I. BANKING HISTORY OF SOMALIA 1920 – On November 15, the Banca d'Italia opened a branch at Mogadishu. 1938 – Banco di Napoli established a branch in Mogadishu and later one in Kismayo. Banco di Napoli replaced Cassa di Risparmio di Torino, which had opened an office in Mogadishu in 1932. 1952 – National Bank of India (NBI), which later merged with Grindlays Bank to form National and Grindlays Bank established branches in Berbera and Hargeisa in British Somaliland. NBI was the first bank in British Somaliland and was the banker to the colonial government until British Somaliland joined Italian Somaliland to form the Somali Republic in 1960. After the unification, National and Grindlays opened a branch in Mogadishu. Prior to 1958 – Banco di Roma established branches in Mogadishu and Merca. Both it and Banco di Napoli also had branches in Ethiopia, particularly in Eritrea. 1960 – On July 1, 1960, the newly independent Republic of Somalia established the Banca Nazionale Somala (National Bank of Somalia) to take over the activities of the Cassa per la Circulazione Monetaria della Somali and the Mogadishu branch of Banca d'Italia. The new bank combined central banking activities with commercial banking activities. 1968 – The government merged the Credito Somalo (Somali Credit Bank), which the Italian administration had established in 1954, with the Banca Nazionale Somalo. 1971 – After the bloodless coup d'état of 1969 that saw Mohamed Siad Barre's ascension to power, the government nationalized the four foreign banks (Banco di Roma, Banco di Napoli, National and Grindlays Bank and Banque de Port Said) and combined them to form the Somali Commercial Bank. The government also established the Somali Savings and Credit Bank to take over the commercial branches of Banca Nazionale Somala, leaving the Banca Nazionale Somale with only central banking functions. The Somali Savings and Credit Bank had branches in Baidoa, Beledweyne, Berbera, Bosaso, Burco, Galkacyo, Qardho, Hargeisa and Kismayo, and for a while in Djibouti. 1975 – On February 8, the government renamed the Banca Nazionale Somala to the Central Bank of Somalia (Bankiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya). It also merged the Somali Commercial Bank and Somali Savings and Credit Bank to form the Commercial and Savings Bank of Somalia, which was at the time the only bank in the country. (BBFO1) 1990 – The Commercial and Savings Bank of Somalia discontinued operations. At some point the Central Bank of Somalia too ceased functioning. 2009 – The recently-formed Transitional Federal Government re-opened the Central Bank of Somalia in Mogadishu as part of its campaign to restore national institutions.[2] The Bank has an additional branch in Baido that is already operational with personnel in place. II. Banking structure and regulations in Somalia, The regulations governing the structure and functions of banking in Somalia still rest essentially on the 1963 banking law (Law No. 18, of 14 August 1963), plus such provisions as were added by the laws establishing the Banca Nazionale Somala, the Banca di Sviluppo Somala, the Banca Commerciale Somala and the Cassa di Risparmio e Credito della Somalia. Some of the regulations governing the activities of banks have already been mentioned. The principle of specialization is incorporated in the legal prohibition on commercial banks to extend medium- or long-term credit except through autonomous sections with their own juridical personality and separate accounts. Supervision of banking activities is exercised by the Secretary of State: for Finances through the Somali National Bank, which is responsible for interpreting and enforcing the rules which govern the credit business. Somalia/Somaliland offers unique banking challenges for any investor coming from the Western world. Problems exist in the establishment of regular banking protocols along the lines of those that Western investors typically use. Beyond security concerns, a major factor in the dearth of brick-and-mortar banks is the lack of a fully functioning central bank. In the absence of a central bank, an international acceptable Bill of Exchange Act that codifies the law in relation to bank transfers, automatic teller machine, check payments and other financial instruments, cannot exist. A review of these protocols could shed further light on the Somalia/Somaliland scenario. In general, how easily and at what costs firms operating in this jurisdiction receive access to finance depends on a wide range of factors both internal and external to the given firm. External factors are mainly connected to the institutional and regulatory environment. Regulations include those of the banking system. Other equally important aspects are the enforceability of contracts, the protection of property rights, and the availability of recognized banks. In most countries, retail payment systems have been dominated by banks who’s primary function in the basic sense is to gather deposits for deployment in loans and other permissible instruments. In order for this system to function effectively, a two-tier banking system must be in place. At the top of this tier is a central bank that focuses on regulating credit, bank licensing and supervision, and, setting monetary policies. While there is supposed to be close and continuous cooperation between the central bank and the government, as a rule, it is necessary to