 CHAPTER 1 – DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
2. POLITICAL
 INTRODUCTION
-
Local election (3 years) and National election (6

BAUMAN (2003)
-
Human beings have encountered many changes
-
over the last century especially in their social
Ex: Marcos amended the constitution from 6 years
relationships and social structures. Of these
– 12 years.
changes, one can say that globalization is a very
3. ETHNICS/ETHNICAL CONFLICTS
important change, if not, the “most important.”
-
Discrimination (conflicts)

ALBROW (1996)
-
Ita – from bukid – to civilized.
-
The reality and omnipresence of globalization
-
years).
CHALLENGES IN TERMS
makes us see ourselves as part of what we refer
1. Emerging of technologies
to as “global age.”
2. Health care
EXAMPLE: Internet allows a person from the
3. Overpopulation
Philippines to know what is happening to the rest
4. Climate change
of the world simply by browsing Google. The
5. Poverty
mass media also allows for connections among
6. Illiteracy
people, communities, and countries all over the
7. Disease
globe.
8. Migration
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
21st CENTURY
TECHNOLOGY

AL –RHODAN (2006)
Evolution of the use of technology
-
Globalization encompasses a multitude of
1. INDUSTRY
-
New administration every election.
2. INOVATION
processes that involves the economy, political
-
Creating new things for productivity of the
systems,
country.
therefore, are directly affected by globalization.
3. PRESENT LIFE
-
-
changing; changes in social and political.
culture.
Social
structures,
It cannot be contained within a specific time
frame, all people, and all situations.
Current situation
 CONTEMPORARY – our world is always
and

THOMAS LARSSON (2001)
-
Globalization is the process of world shrinkage of
 SOCIAL – man, society, and government.
distance getting shorter and things moving
 POLITICAL – government, man, and environment
faster.

MARTIN KHOR
1. RELIGION
-
There is globalization if there is colonization.
-
-
Former president of Third World Network (TWN)
CHANGES IN TERMS
Used to change from one another; people are
free to choose their own belief/faith.
-
After the freedom from the Spaniards (333
Congregation)
in Malaysia.
-

ROBERT COX
-
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALIZATION:
debate and the debate is Globalization. One
 Trends internationalizing of production
became part and parcel of the other.
o
 The new international division of labor
o
 New migratory movement from north-
SECOND, Cesare Poppi: Globalization I the
THIRD, globalization is a reality. It is changing
as human society develops.
 METHAPORS OF GLOBALIZATION
south; south-north
 New competitive environment

RITZER (2015)
 Internationalizing of the states
-
The epochs that preceded today’s globalization

RITZER
paved way for people, things, information, and
-
Globalization is a trans planetary process or a set
places to harden over time. Consequently, they
of process involving increasing liquidity and
have limited mobility.
growing multinational flows of the people,
 SOLIDITY
-
objects, places and information.
-
Refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult
Globalization could bring integration and
the movement of things.
fragmentation.
 LIQUIDITY
o
INTEGRATION – combine, connect or
-
people, things, information and places in
merger
o
Refers to increasing ease of movement of
FRAGMENTATION
–
dissolve
contemporary world.
or
CHARACTERISTICS
segmentation
OF
LIQUIDITY
(ZYGMUNT
 THE TASK OF DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
BAUMANS)
Why are we going to spend time studying this
1. Today’s liquid phenomena change quickly and
concept? How can we appreciate these definitions?
their aspects, spatial and temporal, are in
How can these help us understand globalization?
continuous fluctuation. This means that space
o
and time are crucial elements of Globalization.
FIRST, the perspective of the person who
defines globalization shapes its definition.
2. Liquid phenomena’s movement is difficult to
stop.
The overview of definitions implies that
globalization is many things to many
3.
The forces (the liquid ones) made political
boundaries more permeable to the flow of
different people.

