Spain establish a centralized colonial government in the Philippines that was composed of a NATIONAL GOVERNMENT and the LOCAL GOVERNMENT. GALLEON TRADE Economic life under Spain Our development during that time was slow. Economic Changes by Spain 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. New way of land ownership Encomienda system Tribute Polo of forced labor Abolition of slavery Galleon Trade and annual subsidy from Mexico Introduction of new plants and animals Filipinos were unfortunate victims of the evils of the unjust, bigoted and deteriorating colonial power. During the times of Rizal, the sinister shadows of Spain’s decadence darkened the Philippine Skies. • Evils of the Unjust Colonial Power - Instability of colonial administration King Ferdinand VIII (1808 – 1833) Frequent shift of policies owing to struggle between Liberalism and Despotism; From 1835- 1897 there were 50 Governors General. Corrupt Colonial Officials/ CORRUPT OFFICIALDOM • Gen. Rafael de Isquerdo incompetent and cruel, boastful, ruthless, executed GOMBURZA in 1872. • Admiral Jose Malcampo - successor of Izquierdo who was a good Moro fighter but was an inept and weak administrator. • NO PHILIPPINE REPRESENTATION IN THE SPANISH CORTES The representation of the overseas colonies in the Spanish Cortes was abolished in 1837. Since then the Philippines condition worsened because there was no means by which the Filipino people could expose the anomalies perpetrated by the colonial officials • Human Filipinos Rights Denied to The people of Spain enjoyed freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of the association and other human rights (except freedom of religion). The Spanish authorities who cherished these human rights or constitutional liberties in Spain denied them to the Filipinos in Asia. • No Equality Before the Law Filipinos were abused, brutalized, persecuted and slandered. Spanish missionaries thought that ALL MEN irrespective of color and race are children of God and as such they are brothers, equal before God and not before the law… not in practice. Leyes de Indias (Laws of the Indies) rarely enforced. Spanish Civil Code imposed light penalties on Spaniards but heavier penalties to native Filipinos. • Maladministration Justice The of courts of justice were notoriously corrupt.Judges, fiscals and court officials were inept,venal and oftentimes ignorant of law. Justice was costly, partial and slow. Poor Filipinos has no access to the courts. To the Filipino masses, litigation in court was a calamity. • Racial Discrimination Spain introduced Christianity’s egalitarian concept of the BROTHERHOOD OF ALL MEN under GOD THE FATHER, but Filipinos were regarded as inferior beings undeserving of rights enjoyed by the Spaniards. Spaniards derisively called brownskinned and flat nosed Filipinos “Indios” (Indians). Lack of opportunities for educated young Filipinos to rise in the service of God and Country • FRAILOCRACY a notorious invisible government existed in Spanish Philippines. This government was called "frailocracy" meaning rule of the friars. During the last decades of the 19th century the Spanish friars were so influential and powerful that they practically ruled the Philippines. Union of Church and state Friars (Augustinians, Dominicans and Franciscans) – controlled the religious and educational life of the Philippines and later in the 19th century they came to acquire tremendous political power, influence and riches. Friars controlled government from governor general down to alcaldes mayores; Friars exercise priestly duties, supervise elections, inspector of books and taxes, arbiter of morals, censor of books and comedias, superintendent of public works and guardian of peace and order. Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena and other Filipino reformists blamed frailocracy/friars for obscurantism, fanaticism, and oppression in the country. • Forced Labor (Polo y servicio) - compulsory labor imposed by the Spanish colonial authorities on adult Filipino males in the construction of churches, schools, hospitals, buildings, roads and bridges, ships etc. - Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old were obliged to render forced labor for 40 days a year. Wealthy ones were able to evade forced labor by paying falla, a sum of money. Spaniards were not drafted to forced labor,contrary to law, while the Filipino polistas received only a part