incorporate into the statutes provisions that guarantee the “independence” of the central bank so that it is not subordinate to the state. The central bank is therefore, designed to be autonomous and to serve as a core component of both the economic bureaucracy and the national security apparatus. Central banks are tasked primarily with maintaining price stability. The authority of the central bank is derived partly from its technical expertise and policy efficiency which, in turn, are important functions of close public-private interactions with the broader banking community. In the process of formulating monetary policy, the central bank must maintain direct access to current banking operations and detailed information about financial markets. The second tier of banking is populated by commercial banks, finance houses, deposit receiving institutions, and in the case of many developing countries, foreign exchange bureaus. It is these institutions which exercise decisions that are based on internal factors and which determine the availability of loans to the capital deficient. Commercial banks consist of retail, business, and investment banking components. The retail component is the set of operations that include issuing consumer loans, mortgages, and current/savings account operations. Business banking is not altogether different from retail banking because it entails deposit collection and loan making, albeit to businesses rather than to individual customers. Investment banks on the other hand, specialize in underwriting securities, trading in securities and providing advisory services. Unlike retail and business banking, investment banking is generally a high-margin, but volatile, enterprise. Within all facets of banking, a primary principle is “know your customer.” This includes names and identification numbers in the case of individuals, registration certificates and articles of association for companies, and any other relevant information about the respective customer. The “know your customer” principle is used even in in Sharia compliant environments. The principle is part of the soft and hard information that banks refer to before any lending decision is made. Hard information in this situation is mainly availability of financial resources and other forms of collateral for potential borrowers. The other organizations include finance houses such as mortgage houses, deposit receiving institutions of which the most common are savings cooperative societies and foreign exchange bureaus. These organizations do not meet the definition of a commercial bank. Commercial banks are in their most basic sense agents between the capital deficient and those with a capital surplus. To act as an honest agent, commercial banks must know their customers, be able to identify them in their event that there are duplicate entries, and enforce commercial contracts. A central bank must as a matter of necessity supervise commercial bank operations in order to maintain integrity in the system and to allow investor confidence to drive the process of capital surplus meeting the capital deficient. Products offered by different types of banks in Somalia, 1 Central Bank The Central Bank of Somalia was established on June 30, 1960, by Decree No. 3 and converted into Law No. 2 of January 13, 1961. The Bank shall be guided in all its actions by the objectives of fostering monetary stability, maintaining the internal and external value of the Somali Shilling, and promoting credit and exchange conditions conducive to the balanced growth of the economy of the Republic, and within the limits of its power, it shall contribute to the financial and economic policies of the State. The history of the Central Bank of Somalia began when the United Nation’s Trusteeship Administration “A.F.I.S.” established on 8th April 1950 a new currency institution regulator “Cassa per la circolazione monetaria Della Somalia” with its Head Office in Rome (Italy). During the 1950s, as independence approached, on 6th April 1959 the Head Quarter has been moved to Mogadishu, taking over all the assets, liabilities, operations of the Banca d’Italia’s Mogadishu branch. On 3rd June 1960, it ceased to exist and its functions have been transferred to the newly established central bank “Somali National Bank”. The Monetary, Financial and Regulatory Policy Group supports the CBS in achieving its monetary and financial stability goals by providing comprehensive and timely statistical, analytic, and research papers; and through monitoring the safety and soundness of domestic banks, non-bank financial institutions under its authority, including money transfer businesses, the national payment system, and the domestic financial system more generally. The Group is responsible for providing all the material and advice for the formulation and conduct of monetary policy and for maintaining stability in the financial system. It conducts fundamental research on monetary policy targets and tools, the domestic financial transmission mechanism, financial stability, and foreign exchange policies. The Group is headed by an Executive Director, who has the overall responsibility for the Group’s work and performance. The goal of Central Bank goals are to formalize financial institutions, establish effective monetary policy, build strong banking operations foundation, increase organizational effectiveness, strengthen reporting and