Chapter 5 – The Periodic Table 5.1 Organizing the Elements Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) • the Father of Modern Chemistry • In 1789, he grouped the elements into categories - metals - nonmetals - gases - earths • for 80 years scientists tried to classify elements, but no one way accounted for the variety of elements known 5.1 Organizing the Elements Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) • a chemist and teacher • by the 1860’s, there were 63 known elements • used the game of solitaire as the inspiration for his organization of the elements 5.1 Organizing the Elements • on each card, he listed the element’s name, mass and properties • lined up cards in rows in order of increasing mass • kept elements with similar properties in the same column • the chart was periodic (repeating) 5.1 Organizing the Elements periodic table – an arrangement of elements in columns, based on a set of properties that repeat from row to row 5.1 Organizing the Elements • Some elements would not fit in certain spots because they didn’t have the right mass and / or properties • Mendeleev left gaps in the table 5.1 Organizing the Elements • Mendeleev went on to give names to elements he predicted would be discovered and fill in the blanks • Named a predicted element “eka-aluminum” • Later an element was discovered that matched the properties of eka-aluminum. (named Gallium) • With a periodic table the chemical behavior of elements can be explained and predicted 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table • In the modern periodic table, elements are arranged by increasing atomic number (number of protons) 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table • each row is called a period • the number of elements per period varies because the number of available orbitals varies 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table • each column is called a group • the elements within a group have similar properties • the pattern of repeating properties is the periodic law 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table atomic number 1 element symbol H Hydrogen 1.0079 element name atomic mass atomic mass unit (amu) – one twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table 17 What is the atomic mass of chlorine? 35.453 amu Cl Chlorine 35.453 Distribution of Chlorine Isotopes in Nature Isotope Percentage Atomic Mass Chlorine-35 75.78% 34.969 Chlorine-37 24.22% 36.966 • the atomic mass is a weighted average of these values 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table • elements are first classified as solids, liquids, or gases 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table • elements are then classified as to whether or not they occur naturally • all but two elements in the first 92 elements occur naturally 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table • then classified as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table • most of the elements are metals - good conductors - malleable and ductile - solid at room temperature (except Mercury) - some very reactive 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table • transition metals are groups 3 through 12 • tend to form compounds with distinctive colors 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table • other elements are called nonmetals - poor conductors - the solids are brittle - many are gases at room temperature - some are reactive, some aren’t 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table • and still other elements are called metalloids - properties of metals and nonmetals - conductivity varies with temperature 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table • elements become less metallic and more nonmetallic going across a period from left to right 5.3 Representative Groups Is hydrogen a metal? It is not. Why, then, is it grouped with the metals in the periodic table? It shares an electron configuration similar to other elements in Group 1 5.3 Representative Groups The number of the A groups tells the number of valence electrons in an atom. valence electron – an electron in the highest energy level of an atom Elements in groups share properties because they have the same number of valence electrons 5.3 Representative Groups Group 1A – Alkali Earth Metals 1. One valence electron 2. Found in nature as compounds 3. Reactivity increases going from top to bottom of group 4. Many react violently with water 5. Very soft (can cut with a knife) Video 1 Video 2 Video 3 Video 4 Video 5 Video 6 5.3 Representative Groups Group 2A – Alkaline Earth Metals 1. Two valence electrons 2. Harder than Group 1A elements GROUPS 3 – 12: TRANSITION METALS • Contain many everyday metals • Metal properties as listed earlier Au - Gold Ag - Silver INNER TRANSITION METALS • rare in nature • all solids • Similar properties across the period rather than down a group 5.3 Representative Groups Group 3A – Boron Family 1. Three valence electrons 2. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust 5.3 Representative Groups Group 4A – Carbon Family 1. Four valence electrons 2. Get more metallic as go down group 3. Most compounds in the body contain carbon (the exception is H2O) 4. Silicon is the 2nd most abundant element in the Earth’s crust 5.3 Representative Groups Group 5A – Nitrogen Family 1. Five valence electrons 2. 78% of the atmosphere is nitrogen 5.3 Representative Groups Group 6A – Oxygen Family 1. Six valence electrons 2. Oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth’s crust 3. Sulfur was one of the first element’s discovered 5.3 Representative Groups Group 7A – The Halogens 1. Seven valence electrons 2. All are highly reactive 3. React with most metals and many non-metals • non-metals • strong unpleasant odor and will burn flesh • do not dissolve well in water 5.3 Representative Groups Group 8A – The Noble Gases 1. Eight valence electrons, except Helium (has 2) 2. Colorless, odorless 3. Extremely unreactive • under normal conditions they do not form compounds with other elements 4. Used in “neon” lighting