treason shortly thereafter. He was
forced into exile in Hong Kong in 1897, and some of the government
treasury went missing there. He returned to the Philippines at the
start of the Spanish-American War, and led the Filipino rebels
against the Spanish and later the Americans. His capture by the
Americans in March of this year officially ended the FilipinoAmerican War.
APOLINARIO MABINI (1864-1903) was a Filipino political philosopher and architect of the Philippine revolution. He formulated the
principles of a democratic popular government, endowing the historical struggles of the Filipino people with a coherent ideological orientation. When the Aguinaldo camp fled from the advancing American
forces, Mabini was captured on Dec. 10, 1899. Still refusing to swear
an oath of allegiance to the U.S. government and continuing to support the insurgents in their ideological struggle, he was deported to
Guam in 1901. He died on May 13, 1903.Mabini's chief work, La Revolution Filipina, a reasoned analysis and cogent argument concerning
the ideological implications of the revolution against Spain and the
resistance to the American invaders, reveals the progressive and democratic impulse behind his thinking. He always tried to mediate between the people's will and the decisions of their leaders. He was a
selfless and dedicated patriot.
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR (1850-1896) was a Philippine revolutionary propagandist and satirist. He tried to marshal the nationalist sentiment of the enlightened Filipino ilustrados, or bourgeoisie,
against Spanish imperialism. Before he died of tuberculosis caused
by hunger and enormous privation, Del Pilar rejected the assimilationist stand and began planning an armed revolt. He vigorously affirmed this conviction: "Insurrection is the last remedy, especially
when the people have acquired the belief that peaceful means to secure the remedies for evils prove futile." This idea inspired Andres
Bonifacio's Katipunan, a secret revolutionary organization. Del Pilar
died in Barcelona on July 4, 1896. Del Pilar's militant and progressive
outlook derived from the classic Enlightenment tradition of the
French philosophes and the scientific empiricism of the European
bourgeoisie.
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JUAN LUNA (1857-1899) Juan Luna is without doubt the
most famous and celebrated Filipino artist in the history of Philippines. With iconic & remarkable masterpieces such as ‘Spolarium’,
‘Blood Compact’ and ‘The Death of Cleopatra’, Luna is known for his
dynamic and unique style, along with his dramatic and captivating
canvases. His work is remembered as one of the principal examples
of Romanticism and Realism schools of art. Juan was not just an
artist, he was a revolutionary and influential political activist who
was an active participant in the Philippine Revolution that took
place in the late 19th century. Juan’s life is overshadowed by the
dark controversies he became involved in because of his jealous
disposition and accusations at the loyalty of his wife, whom he accused of having an affair with Monsieur Dussaq, a surgeon. On
September 23, 1892, in a blinding rage of jealousy, Juan murdered
his wife, his mother-in-law, along with causing serious injuries to
his brother-in-law. Juan met his own death in 1899, at the age of 42.
MELCHORA AQUINO (1812-1919) She was a Filipina revolutionary who became known as "Tandang Sora" ("Elder Sora") because of her age during the Philippine Revolution. She was known
as the "Grand Woman of the Revolution‖ and the "Mother of Balintawak" for her contributions. In her native town, Tandang Sora operated a store, which became a refuge for the sick and wounded revolutionaries. She fed, gave medical attention to and encouraged the
revolutionaries with motherly advice and prayers. When
the Spaniards learned about her activities and her knowledge to the
whereabouts of the Katipuneros, she was interrogated but she refused to divulge any information. She was then arrested by
the guardia civil and was deported to Guam, Marianas Islands, where she and a woman named Segunda Puentes were
placed under house arrest in the residence of a Don Justo Dungca.