transparency and promote good governance. MONETARY POLICY We are responsible for formulating monetary policy to achieve and maintain price stability. FINACIAL STABILITY The Central Bank also promotes financial stability; an effective and efficient payment. FISCAL AGENT We manage foreign exchange reserves; issuing of currency; and is the banker for, adviser to and fiscal agent of the Government. Mobile Money Services Mobile Money regulation 2020, Part I, Article 3 “mobile money service” means a payment service delivered in electronic form by a mobile money service provider in accordance with the Mobile Money Regulations. Mobile Money regulation 2020, Part II, Articles 6 (1) every relevant person shall apply to the central bank for License using the First Schedule to the Mobile Money regulation Regulations. Mobile Money regulation 2020, Chapter 2 Articles 7 (1 & 4) the Central Bank shall consider a renewal application within ninety days and may renew or decline to renew a license for reasons stated. In addition to that a license granted under the Mobile Money Regulation shall be valid for two years and may be renewable biennially; provided that a license granted in the course of a calendar year shall be valid up to 31st December of the end of the second year. MONEY TRANSFER BUSINESSES Financial Institution Law 2012, Chapter 1, Article 2 “Money transfer business” or “Hawala” means the acceptance of cash, cheques and other payment instruments, [also including storedvalue products], in one location, and payment [disbursement] of a corresponding sum in cash or other form to a beneficiary in another location. Financial Institution Law 2012, CHAPTER 7, Article 50 A person shall not carry on or engage in money transfer business without a valid license issued by the Central Bank for that purpose. Financial Institution Law 2012, CHAPTER 7, Article 50 every relevant person shall apply to the central bank for registration using prescribed form by the Central Bank of Somalia. Upon receipt of an application for registration the licensing and supervision department shall, within fourteen days, review the application and make recommendations, on the application, to a committee of the central bank after ascertaining the formal content and completeness of information and document requirements under Regulation. COMMERCIAL BANKS Financial Institution Law 2012, Chapter I, Article 2 “Commercial bank” means any bank in Somalia whose business includes the Acceptance of deposits withdrawable by cheque, issue of short term and medium-term loans, guarantees, foreign exchange transactions and such other activities as the Central Bank may by regulation classify. Financial Institution Law 2012, CHAPTER II, Article 1 A person who intends to engage in banking business in Somalia must first obtain a license issued by the Central Bank. Financial Institution Law 2012, CHAPTER III, Article 4 An application for bank license shall be made in writing in the form prescribed by the Central Bank of Somalia. The application must be accompanied by all required supporting information and documents, and the prescribed application fee. In addition to that The Central Bank may require any other information from the applicant, shareholders, significant shareholders, directors, officers and/or third parties that it deems necessary to complete its assessment of a bank license application. Financial Institution Law 2012, CHAPTERI II, Section 14 Article 1, 2 and Section 15 (1), Section 16, and Bank Resolution on 31st December 2017 Central Bank of Somalia requires all commercial banks should maintain Minimum Capital Requirements of 7,000,000 in which 1,500,000 deposit at Central Bank of Somalia and maintain all time a Capital Adequacy Ratio which equals or exceeds twelve percent (12%) and a Core Capital Ratio which equals or exceeds eight percent (8%). A liquidity ratio which equals or exceeds twenty (20%) is also required. Financial Institution Law 2012, CHAPTER 9 Section 67 Article 1, Central Bank of Somalia requires that no person or group of related person’s shareholders of licensed commercial banks direct or indirect owns or controls more 25%. LICENSED AND OPERATIONAL Dahabshil Bank International Amal Bank Premier Bank International Bank of Somalia Amana Bank Daryeel Bank LTD SomBank LTD Agro Africa Bank My bank Limited Galaxy International Bank. LICENSED MONEY TRANSFER BUSINESSES. Amana Online Money Transfer, Bakara Market. Dahabshil Money Transfer, Makka Al-Mukarama street, Mogadishu Somalia Hodan Global Money Transfer, Mogadishu Somalia. Jubba Money Transfer, Bakara Market, Mogadishu Somalia Taaj Money Transfer. Hamar Jadid,Mogadishu Somalia Tawakal Money Transfer, Bakara Market, Mogadishu Somalia Iftin Money Transfer, Mogadishu Somalia Bakaal Express Money Transfer, Bakaro Market Mogadishu Somalia Globalex Money Transfer. RESEARCH AND STATISTICS DEPARTMENT Key Divisions of Research and Statistics Within the Monetary, Financial and Regulatory Policy Group, the Research and Statistics Department is the main source of monetary and banking statistics, research related to the national economy, especially in the fields of credit, monetary policies and financial studies. The Department collects and/or assembles financial and economic data. It rigorously applies professional analysis to interpret events, identify trends and forecast probable outcomes. To achieve the stated objectives of the CBS, Staff within