ARJUN APPADURAI (1996)
-
“Globalization is a world of things that have
people and things (CARTIER,2001)
4. Tends to melt whatever stands in its path
different speeds, axes points of origin and
(especially solid ones) (RITZER)
termination,
 FLOWS
and
varied
relationships
to
institutional structures in different region,
nations, or societies.”
-
The movement of people, things, places, and
information brought by the growing “porosity”
of global limitations. (RITZER,2015)
EXAMPLES:
 MEDIA IMPERIALISM

LANDLER (2008)
-
The global flow of media.
-
“in global financial system, national borders are
-
Undermines the existence of alternative global
porous.” This means that a financial crisis in a
media originating from developing countries,
given country can bring ramifications to other
such as Al – Jazeera (BIELSA,2008) and the
regions of the world.
Bollywood (LARKIN,2003), as well as the

MOSES (2006)
influence of the local and regional media.
-
Poor illegal migrants flooding many parts of the

COWEN (2002)
world.
-
TV, music, books, and movies are perceived as
 GLOBALIZATION THEORIES
-
-
 HOMOGENEITY

MCCHESNEY (1999)
Refers to the increasing sameness in the world as
-
“extended from old media to new media.”
cultural inputs, economic factors, and political

JURIS (2005)
orientations of societies expand to create
-
Hacktivists extend activism to the internet by
common practices, same economies, and similar
hacking into computer programs to promote a
forms of government.
particular cause.
Linked to cultural imperialism.
 CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
-
imposed on developing countries by the West.
 MCDONALDIZATION
-
A given culture influences other cultures
It is the process by which Western Societies are
dominated by the principles of fast food
EXAMPLES:
restaurants.

AMERICANIZATION
-
“the import by non – Americans of products,
such as efficiency, calculability, predictability,
images, technologies, practices, and behavior
and control.
-
Involves the global spread of rational system,
that are closely associated with Americans or

RITZER (2008)
America.” (KUISEL,1993)
-
pointed out that this process is “extended to

ANTONIO (2007)
-
In terms of the economy, there is recognition of

RITZER (2007)
the spread of neoliberalism, capitalism, and the
-
Globalization can also be seen as flow of
other business, sectors, and geographic areas.”
market economy in the world.
“nothing” as opposed to “something” involving

STIGLITZ (2002)
the spread of non-places, non-things, non-
-
Global economic crises are also products of
people, and non-services.
homogeneity in economic globalization.

RYAN (2007)

BARBER (1995)
-
Glocalization is a process wherein nations,
-
“McWorld” is existing. It means only one political
orientation is growing in today’s societies.
corporations,
etc.
impose
themselves
on
geographic areas in order to gain profits, power,
geographic areas. (GIULIANOTTI AND
and so on.
ROBERTSON, 2007)
 HETEROGENEITY

ARJUN APPADURAI (1996)
-
-
“SCAPES” where global flows involve people,
-
Creation of various cultural practices, new
economies, and political groups because of the
technology, finance, political images, and media
interaction of elements from different societies
and the disjunctures between them, which lead
in the world.
to the creation of cultural hybrids.
Refers to differences because of either lasting
 CULTURAL CONVERGENCE
differences or of the hybrids or combinations of
-
cultures that can be produced through the
different trans planetary processes.
Stresses
homogeneity
introduced
by
globalization.
-
Cultures are deemed to be radically altered by
-
Associated with cultural hybridization.

ROLAND ROBERTSON (1992)

DETERRITORIALIZATION (JOHN TOMLINSON)
-
Glocalization is “as global forces interact with
-
More difficult to tie culture to a specific
strong flows.
local factors or a specific geographic area, the
“glocal” is being produced.
geographic point of origin.
 THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
 DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURE

SCHOLTE (2005)
PERSPECTIVES ON GLOBAL CULTURAL FLOWS
-
“accelerated globalization of recent times has
1. Differentialism
enabled co-religionists across the planet to have
2. Hybridization
greater direct contact with another. Global
3. Convergence
communications, global organizations, global
 CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM
finance, and the like have allowed ideas of the
-
Emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially
Muslims and the universal Christian church to be
different and are only superficially affected by
given concrete shape as never before.”
global flows
-
“At the same time as being pursued through
 CATASTROPHIC COLLISION
global channels, assertion of religious identity
-
Clash of civilizations (SAMUEL HUNTINGTON)
has, like nationalist strivings, often also been

HUNTINGTON (1996)
partly a defensive reaction to globalization.”
-
Muslims are being prone to violence.
 CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION
-
TURNER (2007)
-
Islamic revivalism in Asia which “is related to the
Emphasizes the integration of local and global
improvement in transportation that has allowed
cultures. (CVETKOVICH AND KELLNER, 1997)
many Muslims to travel to Mecca, and return
 GLOCALIZATION
-

The interpenetration of the global and local
resulting in unique outcomes in different
with reformist ideas.”
 UMMAH – a community of believers