of two pesetas (50 centavos) or worse nothing at all. Disturbed the Indios’ work in the farm and shops and separate them from their families. • Hacienda Owned by Friars Friars owned the best haciendas and the folks filling these lands even before the coming of the Spaniards became tenants – resulted in bloody agrarian upheaval in 1745-1746. Rizal tried to initiate agrarian reform in 1887 but in vain, ignited the wrath of the Dominican Friars who retaliated by raising land rentals. Rizal in his “Indolence of the Filipinos” in substance opined that Friars ownership of best agricultural tract of land contribute to the stagnation of economy • Guardia Civil– created by Royal Decree of February 12, 1852; Maltreatment, abuse, robbers, rapists. The purpose of maintaining internal peace and order in the Philippines but later became infamous for their rampant abuses. Both officers and men were ill-trained and undisciplined. Rizal’s Noli exposed the guardia civil through Elias as bunch of ruthless ruffians, good only for disturbing the peace and persecuting honest men. References: https://www.slideshare.net/MarcyTrinidad/spanishcolonial-government-part-ii https://www.slideshare.net/MarcyTrinidad/spanishcolonial-government-part-i-16200712 https://www.slideshare.net/praejames245/economiclife-under-sp https://www.slideshare.net/iamclaii/ge-rizalthe-philippines-of-rizals-time-11-evil-colonialpower? Development of Philippine Nationalism CAUSES OF FILIPINO REVOLTS The Desire to regain our lost Freedom • The Spanish Abuses/Oppression The loss of Filipino Lands. Two reasons why the revolts against the Spain failed: Absence of Lack of Nationalism. National Leaders. Nationalism Love of Country. People of the nation become united and work together for common aims. Devotion to one’s country or fighting for it’s independence. In the 19th Century, Philippine Nationalism was born. People of a Nation become united and work together for common aims. They wanted to be independent of Spain. Liberalism from Europe Origins of 19th Century Liberalism The word was first used when the term was adopted by the Spanish political party, the Liberales, in 1812. 1868-1870- the revolt in Spain, which had deposed Isabella II, succeeded in establishing a Provisional Republic, which for about two years put liberalism in control. General Carlos Maria de la Torre, a fierce liberal, brought liberalism in the Philippines and was appointed to be the Governor-General. Factors that contributed to the birth of Philippine Nationalism Mexico In 1821, Spain has lost their precious trade jewel in the Pacific, Mexico. A revolution erupted and independence was declared. The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico) was the first and largest provider of resources for the Spanish Empire. The Opening of Philippines to the World Trade in 1834 The Philippines was opened by Spain to the World Trade. The Influx of liberal ideas from Europe Liberal ideas contained in books and newspaper, shipped from Europe and America. It also contained the thoughts of different political philosophers. The Opening of Suez Canal Built by Ferdinand De Lesseps It made the Philippines closer to the World trade, communications, and travel. The Canal is 103 miles long, and connects the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea. Secularization Movement Two kinds of priests that served the Catholic Church in the Philippines Regular Priest • A priest that belongs to religious order • A priest living according to a rule Secular Priest – • A priest that does not belong to any religious order. • A priest who does not live according to any rule of a religious order, society , or congregation of priests. Cavite Mutiny of 1872 Gov-General Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutierrez replaced Gov. de la Torre in 1871 . He discarded the liberal measures by restoring the “old order” of the Philippines. January 20, 1872 About 200 Filipino soldiers and dock workers of Cavite, under the leadership of Sergeant La Madrid, Mutinied and killed their Spanish Officers. It was suppressed and La Madrid and 41 others were executed in Bagumbayan (present- Luneta) . The Martyrdom of GOM-BUR-ZA Father’s Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were accused of treason to Spain and tried in an unfair trial. They were sentenced to death by Garrote on February 17, 1872 in Bagumbayan (Luneta) The Filipino people deeply resented the unjust execution of GOM-BUR-ZA Father’s Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora was acclaimed to be the true Martyr’s of their Fatherland. The execution of GOMBURZA speed up the development of Philippine Nationalism. The demanded reforms were: 1. Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before 2. 3. 4. 5. the law; Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain; Restoration of the Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes (the Parliament); Filipinazation of Parishes; Human Rights for Filipinos. The Leading Propagandists Jose Rizal – Dimasalang & Laong Laan Marcelo del Pilar – Plaridel Mariano Ponce –Naning Antonio Luna – Tagalog Jose Maria Panganiban – Jomapa • Graciano Lopez Jaena In 1889, he established La Solidaridad in Barcelona, Spain. He died of tuberculosis. La Solidaridad Organ of the Propaganda Movement was established in February 15, 1889 – October 13, 1889 On December 1889, M.H del Pilar became the editor of La Solidaridad Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y Alonzo Realonda Jose P. Rizal The most outstanding among the propagandists. Rizal was shot by firing squad at Bagumbayan (Luneta) on Dec. 30, 1896. Rizal was the greatest writer of the propaganda movement. Noli me Tangere El Filibusterismo La Liga Filipina In 1892, Jose Rizal returned to the Philippines and proposed the establishment of an organization called “La Liga Filipina.” On July 3, 1892, the following were elected as its officers: Ambrosio Salvador as president: Agustin dela Rosa, fiscal; Bonifacio Arevalo, as treasurer; and Deodato Arellano, as secretary. Rizal as its adviser. “La Liga Filipina” aimed to: 1. Unite the whole country 2. Fight Violence and Injustice 3. Support Education, and implement reforms “La Liga Filipina” had no intention of rising up in arms against the Spanish Government, but the Spanish Officials still felt threatened. On July 6, 1892, Jose Rizal was arrested and was deported to Dapitan, where he would stay until 1896, shortly before the outbreak of the revolution With the failure of the Propaganda Movement, the Filipinos gave up the last hope to peaceful means. Andres Bonifacio, led the Filipinos to a new phase of Social and Political awareness marked by the founding of KATIPUNAN Sources: Fernandez, P. (1992). Rizal: A Filipino Nationalist & Patriot. Manila: Solidaridad Coates, A. (1992). Rizal: A Filipino Nationalist & Patriot. Manila: Solidaridad. Joaquin, N. (1996). Rizal in Saga. Manila: Philippine National Centennial Commission. 923.2599 J574 1996 Guerrero, L.M. (2010). A Life for Student Fans by The First Filipino. Manila: Guerrero Publishing. 959.902092 G937 2007 https://www.slideshare.net/GwenNicoleDelfin/developm ent-of-philippine-nationalism?qid=8a1b757e-b430-4224bef8-a41e4c493968&v=&b=&from_search=1 THE CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY The meaning and importance of a man’s task can be understood and appreciated when viewed within a time frame and its proper historical context. To better understand and appreciate the role of Jose Rizal in the making of a Filipino nation, one has to know the developments in the century when he lived, the period when he worked. Learning Outcomes Appraise the link between the individual and society; Analyze the various social, political, economic and cultural changes that occurred in the nineteenth century; Understand Jose Rizal in the context of his times. NINETEENTH CENTURY 1801-1900 Era of challenges and responses An age of enlightenment A period of major changes which affected men and society An era that is marked by the collapse of what used to be strong and huge empires such as Spain, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. 6 IMPORTANT CHANGES IN THE 19TH CENTURY 1. Struggle for nationalism 2. Gradual spread of democracy 3. Modernization of living through the Industrial Revolution 4. Advance of Science 5. March of Imperialism 6. New Current in the movement of thought and growing confidence on progress NATIONS STRUGGLE FOR NATIONALISM NATIONS STRUGGLE FOR NATIONALISM A feeling of oneness by a group of people who believe that they possess common traditions, culture and common ideals or goals. American Revolution (1775-1783) Independence from Great Britain French Revolution (17791789) Overthrowing of absolutism HOW TO RUN THE GOVERNMENT? Country should be free from domination and that a country should enjoy liberty, equality