the Department is expected to advise the Executive Director specific actions and instruments. The output from the Department is regularly disseminated through CBS publications, which includes Annual Report, Economic Bulletin and Statistical Bulletin as well as periodic staff papers on selected topics pertinent to the Somali economy. The Department works with external researchers, exchanges publications and studies with a variety of international institutions and coordinates with other statistics providers and government ministries and agencies in the country. The Research and Statistics Department aims to be one of the nation’s foremost economic research departments providing high quality research and financial analysis in support of the CBS and the State. It conducts meaningful and timely research on important monetary, economic and financial matters and producing a wide array of economic statistics that may impact CBS and/or the country. It maintains an active dialogue with other central banks and international organizations to enhance its research efforts and increase the visibility of Somalia. The Department has three Divisions: (1) Economic, Monetary and Financial Analysis Division, (2) Statistics Division, and (3) Policy Research and Analysis Division. The Department is headed by a Director who provides strategic and organizational leadership to ensure the achievement of its goals, in line with the CBS’s overall strategic plan. 1. Economic, Monetary and Financial Analysis Division The Division of Economic, Monetary and Financial Analysis is responsible to conduct substantial and meaningful in-depth economic analysis, research, and forecasting. The primary aim is three-fold: (i) to develop the means of assessing the prospects for and progress in maintaining price stability; (ii) to develop the framework necessary for conducting agreed monetary policy, and (iii) to provide for economic forecasting and assessments of economic activity, and inflation. This includes estimating the short-term indicators of inflation and its direct determinants, identifying monetary transmission mechanisms, and assessing the impact policy could have upon it. The division prepares studies to help with the choice of the monetary regime and develops the process by which the staff prepares and communicates their policy analyses and recommendations to the Monetary Policy Committee. The division develops and experiments with more sophisticated policy models of the Somali economy. Special research studies are undertaken considering the rapid structural changes in the Somali economy. These may also include, for example, greater understanding of the monetary transmission channels and a study of how the process of financial deepening might evolve. Also, it may analyze governmental market borrowing, and monitor and analyze the impact of these developments in the financial markets. The Division focuses on forecasts appropriate for clarifying monetary policy options. It develops an extensive capability for the analysis of risks and exploration of different scenarios. This assessment of the outlook forms the heart of the regular Financial and Monetary Stability Reviews for the Board and for publication. It also conducts special studies in the areas of exchange rates, balance of payments, real economic activity, employment, government finances, prices, interest rates developments and structure, money and credit. They provide the core of the current analysis underlying the CBS’s assessment of the government’s macroeconomic policies in its role as economic advisor to the government. They undertake annual monetary programming exercises as needed and interact with relevant centers of authority and information, including relevant government bodies and with regional and international organizations to help formulate policy assumptions. 2. Statistics Division The Statistics Division has responsibility for compiling (i) data on prices and the real economy and access to primary data relevant for the conduct of monetary policy; (ii) data on the balance of payments in fulfillment of the CBS’s expertise in collecting and publishing this part of national statistics; and (iii) data on the banking, monetary and financial system required for maintaining the stability of the financial and monetary systems. 3. Policy Research and Analysis Division The Policy Research and Analysis Division is responsible for providing high quality research and financial analysis products in support of the CBS, in particular the monetary policy committee. It achieves this purpose by conducting meaningful and timely research on important monetary, economic and financial matters and producing a wide array of economic policy analysis that may impact CBS and/or the country. It maintains dialogue with other central banks and international organizations to enhance its research efforts and increase the visibility of Somalia. City watchdogs say they also grasp that global banking can be economic nitroglycerine and are getting to grips with the complexity and myriad international connections that make it so hard to track and render safe. Yet while bankers have sometimes apologized (no tears, though) and regulators have drawn up new rules almost every month to prevent wrongdoing, there is every reason to remain wary 2 Premier Bank Premier Bank Services offering includes Retail Banking, Business and Corporate Banking, Mobile