EHTESHAMI (2007)
compatible with it – if not an indirect
-
“Globalization is not only seen as a rival of
encouragement.”
Islamic ways, but also as an alien force to

SWEENEY (2005)
divorced from Muslim realities. Stressing the
-
Globalization “goes back to when humans first
negative impact of the loose morals of Western
put a boat into the sea.”
life is a daily feature of airwaves in the Middle

MANSFIELD AND MILNER (1999)
East.”
-
REGION – “a group of countries in the same
 GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION
-
-
-
-
geographically specified area.”
Globalization and Regionalization reemerged

HURRELL (2007)
during the 1980’s and heightened after the end
-
REGIONALIZATION – “societal integration and
of the Cold War in the 1990’s.
the often undirected process of social and
Nature of globalization is, by definition global,
economic interaction.”
while regionalization is naturally regional.

RAVENHILL (2008)
Regional organizations respond to the states’
-
Regionalization is different from regionalism,
attempt to reduce the perceived negative effects
which
of globalization. Therefore, regionalism is a sort
intergovernmental collaboration between two
of counter – globalization.
or more states.”
formal
process
of

REGIONALISM
interregional cooperation, shows that the
-
Concern for security, which is to ensure peace
with
increasing
developments
Therefore, regionalization is intimately linked to
and stability.

globalization since it is part of it and it builds on
it.
JACOBY AND MEUNIER (2010)
-
Majority
of
Europeans
ASEAN
AND
SHANGHAI
COOPERATION
ORGANISATION (SCO)
-

Regional organizations that seek strong security
in Asia through cooperation.
consider
that

HUNTINGTON (1996)
globalization brings negative effect to their
-
believed that culture and identity guide
societies.
“the increased flows of goods, services, capita,
regionalization.
-
people, and information across boarders.”
 MANAGED GLOBALIZATION
-
“the
in
Along
regionalization process is global in nature.
-
is
“in the post-Cold War world, states increasingly
define their interests in civilizational term.”
-
He identified nine major civilizations.
Refers to “all attempts to make globalization
NINE MAJOR CIVILIZATIONS:
more palatable to citizens.”
o
WESTERN

HELD (2005)
o
LATIN AMERICAN
-
“the new regionalism is not a barrier to political
o
AFRICAN
globalization but, on the contrary, entirely
o
ISLAMIC
o
SINIC
o
HINDU
o
ORTHODOX
o
BUDDHIST
o
JAPANESE
o
Globalization of religion (fourth to
seventh centuries)
o
European colonial conquests (late
fifteenth century)
o
Intra – European wars (late eighteenth

TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS (TNCs)
-
Act as driving force toward regionalism.

RAVENHILL (2008)
-
Disadvantaged TNCs will lobby their national
o
Post – World War II period
governments to sign similar trade agreements in
o
Post – Cold War period
to early nineteenth centuries)
o
Heyday of European imperialism (midnineteenth century to 1918
order to end their disadvantaged commercial
 EVENTS (GLOBALIZATION)
situation.

GIBBON (1998)
-
Roman conquests centuries before Christ were
 ORGINS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALZATION
its origin.
-
“where did it start?”
-
Globalization started after the Second World

ROSENTHAL (2007)
War.
-
Gave premium to voyages of discovery –
 HARDWIRED
Christopher Columbus’s discovery of America in

NAYAN CHANDA (2007)
1942, Vasco da Gama in Cape of Good Hope in
-
Because of our basic human need to make our
1498, and Ferdinand Magellan’s completed
lives better that made globalization possible.
circumnavigation of the globe in 1952.
-
Commerce, religion, politics, and warfare are the

1956
“urges” of people toward a better life.
-
First transatlantic telephone cable
FOUR ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

1962
o
TRADE
-
First transatlantic television broadcasts
o
MISSIONARY WORK

1998
o
ADVENTURES
-
Founding of the modern internet
o
CONQUEST

2001
-
Terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers in New
 CYCLES

SCHOLTE (2005)
-
Globalization is a long - term cyclical process
and thus, finding its origin will be daunting task.
York
 BROADER, MORE RECENT CHANGES
Recent changes compromise the fifth view. These broad
 EPOCHS
changes happened in the last half of the twentieth

RITZER (2015)
century.
-
Cited Therborn’s six great epochs of
THREE NOTABLE CHANGES AS THE ORIGIN OF
globalization. These are called “waves”
GLOBALIZATION:
1. The emergence of the United States as the
global power (Post – World War II)
-
-