and opportunity In the “good old days” when monarchs and kings ruled over the subjects Greece became independent nation from the Turks on 1830. Norwegians won their freedom from Swedes in 1905. Italy became a free and united nation through the work of Camillo Cavour, Joseph Mazzini and Joseph Garibaldi in 1861. Germany was united led by Iron Chancellor Otto von Bismarck who adopted the policy of “blood and iron” in 1871. Simon Bolivar “The Liberator” (Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia and part of Peru) 1867 1800 - 1825 Jose San Martin “The Liberator” (Argentina, Chile and part of Peru) MEN FIGHT FOR DEMOCRACY Political ideas of the nineteenth century EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ARE MULTIFARIOUS Series of changes in the industry: a. From hand work to machine work b. Domestic system to the factory system BEGAN IN ENGLAND IN 1760 Manufacturing Spinning jenny Spinning frame Spinning shuttle Cotton gin Sewing machine Transportation Steam boats Steam locomotives Airplanes Automobiles Balloons Communication Telephone Telegraph Wireless telegraphy Cable Postal service Newspapers Establishment of factories Employment of thousands of workers Large scale production of manufacturing goods Commodities became cheaper Towns and cities grew Improved standard of living Division of labor practiced (capitalists and laborers) Increase in population Advances in medical knowledge and public hygiene Opening of more lands for cultivation and commercialization Increase in national income Encouraged migration RESPONSES TO THE GROWING SOCIAL PROBLEMS CREATED BY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION LIBERALS Adopted the laissez-faire policy to stimulate the growth of factories Allow everybody to expand as much as he wished in his individual enterprises Industrialists became powerful and rich Working men became poorer Unemployment and misery resulted SOCIALISTS Government should own and manage the means of production Benefit of all and not only for a few individuals As long as the capitalists controlled the economic life of people, no democracy Claude Henri, Francois Fourier and Robert Owen COMMUNISTS Authored Communist Manifesto Earliest socialists that reforms could be achieved gradually and peacefully through normal political methods and with compensation for the private owners Only a violent revolution could improved the lot of workingmen Advocated abolition of private property in land centralization of all means of production in the hands of the state abolition of all rights of inheritance Confiscation of the property of emigrants and rebels Universal and equal obligation of work CATHOLICISM Pope Leo XIII in Reform Novarum (The Conditions of Labor) Rights must be religiously respected Duty of public authority to prevent and punish injury Poor and helpless have special consideration upon questioning its rights State has the right to regulate the use of private property and to protect it Workers have the right to form unions SCIENCE BECOMES THE SERVANT OF MAN Soul of the Nineteenth century MODERN IMPERIALISM STARTS A PROCESS OF HISTORIC CHANGE Activity of a nation in extending its control and authority beyond its territorial boundaries through the acquisition of new territories Purpose of securing rea materials, markets for manufactured products, additional food supplies, outlets for surplus population and fields for investment of surplus capital GROWING CONFIDENCE ON PROGRESS INSPIRES OPTIMISM Man made considerable progress in various fields Democracy Education Science Public Health Literature Music Art “ The divine flame of thought is inextinguishable among Filipino people and in some way or another it has to shine and make it known. It is not possible to brutalize the inhabitants of the Philippines.” QUESTIONS TO LIVE BY 1. Why is nationalism a desirable national goal? 2. Why is industrialism a continuing concern of society? 3. Do you agree with Rizal’s point of view that the pursuit of science is an ideal of man?Why? Sources: Dumol, P.A. (2018). The Nation as Project “Readings in Rizal’s Life” Manila: Vibal Coates, A. (1968). Rizal, Philippine Nationalist and Martyr. Oxford: Oxford University Press Palma, R. (1996). The Pride of the Malay Race. New York: Prentice-Hall. 928.954 R529 1966 https://www.slideshare.net/hsaloria/rizal-in-19th-century-worldevents?qid=e9c951b6-10e7-45a6-998b06455d32b4d5&v=&b=&from_search=1