SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
CHAPTER 1.
Questions For Reflection
1. Give three other major scientific and technological developments in the world (or in the
Philippines) that created a large impact on your daily life.
2. What historical antecedents gave rise to the inventions you mentioned in the first question?
3. How did the developments in science and technology shape human history?
My Answers
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1. Vaccine. As a normal person and future healthcare provider, vaccine is very essential. Especially
today where vaccine is much needed to prevent the spread of covid virus and to eradicate this
pandemic.
Organ transplant. This kind of surgeries are the ones that make me into medicine. This become a
large impact of what career I chose.
Mobile phone. This invention created a large impact not just for me but for all the people in the
world. This become a necessity for some people and as part of their lives. For me, this become
helpful for communication, researches and entertainment purposes.
2. Vaccine. The first vaccine invented by Edward Jenner was to prevent smallpox in 1746. The
process was called arm-to-arm inoculation, wherein a material from a blister infected with
cowpox was inoculated into another person’s skin. The said event was to keep persons healthy
and prevent certain diseases. Today many vaccines are invented like polio, heap-b and tetanus
toxoid vaccines.
Organ transplant. Just like the vaccine, this scientific and technological development was to keep
people from dying. In 1954, Dr. Joseph Murray performed a kidney transplant from one person
to the other. He uses the identical twins in the process so that the kidney will not be rejected.
This major development gave rise to other organ transplant like heart transplant, which is
amazing and beneficial to people.
Mobile phone. The idea for cellular phone service dates back at least to 1947, but the first call
was made from the sidewalk outside the Manhattan Hilton in 1973 by Martin Cooper, a
Motorola researcher who rang up his rival at AT&T Bell Labs to test the new phone. Today you
can see phones anywhere and are also part of our lives.
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3. Technology has completely changed the way human live, and therefore has shaped human
history. We have these technologies to make life easier and more convenient. Vehicles can make
transportation faster. Telephones and internet, this can make us communicate instantly and it
enabled us to share ideas faster around the country and around the world. As I am writing my
answers now I am having an electric fan beside me to make me feel comfortable and fresh. This
make us, especially the latest generation, to have easier life but comes with greater
responsibilities. Let’s just hope that inventions will be used for the betterment of society and not
for personal benefits only.
RAFAEL A. ROMAN BSN – 2C
STS
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
CHAPTER 2
Questions For Reflection
1. Why do you think were most intellectual ideas controversial?
2. Why did the people accept these new discoveries despite being contradictory to what was
widely accepted at that time?
3. How do intellectual revolutions transform societies?
4. Can you name other scientific revolutions that happened in the following places?
a. Meso-America
b. Asia
c. Middle East
d. Africa
My Answers
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1. The reason why most intellectual ideas controversial is because it contradicted the church’s
teachings. For people to trust these intellectual ideas is somewhat not believing in church’s
teachings. So in other words, people are having these doubts because it is not according to their
faith and they, maybe, persecuted that time if they will engage in that kind of revolution.
2. As time passed by, people don’t have a choice but to accept these new discoveries because,
whether they like it or not, these are facts. Time will just be the factor for them to accept it.
These discoveries are also supported with evidences. Rather than they believe on what the
church’s teaching, which is based from faith, they tend to believe more on what the science says
because of the proofs presented.
3. The intellectual revolutions transform the society in the way of our thinking and perspective in
life. The only constant in world is change so we are not sure on the things we know that are
considered as facts may turn into misconceptions. It makes our society question more and seek
for truth in the sense that we may contradict anyone’s idea or perspective. It also made us more
careful on what we see and know because it may turn into fake news or false information. We
must base facts on their evidence and make useful of it. Society should educate one another for
the betterment of our world.
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4. a. Meso-America.
The systems of cosmology and mathematics which was established by the Maya shaman group.
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Another was the use of three calendars: solar, ritual and long count calendar. They also
introduced the evidence of zero as a number. Other important scientific revolution that
happened in Mesoamerica were their belief in the cycles of planets and celestial beings like the
sun, and the moon; they also built observatories which helped in their agricultural and
architectural calculations.
RAFAEL A. ROMAN BSN – 2C
STS
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
b.Asia.
Ancient China used a lunisolar calendar, which calculates the time according to astronomical
phenomena. Aside from this, they also contributed to astrological divination. This includes the
identification of guest stars which appeared among the fixed stars, the SN 1054 for instance, a
Crab Nebula created by a supernova in 1054. They were also able to record comet observations
that are useful to modern astronomers since its accuracy allows the calculation of orbital
elements and determination of the brightness of comets. Indian astronomers believed that the
earth was spherical, which they actually tried to calculate its circumference. The idea that the
year is divided into 360 days, subdivided into 12 months with 30 days each month, was also from
them. Furthermore, they devised mathematical models including a number of trigonometric
functions and algorithms of algebra. The scientific explanation behind the occurrence of solar
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and lunar eclipse were from an Indian mathematician-astronomer, named Aryabhata.
c.Middle East
The concept of algebra and algorithms in mathematics and programming also originated from
Arabs. One of their renowned polymath, Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, had established
celestial coordinate system and explained the concept of reflection and refraction. They also had
important contributions in chemistry and astrology, which led to the derivation of the word
chemistry from an Arabic word “Kimya’a”. The Arabic numerals, which is the most common
numeral system and is widely used by the world up-to-date.
