REFRIGERATIO
N CYCLE
• 4 main components:• Compressor-pressure
producer by
compressing gas
• Condenser
• Evaporator-Heat
Exchanger
• Throttling deviceobstructs the flow of
liquid
• The refrigerant comes into
the compressor as a low
pressure gas. It is
compressed and then
moves out of the
compressor as high-pressure
gas
• The gas then flows to the
condenser. Here the gas
condenses to a liquid, and
gives off its heat to the
outside air.
• The liquid then moves to
the expansion valve under
high pressure. This valve
restricts the flow of the fluid
, and lowers its pressure as
it leaves the expansion
valve
• The low pressure liquid then
moves to the evaporator ,
where heat from the inside
air is absorbed and changes
it from a liquid to a gas
• As a hot low-pressure gas,
the refrigerator moves to
the compressor where the
entire cycle is repeated
Water Heater
ABSTRACT
Water heaters are
commonly employed in
homes and small business to
heat water for domestic use.
Water heaters are produced
in large numbers and sold to
consumers in a very
competitive market. The
main objective of the paper
is to provide a detailed
information about the
working of the water heater.
The paper mainly consists
of 4 parts. First, it analyses
the principle. Second, it
discuss about the
components. Third, is about
working. Finally, it discuss
about the product features
and applications where it is
used.
Table of content
1.1
INTRODUCTION
 It is a heat transfer
process that uses an
energy source to
heat water above its
initial temperature
 Its converts
electrical energy to
heat energy based
on joules law of
heating
2.1 Basic principle
The principle on
which the geyser
works is simply the
conversion of
electrical energy into
heat through the use
of heating elements
to raise the
temperature of
water through
conduction of heat
to the water
3.1 Components

The geyser consists
of a water tank fitted
with 2 pipes - one for
inlet of cold water
and other for outlet
of hot water. The
water tank is fitted
with heating
elements which are
controlled by
thermostats. .
mostats ensure that
water is not heated
above a set
temperature value.
The tank is normally
covered with some
insulating material
and enclosed inside a
metal casing.
4.1 Working
 Waters enters the
tank from main
water supply.
 The heating
burner/element at
the bottom of the
tank starts to heat
the water
 Both the heating
elements do not
function
simultaneously
 Frist the top
heating element
functions until the
upper tank is hot and
then the function is
transferred to the
bottom heating
element, which has
its own thermostat.
The thermostat is
mainly a bi-metallic
disc with each metal
having a different co-
efficient of
expansion for heat.
So when it gets
heated up, it bends
and the contact with
the switch is broken
 As the water heats,
it rises to the top of
the tank.
 So when we need
hot water, it’s taken
from the top of the
tank where the
hottest water is.

5.1 Applications
1. Home
• Bathing
• Cleaning
• Cooking
• Washing
• Space heating
•
2. Industrial
• Providing temperature for
certain reactions in a
chemical industries.
• Running turbines to
generate electricity
•
3. Others
• In research for labs for
providing temperature for
experiments and reactions
For sterilizing
instruments in hospital
6.1 PRODUCT
FEATURES
6.2 Materials
 Rod which is made up of
conducting material and at
the bottom of that there is a
high resistive compound
usually nichrome ,80%
nickel and 20% chromium,
this material restricts the
current and allows it to flow
in the form of heat.
6.3 Cost
 There are wide variety of
water heaters available in
India, cost starting from
around 3000 to around
25000
6.4 Maintenance
 adjust the thermostat to
120 degrees
 Always maintain 2 feet of
clearance
 Drain about a quarter of
tank a few times a year to
remove the sediment and
debris.
 Annually test the
temperature-pressure relief
valve by quickly discharging
it 2 or 3 times.
6.5 Safety
 It must have thermal cutout ad valves to protect
from electrical hazards.
 Thermal burns-it must
ensure that it will protect
humans skin from high
temperature.

6.6 Aesthetic
In the modern day,
interiors play an
important role in any
households, hence it is
imperative to select a
water heater which not
only fulfils its
functionality efficiently
but also adds to the
aesthetics of the house.
Brands today provide
ample designer options
that can fulfil both the
objectives.
Reference
 www.butterflyfields.com
 www.slideshare.net