and Internet banking, ATM Banking, SWIFT transfers, International money transfer and so much more. Its Services a) PREMIER MASTER CARD Premier MasterCard Debit combines the convenience and benefits of MasterCard, with the control of spending your own money. You can use your card to withdraw money directly from your account using any MasterCard branded ATM machine worldwide. Powered by MasterCard, your Premier MasterCard Debit is accepted at over 33 million locations around the world. It can be used for cash withdrawals and balance enquiries at 1.9 million ATMs worldwide. b) ATM Premier Bank’s Automated Teller Machines (ATM) network allows you to transact without having to go into your branch. This modern and convenient platform makes banking accessible and convenient 24/7. We will continue to invest in growing our network of ATMs. c) Swift Our SWIFT offering provides a convenient channel that enables international money remittance and payments worldwide through banks. Money transfer across banks is safe, fast and guaranteed through Premier Bank’s SWIFT service. Do you know that you can apply for SWIFT online? d) Payroll Processing Our payroll processing system saves you all the time and resources required to manage your salary and wages payments. Let Premier Bank help you with your payroll processing so that you can focus on the more important things. Simply open a salary current account for your employees and let us do the rest. At the click of a button, our system will credit all you employees’ accounts and send an SMS notification to each one of them. Premier Bank payroll processing ensures that your employees receive their salaries on time and save your company time and money. 3 SALAM BANK Salaam Somali Bank (SSB) is the first privately owned bank in Somalia. We began our operations on October 2009. The bank is regulated by the Central Bank of Somalia. SSB is owned by trusted Somali business owners and is run by a dedicated team of professionals with over 20 years of experience in banking and financial management services. Salaam Somali Bank is the largest privately owned bank in Somalia in terms of branch coverage and customer base. We have over 15 branches in Mogadishu and 8 branches across main regions in the South and Central Somalia. Bank Has Service includes a) Car Finance We understand our customers’ desire to own their own car. We are ready to offer affordable car finance with longer repayment plans to help them fulfill their desire. Benefits Sharia Compliant Murabaha Financing Simplest way to own a car Longer repayment plans Affordable repayment plans b) Home Finance we will offer you Sharia Compliant home financing with affordable rates and long repayment plans. Construction Material Purchase We will finance your construction materials to build your dream home. Buying a piece of land We will finance you to purchase an empty land to build your future home. Benefits. Become a home owner easily Sharia compliant Murabaha or Istisna Financing Long repayment plans Affordable repayment plans c)Business Finance Somalis are known to be good business people. We are ready to invest in business opportunities that could help them maximize their profitability. We fund if they bring us business projects that make it easier for them to grow their business. We are also ready to fund them if they come to us with viable business ideas. We will generate your business by connecting you to our to our network companies. We will strengthen management system to stay in control of your business. Benefits Sharia Compliant business investment Musharakah or Mudarabah Finance We will invest in your new business idea to make it a reality. We will invest in your existing business to grow and maximise your profit. We will connect you with our group companies to be your clients. We can help you with the management system Sense of ownership Reasonable length Salaam Entrepreneurship Fund (SEP) Salaam Entrepreneurs Fund (SEF) is a $5 Million entrepreneurship fund allocated by Salaam Bank in collaboration with Hormuud Telecom for Somali entrepreneurs. SEF is three years Fund program aimed to cultivate the young Somalia entrepreneurs’ potential by giving them start- up capital to convert their business ideas into reality. The fund aims to focus on investing in the following five key sectors; Technology Renewable Energy Farming Fishing Livestock Type Entrepreneurs Type Investments Partnerships Eligibility Rational Agriculture Livestock Fishing Energy Technology 4 IBS Bank IBS Bank is an International, Islamic, and Somalia’s premier global investment and commercial bank with an entirely Shari´ah compliant portfolio of products & services. IBS was incorporated in July 2013 and is licensed by the Central Bank of Somalia (CBS). Products & Services a) Corporate Banking Looking to make your business flourish? IBS Bank offers a full range of corporate products that are suitable to your business financing needs whether it is short, medium, or long term. b) SME Banking In our SME Banking, we provide a wide range of Investment / financing services and payment solutions, to help you run your business with ease. c) Investment Banking Invest with us to achieve your financial goals. d) Trade Finance We will help you to expand your business globally while offering customized solutions for your trade finance needs including letters of credit, Murabaha L/C and performance bonds. e) Bank Cards