MADDISON (2001)
-
Life expectancy in India was only 24 years in the
United States able to outrun Germany and
early twentieth century while the same life
Japan in terms of industry.
expectancy occurred in China 1929 until 1931.
Both axis powers and allies fall behind

SHIGEYUKI (2002)
economically, because of this, US soon began to
-
Fertility in decline in Asia did not begin until
progress in different aspects like in diplomacy,
1950s and so on. In the case of Japan, it was until
media, film, and many more.
the 1930s that “total fertility rate did not drop
2. The emergence of multinational corporations
(MNCs)
-
below five births per woman.”
-
Their roots were from their countries of origin
“the enormous gap in life expectancy that
during the eighteenth to early nineteenth
emerged between Japan and the West on the
centuries.
one hand and the rest of the World on the
3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of
the Cold War
-
-
A remarkable effect of demographic transition,
other.”
-
Population growth shows a more remarkable
The first two would be the fall of the Soviet
shift: “between 1820 and 1980, 69.3% of the
Union in 1991.
world’s population growth occurred in Europe
Led to opening of the major parts of the world
and Western offshoots. Between 1950 and 2000,
for the first time since the early twentieth
only 11.7% occurred in that region.”
century.
 GLOBAL MIGRATION
 GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

BAUMAN (1998)
 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
-
Movements of the people can be seen through
-
Is a singular historical period during which
categories of migrants – “vagabonds” and
mortality and fertility rates decline from high to
“tourist”
low levels in a particular country or region.

RTZER (2105)

MID OR LATE 1700s IN EUROPE
-
Vagabonds are on the move “because they have
-
Transition started
to be” (forced to move), on the other hand,
-
Death rates and fertility began to decline.
Tourist are on the move because they want to be
-
High to low fertility happened 200 years in
and because they can afford it.
France and 100 years in the United States.
-
Migration is governed either by push factors and

TWENTIETH CENTURY
-
Mortality decline in Africa and Asia, with the

HADDAD (2003)
exemption of Japan.
-
Refugees are vagabonds forced to flee their
pull factors.
home countries due to safety concern.

KRITZ (2008)

DUFOIX (2007)
-
Those who migrate to find work are involved in
-
Diasporization and globalization are closely
labor migration is driven by “push and pull
interconnected and the expansion of the latter
factors.”
will lead to an increase in the former.

LANDLER (2007)

LAGUERRE (2002)
-
Labor migration mainly involves the flow of less-
-
“virtual diaspora” – which utilize technology
skilled and unskilled workers, as well as illegal
such as the internet to maintain the community
immigrants who live on the margins of the host
network.
society.

DIASPORA

SHAMIR (2005)
-
Used to describe migrant communities.
-
State may seek to control migration because it
involves the loss of part of the workforce.
 CHAPTER 2: THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

MOSES (2006)
-
Terrorism can also affect the desire of the state
 INTRODUCTION
to restrict population flows.
The United Nations (UN) tried to address the different

THOMPSON (2008)
problems in the world.
-
US faces a major influx of illegal immigrants from
Mexico and other Central American states.
EIGHT MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
1. The eradication of extreme poverty and hunger.

FLETCHER AND WEISMAN (2006)
-
Fence is being constructed on the US-Mexico
border to control this flow of people.
2. Achieving Universal Primary Education.
3. Promoting Gender equality and women
empowerment.

FEARS (2006)
-
Tighter borders have also had the effect of
“locking in” people who might otherwise have
left the country.
4. Reducing child mortality.
5. Improving maternal health.
6. Combating diseases like HIV/AIDS and malaria.
7. Ensuring environmental sustainability.

MALKIN (2007)
-
Philippines is one of the leaders when it comes
8. Having a global partnership for development.
to the flow of remittances ($14.7billion), next to
India ($24.5 billion) and China ($21.1 billion).