GABRIELA SILANG (1731–1763) María Josefa Gabriela Cariño
Silang, born March 19, 1731, and known as Gabriela Silang, is remembered as a fearless warrior and a great leader of the people of the Philippines. She was a military general in the resistance to Spanish colonialism and led the longest sustained revolt against the colonizers. Her
brave legacy has persevered long past her death. The memory of Gabriela’s actions has continued to guide women and men in the struggle against imperialism. Diego Silang was imprisoned after he suggested to the Spanish authorities that they abolish the tribute, colonialist tax, and replace Spanish functionaries with native people. He volunteered to head Ilocano forces against the British. The newly appointed Catholic Bishop of Nueva Segovia rejected his call. Diego Silang’s imprisonment stirred an Ilocano revolt. After his release, he
roused his people to action once again. His effort was cut short when
he was assassinated by a traitor paid by the Catholic church.
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LAPU-LAPU (1521) He was widely celebrated as the first Filipino hero, famously vanquishing Portuguese conquistador Ferdinand Magellan and his army in their attempt to colonise Mactan
Island. In honor of his triumph, Lapu-Lapu’s monument stands tall
in the island of Mactan today, symbolising the country’s first successful resistance to Spanish colonisation. Italian scholar Antonio
Pigafetta traveled with Magellan during his voyage, keeping a
journal to record events and collect data on local inhabitants. According to his accounts, during the Battle of Mactan Magellan and
50 of his troop members were up against Lapu-Lapu and his 1,500
warriors. Because Magellan wanted to show off his army’s European armour, he asked Humabon’s warriors (a gift to the explorer) to
stay on the ship. Pigafetta writes that Lapu-Lapu and his army
aimed their fire-hardened bamboo spears and poisoned arrows at
the legs of their enemies – killing Magellan. The survivors came
rushing back onto the ship and fled.
EMILIO JACINTO (1875-1899) He was considered one of the
greatest military geniuses of his time. He was a Filipino general
during the Philippine Revolution and was known as the Brains of
the Katipunan, the revolutionary society led by Andres Bonifacio.
In his brief time, Jacinto helped to lead the battle for Filipino independence from Spain. After dropping out of college, aged 19, Emilio joined the secret revolutionary society called the Katipunan or
KKK (Kataas-taasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan nang mga
Anak ng Bayan) aimed to fight for Philippine independence from
Spain. Emilio became the secretary who directly reports to the leader of the Katipunan. He was also the chief advisor on fiscal matters
concerning this secret society. Andres Bonifacio was not welleducated, so he yielded to his younger comrade on such things. In
addition to these duties, Emilio also wrote for the official Katipunan newspaper, the Kalayaan. He penned the official guidebook
of the Katipunan called the Kartilya ng Katipunan.
CHIEF JUSTICE JOSE ABAD SANTOS (1886-1942) Born on
the 19th day of February, 1886 in San Fernando, Pampanga, Philippines. Considered as the greatest Filipino hero of World War II. He
was among the greatest legal luminaries of the Philippines. At the
outbreak of World War II, he chose to remain in the Philippines as
caretaker of the national government administration in the Philippines. The Japanese Military Command repeatedly approached him
to make him pledge allegiance to Japan & to the Japanese flag but he
did not swear in. A Japanese colonel & his troops overtook him in
Lanao & he was told that he would be shot to death if he would not
swear allegiance to the Japanese flag. He did not comply with the
request of the Japanese so he was executed on May 2, 1942 in Malabang, Lanao del Sur in Mindanao.
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4.2.3 Local Heroes of Samar
True heroism is about character, not fame and glory. This distinction is crucial—especially
for young people. We need our heroes. Today more than ever. They give us an idea of our own
potential. They show us just how far we can go, just how high we can climb. Every hero faces a
great challenge. Whether it’s something within themselves or something from the world outside, they must reach deep into their hearts to survive—and to triumph. That’s when they find
extraordinary courage, wisdom, or inspiration. Heroes may never be famous, but they clearly
make a difference to our lives. Partly because their actions directly touch other people, and often make the world a better place. And partly because their examples have great power to inspire. By celebrating the everyday heroes in our midst, we are celebrating our own potential to
make a difference to the world (De Viana, A., et al, 2018).