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d.Africa
The study of anatomy and pharmacology began in Africa as evidenced by a medical text known
as Edwin Smith Papyrus. This anatomical study displayed a rational and scientific approach of
ancient Egypt to medicine. They also gave birth to significant discoveries in astronomy as
Egyptians recorded the movement and cycles of celestial bodies, such as the sun, constellations,
and the moon. Ancient Africa was also the center of alchemy, which has become substantial in
academic studies. The history of alchemy has led to the awareness of the historians regarding
the intellectual relevance between the discipline and other aspects of Western cultural history.
Also, the development of geometry started when the hunter-gatherers of Kalahari Desert in
southern Africa used the shape of animal wastes to determine which animal has passed by, how
long ago, if it was hungry or not, and such.
CHAPTER 3
RAFAEL A. ROMAN BSN – 2C
STS
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Questions For Reflection
1. Trace the development of science and technology from the pre-colonial times up to present.
What have you observed?
2. What do you think are major contributions of science and technology to Philippine nationbuilding?
3. What specific government policy do you like the most in terms of contributing to the
development of science and technology in the Philippines?
4. What do you think are the major contributions of the Philippines to the field at present?
5. What policies do you want the government to implement in the near future?
My Answers
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1. The development of science and technology started from pre-colonial even before the invaders
came. It means that as Filipinos we also have the capacity to live on our way or style. Due to the
colonization we adapted some or almost all of the foreign culture. Innovations and modifications
have been made through the years. The best reason why these happens because it is for us to
have easy and convenient life and to make our life more comfortable. It affected the way we live
both positively and negatively.
2. I think science and Technology hold the key to the progress and development of
any nation. Technology plays a fundamental role in wealth creation, improvement of the quality
of life and real economic growth and transformation in any society. Technology
has deeply affected the global economy and its usage has been linked to marketplace
transformation,
improved
living
standards
and
more
robust
international
trade. Technological advances have significantly improved operations and lowered the cost of
doing business. Due to less allocation of fund the development in science and technology is
limited and more debt we have, less development in science and technology and less
development overall in our country.
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3. The policy I like the most is Executive Order 128. Originally established as the National Science
and Development Board (NSDB) on 13 June 1958, it was reconstituted as the National Science
and Technology Authority (NSTA) on 17 March 1981 with the vision of "A competent and
competitive science and technology community with a social conscience." With the agency's
elevation to full cabinet stature by virtue of Executive Order 128 signed on 30 January 1987, the
functions and responsibilities of DOST expanded correspondingly to include the following: (1)
Pursue the declared state policy of supporting local scientific and technological effort; (2)
Develop local capability to achieve technological self-reliance; (3) Encourage greater private
sector participation in research and development. The Department of Science and Technology is
the premiere science and technology body in the country charged with the twin mandate of
providing central direction, leadership and coordination of all scientific and technological
activities, and of formulating policies, programs and projects to support national development.
RAFAEL A. ROMAN BSN – 2C
STS
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
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4. Filipinos are also intelligent and have world class inventions. Some of the notable inventions of
outstanding Filipino scientists are lamp that uses seawater instead of kerosene, cooking stove
that uses methane gas from the waste of farm animals, car machine that runs using water
instead of gasoline, single-chip graphical user interface accelerator, bamboo incubator, moon
buggy, karaoke machine, videophone, erythromycin, robotic toy cars, and even dengue testing
kits. Philippines was also able to build research institutions and infrastructures, especially in the
fields of biology, agriculture, fishery, food processing, and conservation. These include the
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Institute of Plant Breeding, Southeast Asian Regional
Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture, Natural Sciences Research Institute,
Marine Science Institute, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Philippine Carabao Center,
and more. Moreover, the USAID and DOST instituted the major developments of the Philippines
in science and technology which include storm surge modelling, accessibility of GPH basic
services in fisheries, utilization of renewable and alternative energy, effective and sustainable
local planning, improved response to natural disasters, promotion of digital literacy, creation of
electronic medical record system, and conduction of research in tuberculosis.
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5. The policy I want the government to implement in the near future regarding science and
technology is the development in the medicine field. Allocate more in health department for
researches, education and the technologies. Due to pandemic the health care system have been
exposed. We are lacking of equipment and compared to other country we don’t have enough
facilities. Also the leaders are not competent enough to manage the healthcare system just like
the corruption in PhilHealth. Before allocating some funds in the health field, the new leaders
with dignity and love for nations should be in the positions in order for our country to develop in
this aspect.
RAFAEL A. ROMAN BSN – 2C
STS
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