PAUL GILROY (1993)
-
Conceptualization
of

POVERTY
-
According to UN (2015), is a condition
characterized by severe deprivation of basic
human needs including food, safe drinking
the
diaspora
as
a
transnational process, which involves dialogue
to both imagined and real locales.
water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter,
education, and information.
 ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL
TRADE

 ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND SUSTAINABLE
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
DEVELOPMENT
(SHANGQUAN,200)
-
Refers to the increasing interdependence of
world economies as a result of growing scale of
cross-border trade of commodities and services,
The relationship between globalization and sustainability
is multidimensional- it involves economic, political, and
technological aspects.
flow of international capital, and wide and rapid
-
spread of technologies.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Continuing expansion and mutual integration of
-
Preservation of such sources for the future.
market frontiers.
-
One significant approach to economic
globalization.
TWO TYPES OF ECONOMIES
 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
1. PROTECTIONISM

EFFICIENCY
-
-
Finding the quickest possible way of producing
“a policy of systematic government intervention
in foreign trade with the objective of
large amounts of a particular product.
encouraging domestic production.
2. TRADE LIBERALIZATION/PROTECTIONISM
-

HARVEY (2005)
-
Neoliberals and environmentalists debate the
Usually comes in the form of quotas and tariffs.
impact of free trade on the environment.
 TARIFFS

ANTONIO (2007)
-
Required fees on imports or exports.
-
Environmentalist argue that environmental
-
This policy was practiced during the mercantilist
issues should be given priority over economic
era, from sixteenth to seventeenth centuries
issues.
until the early years of Industrial Revolution

YEARLEY (2007)
(CHOREV,2007)
-
Ecological modernization theory sees

RITZER (2015)
globalization as a process that can both protect
-
Countries such as China, Japan, and the United
and enhance the environment.
States
are
being
accused
of
practicing
protectionism.
NOTE: LESS EDUCATED = LESS KNOWLEDGE

JEFFREY SACHS

BARRIONUEVO (2007)
-
Mobile phones are the “single most
-
The use of ethanol as an alternative to gasoline
transformative technology.”
has an attendant set of problems – it is less

DOWNIE (2007)
efficient and it has led to as an escalation in the
-
Fair Trade is the “concern for the social,
price of corn, which currently serves as a major
economic, and environmental well – being of
source of ethanol.
marginalized small procedures.”

DEAN (2007)
-
-
Instead of dealing with the cause of global
2. DECLINE IN AVAILABILITY OF FRESH WATER
warming, there is “technological fixes” such as
-

BREENE (2016)
-
The demand for food will be 60% greater than it
Degradation of soil or desertification
(GLANTZ,1977)
geoengineering.
 FOOD SECURITY
Biodiversity and usable farmland.
-
The consumption of “virtual water”
(RITZER,2015)
-
Destruction of the water ecosystem may lead to
creation of “climate refugees.” (RITZER,2015)
is today and the challenge of food security
requires world to feed 9 billion people by 2050.
3. POLLUTION THROUGH TOXIC CHEMICALS

FOOD SECURITY
-
-
Delivering sufficient food to the entire world
-
significant industrial pollution. (DINHAM,2007)
population.
-
Sustainability of society such as population
 ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION, POVERTY AND
agriculture.
BREENE (2016) CITED THE CASE OF INDIA RELATED TO
FOOD SECURITY
o
India is the second biggest producer of fruits and
Greenhouse gases
INEQUALITY
growth, climate change, water scarcity, and
o
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) led to

-
MULTIPLIER EFFECT
An increase in one economic activity can lead
to an increase in other economic activities.

MICROCEDIT
-
Giving small loans to low income people in rural
vegetables in the world.
areas; the borrowers used the money to fund
According to Food and Agriculture Organization
plans that could raise their income.
(FAO) of the United Nations, 194 million Indians
 GLOBAL INCOME INEQUALITY
are undernourished, the largest number of
TWO TYPES OF ECONOMIC INEQUALITY
hungry people in any single country.
o
15.2% of the population of India are too
1. WEALTH INEQUALITY
malnourished to lead a normal life.
-
Third of the world’s malnourished children live in
2. INCOME INEQUALITY
India.
-
New earnings are being distributed.

WEALTH
-
Refers to the net worth of a country.
1. PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

INCOME
-
-
New earnings that being added to the pile of a
o
CHALLENGES TO FOOD SECURITY
Destruction of natural habitats, particularly
through deforestation (DIAMOND,2006)
-
Speaks about distribution of assets.
country’s wealth.
Industrial fishing leads to significant destruction

BRANKO MILANOVIC (2011)
of marine life and ecosystem.
-
An economist who specializes in global
(GOLDBURG,2008)
inequality, explained all this by describing an
“economic big bang”

ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
-
 THE GLOBAL CITY

MCMICHAEL (2007)
-
The relations of agricultural production have
been altered due to the rise of global
Forces that are responsible in today’s global
income inequality.
 THE THIRD WORLD AND THE GLOBAL SOUTH

TOMLINSON (2003)
-
The terms date back to the cold war, when
agribusiness and factory farms.