FLORENTINO PEÑARANDA was a Filipino educator, legislator
and politician in the province of Leyte. He also was an officer of the
revolutionary forces in Samar and Leyte who fought for Philippine independence against the Americans. In peacetime, Peñaranda ran for
election and won a seat representing the 3rd quarter late in the first
Philippine Assembly from 1907 to 1909. Florentino Peñaranda was
born on 18 Jun 1876 in the town of Barugo, province of Leyte. He went
to school normal de San Francisco Xavier ran by Spanish Jesuits. After
graduation, Peñaranda has established a school for children in his native city, and immediately began his career in teaching. In the wake of
peace and the significant changes that came after him, such as the establishment of the first Philippine Assembly, a unicameral legislature,
Peñaranda ran for Assembly and was elected representative of the
third district is now the second district of Leyte in 1904. On the first Philippine Assembly, Peñaranda was a member of various committees, including agriculture, civil service, navigation,
locations and provincial and municipal governments. The author has taken a leading role in the
adoption of laws on agriculture, trade, education, protection of Philippine sovereignty and territorial integrity, budget cuts, and removal of unnecessary government agencies and bureaus.
AGUSTÍN SUMUROY (better known as Juan Sumuroy) was a Filipino hero and Waray leader of the Sumuroy Rebellion, a rebellion of native Filipinos against colonial Spanish forces that occurred in eastern
Visayas in 1649-1650. Agustin Sumuroy is referred to by many as the
Waray hero of the Palapag, Northern Samar rebellion during the Spanish time around 1649 to 1650. There were several personalities in the
said uprising: Don Juan Ponce (Ponce being a surname), the leader of the
group; Don Pedro Caamug the second leaders; and Agustín Sumuroy
and David Dula y Goiti, the third leader. The name Juan Ponce Sumuroy is sometimes given to Agustín usually as the result of confusion between Juan Ponce and Agustín Sumuroy. During the height of the insurrection, Don Juan Ponce went hiding in Cebu and stayed with Fr. Ignacio Alcina, a Jesuit and historian. Sumuroy did not make peace with the
Spaniards. He was killed by his own men. His head, separated from his
body, was presented to the Don Genis de Rojas by one of his men.
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EUGENIO DAZA (1870- 1954) was a Filipino revolutionary. Daza
was born in Borongan, Eastern Samar, on 15 November 1870, to Juan
Cinco Daza and Magdalena Campomanes Salazar. He married Carolina Cinco, from Catbalogan, Samar, and they had seven children: Gabriel, Carlota, Cirilo, Jesus, Rosario, Maria and Juan. Records at the
NHCM reveal that he earned a degree in education in 1888 at Escuela
Normal de Maestros in Manila, a Jesuit institution, and taught at the
Borongan Municipal School. After five years, he established his own
school under Spanish administration. During the 1896 revolution
against Spain, he joined the revolutionary forces in Samar. During the
Philippine-American war in 1899, Daza was appointed Commander of
the revolutionary forces in Eastern Samar. He was one of the leaders in
the Balangiga attack on September 28, 1901, where Filipinos succeeded
against the American forces, in Eastern Samar. The Battle of Balangiga,
which Daza architectured, was referred as one of the bloodiest chapter in the history of American Army in the Philipines and it won him the title as the Brain of the Balangiga massacre.
ASSESSMENT
A.



Identify the names of the streets of your hometown. Answer the questions below:
Who are these people?
What have they done for the community? For the country?
Using the criteria of a hero, assess whether they answer the criteria of being a hero. Analyze and write your answer in a short bond paper.
B.
Who are the real-life heroes in the time of COVID-19? Indicate the pictures and elaborate
your answer, correspondingly.
C.
What are the attributes/characteristics of a national hero? Use the diagram below and write it
in a short bond paper.
4.3 References
De Viana, A., et al (2018). Jose Rizal: Social Reformer and Patriot. REX Book Store.
Pangilinan, M.C. (2016). Dr. Jose P. Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings. Mindshapers Co., Inc.
4.4 Acknowledgment
The images, tables, figures and information contained in this module were taken from the references cited above.
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