Get the flexibility to make purchases, pay bills, or draw cash worldwide, conveniently, and securely with our Mastercard debit cards. f) Microfinance Our vision is to bring Islamic microfinance products to the majority of Somalis through the provision of a sound and sustainable financial microfinance solutions as a mechanism to create wealth and employment. g) Home Financing Open the door to your dreams and let us help find the home that’s right for you. 5 SOMBANK SOMBANK was launched on 15 July 2019 in Garowe, Somalia. It has a strong partnership with its sister Company of Tawakal Money Transfer. This means that it is in a position to tap into a large customer base which is already in place, and to also draw on the expertise its sister Company had amassed through its many years in the financial sector in Somalia. SOMBANK had already made significant investment in fixed assets in Somalia in the form of Commercial Buildings developed in the Capital Mogadishu, Garowe, Galkacyo, Galdogob, Bosasso and many more such investments are planned. We have an exceptional Leadership team, Operations team, as well as well-trained personnel that will deliver excellent services to our customers. Products and Services a) What is T-Plus T-Plus is the first Mobile Wallet App in Somalia, and an excellent Mobile Wallet that is efficient in sending money to your Family and Friends in a matter of seconds anywhere anytime across the Globe. b) Online bank Sombank Internet Banking allows you to bank when and where it suits you, and our security precautions mean your money is kept safe. It’s flexible banking 365 days a year. Sombank Internet Banking is available to Personal and Small Business Customers who have a Sombank account. c) SOMBANK Mobile Banking App Use SOMBANK Mobile Banking App conveniently anywhere you go. A fast, efficient and secure way to access and manage your accounts. Simply the best way to experience banking. All you need is Internet access. 6 MY BANK LIMITED MyBank is a bank on the move. We believe that modern banking should have no borders or limitations on how and when people can transact. Established in 2018 by a team of seasoned entrepreneurs and experienced bankers, our resolve is to revolutionize how people bank by giving them financial tools that free them to transact whenever, wherever they go. Starting in Somalia, our endeavor is to connect our nation to the world. We aspire to bring services closer to the digital savvy, entrepreneurial, industrious people of our region through the latest digital and alternative technologies and accessible physical network. The establishment of MyBank Limited was a response to the massive gap between demand and supply of the financial services in Somalia. It would be recalled that the World Bank reported in 2017 that there was a gap of USD 2.2 billion between demand and supply of the financial services in the country. At that point, two bankers and financial industry experts from Somalia (MyBank Chairman and CEO) captured that information regarding the gap in financing products, discussed the matter, analyzed, consulted with peers, engaged investors and decided to establish MyBank Limited to play a major role in filling that gap, contributing to the prosperity of our people and connecting our nation to the global economy. The internet and smartphone penetration rate in the country is quite high, indicating an opportunity for digital banking services in Somalia. Over the last few years, MyBank Limited has focused on building a robust digital infrastructure to bridge this gap in digital banking services. Products and Services provides a) Microfinance In a country like Somalia where GDP per capita is as low as less than $ 500 and where poverty is common, banks need to extend financing facilities to the bottom end of the economic pyramid. This is because those poor people can do great in the country’s economic and social development if they are given suitable tools. There is no doubt that micro-finance is one of those tools. We tailored this product for this category of the community so that we can contribute to the economic growth of our country and also include more people to the formal banking industry. In order to finance more poor people with limited or no access to the collaterals and other security means required by the banks when extending financing products, we decided to make this a “Non-secured loan” where eligible people can access this product without the need for any kind of security. b) Electronics Financing More electronics will be bought with the loan. To purchase electronics and home appliances, apply for a consumer loan at MyBank. Simply go into any of our partner stores, choose the appliance, electronics or product you desire, and request a consumer loan from the sales personnel. c) Home financing Are you dreaming to have your own home? Is you incoming what limits you from having your dream home? Please come and benefit from our low home financing rates and get your beloved ones under a roof you own. We are good in this area because of the following reasons: Our competitive financing rates. Our relatively long financing period. Our trusted and experienced real estate partners. With us, your home is your security. Specially designed and developed affordable homes for the low-income earners. Relatively long grace period. Flexible repayment schedule of monthly, quarterly, semiannually and annually.