SCHLOSSER (2005)
-
As
blocs.
agriculture
replaces
local
provisioning, the relations of social production
are also altered. Rural economies are exposed to
western policymakers began talking about the
world as three distinct political and economic
commercial
low prices and mass migration.

SASSEN (1991)
-
Used the concept of global cities to describe the

FIRST WORLD
-
Western capitalist countries

SECOND WORLD
-
The Soviet Union and its allies

THIRD WORLD
-
Everyone else

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)
-
Measures the total output of a country

GROSS NATIONAL INCOME (GNI)
-
Measure GDP per capita

GLOBAL NORTH
-
United states, Canada, Western Europe and
1. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
developed parts of Asia.
-
three urban centers of New York, London and
Tokyo as economic centers that exert control
over the world’s political economy.
 THEORIES OF GLOBAL STRATIFICATION
 MODERNIZATION THEORY
-
Frames global stratification as a function of
technological and cultural differences between
nations.
TWO HISTORICAL EVENTS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO
WESTERN EUROPE DEVELOPING
The spread of goods, technology, education,

GLOBAL SOUTH
and diseases between the Americas and Europe
-
Caribbean, Latin America, South America, Africa,
after Christopher Columbus’s so-called
and parts of Asia.
“discovery of the Americas.”

RITZER (2015)
2. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
-
At the global level, whites are disproportionately
-
New technologies, like steam power and
in the dominant North, while blacks are primarily
mechanization, allowed countries to replace
in the south; although this is changing with
human labor with machines and increase
South-to-North migration
productivity.

WINANT (2001)
-
Differences between North and South “have
always possessed a racial Character.”
NOTE: modernization theory argues that the tension

PERIPHERAL NATIONS
between tradition and technological change is the
-
Countries that are less developed and receive an
biggest barrier to growth.
unequal distribution of the world’s wealth.
 WALT ROSTOW’S FOUR STAGES OF
MODERNIZATION

CORE COUNTRIES
-
More industrialized nations who receive the
majority of the world’s wealth.
1. Traditional stage
-
Refers to societies that are structured around
small, local communities with production

DEPENDENCY
-
The condition in which the development of the
nation-states of the South contributed to a
typically being done in family settings.
decline in their independence and to an increase
2. Take – off stage
-
in economic development of the countries of the
People begin to use their individual talents to
North. (Cardoso and Felato, 1979)
produce things beyond the necessities.
3. Drive to technological maturity
-
Technological growth of the earlier periods

TOYE (2003)
-
Liberal trade causes greater impoverishment,
not economic improvement, to less developed
begins to bear fruit in the form of population
countries.
growth, reductions in absolute poverty levels,
and more diverse job opportunities.
4. High mass consumption
-

TRADE PROTECTIONISM
-
The key to self-sustaining path to development,
not liberal trade or export.
It is when your country is big enough that
production becomes more about wants than

ANDRE GUNDER FRANK (1969)
needs.
-
Espoused the North American Neo-Marxist
 DEPENDENCY
THEORY
AND
THE
approach.
LATIN
AMERICAN EXPERIENCE
-
He contended the idea that less developed

DEPENDENCY THEORY
countries would develop by following the path
-
A product of experience
taken by the developed countries.
-
Focuses on how poor countries have been
-
-
-
-
Rejected the idea that internal sources cause a
wronged by richer nations.
country’s underdevelopment; rather, it is their
Developed by Hans Singer and Raul Prebisch in
dependency to capitalist system that causes lack
the 1950’s.
of development.
Two main sub theories are the North American

PALMA (1978)
Neo-Marxist Approach and the Latin American
-
Developed the structuralist approach
structuralist approach. (SANCHEZ,2014)
-
Noted that the chief among the arguments
“core nations” and “peripheral nations” are at
accounting for Latin American
heart of dependency theory.
underdevelopment was the “excessive” reliance
on exports of primary commodities, which were
the object of fluctuating prices in the short term
and a downward trend in relative value in the
long haul.
 THE MODERN WORLD-SYSTEM
The history of colonialism inspired American
sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein model of what he
called the capitalist world economy.

WALLERSTEIN
-
Described high-income nation as the “core” of
the world economy.
-
Enjoyed by the Western World today.
-
Low-income countries called the “periphery”
-
Middle-income countries, such as India or Brazil
are called semi-periphery.