Spain establish a centralized
colonial government in the
Philippines that was
composed of a NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT and the
LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
GALLEON TRADE
Economic life under
Spain
Our development during that
time was slow.
Economic Changes by Spain
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
New way of land ownership
Encomienda system
Tribute
Polo of forced labor
Abolition of slavery
Galleon Trade and annual subsidy from
Mexico
Introduction of new plants and animals
Filipinos were
unfortunate victims
of the evils of the
unjust, bigoted and
deteriorating
colonial power.
During the times of
Rizal, the sinister
shadows of Spain’s
decadence
darkened
the
Philippine Skies.
• Evils of the Unjust Colonial Power -
Instability of colonial administration
King Ferdinand VIII (1808 – 1833) Frequent
shift of policies owing to struggle
between Liberalism and Despotism;
From 1835- 1897 there were 50 Governors
General.
Corrupt Colonial Officials/
CORRUPT OFFICIALDOM
• Gen. Rafael de Isquerdo incompetent and cruel, boastful,
ruthless, executed GOMBURZA in
1872.
• Admiral Jose Malcampo - successor of
Izquierdo who was a good Moro
fighter but was an inept and weak
administrator.
• NO
PHILIPPINE REPRESENTATION
IN THE SPANISH CORTES
The representation of the overseas
colonies in the Spanish Cortes was
abolished in 1837. Since then the
Philippines
condition
worsened
because there was no means by which
the Filipino people could expose the
anomalies perpetrated by the colonial
officials
• Human
Filipinos
Rights Denied to
The people of Spain enjoyed
freedom of speech, freedom of the
press, freedom of the association
and other human rights (except
freedom of religion). The Spanish
authorities who cherished these
human rights or constitutional
liberties in Spain denied them to the
Filipinos in
Asia.
• No Equality Before the Law




Filipinos were abused, brutalized,
persecuted and slandered.
Spanish missionaries thought that ALL
MEN irrespective of color and race
are children of God and as such they
are brothers, equal before God and
not before the law… not in practice.
Leyes de Indias (Laws of the Indies)
rarely enforced.
Spanish Civil Code imposed light
penalties on Spaniards but heavier
penalties to native Filipinos.
• Maladministration
Justice
 The

of
courts of justice were
notoriously
corrupt.Judges,
fiscals and court officials were
inept,venal
and
oftentimes
ignorant of law.
Justice was costly, partial and
slow. Poor Filipinos has no access
to the courts. To the Filipino
masses, litigation in court was a
calamity.
• Racial Discrimination
 Spain


introduced
Christianity’s
egalitarian
concept
of
the
BROTHERHOOD OF ALL MEN under GOD
THE FATHER, but Filipinos were
regarded
as
inferior
beings
undeserving of rights enjoyed by the
Spaniards.
Spaniards derisively called brownskinned and flat nosed Filipinos
“Indios” (Indians).
Lack of opportunities for educated
young Filipinos to rise in the service of
God and Country
• FRAILOCRACY
a notorious invisible
government
existed
in
Spanish
Philippines. This government was
called "frailocracy" meaning rule of the
friars. During the last decades of the
19th century the Spanish friars were so
influential and powerful that they
practically ruled the Philippines.
 Union of Church and state
 Friars (Augustinians, Dominicans

and Franciscans) – controlled the
religious and educational life of
the Philippines and later in the
19th century they came to
acquire
tremendous
political
power, influence and riches.
Friars controlled government
from governor general down to
alcaldes mayores;
 Friars
exercise priestly duties,
supervise elections, inspector of
books and taxes, arbiter of morals,
censor of books and comedias,
superintendent of public works and
guardian of peace and order.
 Rizal,
del Pilar, Jaena and other
Filipino
reformists
blamed
frailocracy/friars for obscurantism,
fanaticism, and oppression in the
country.
• Forced Labor (Polo y servicio)
-
compulsory labor imposed by
the Spanish colonial authorities
on adult Filipino males in the
construction
of
churches,
schools, hospitals, buildings,
roads and bridges, ships etc.
-
Filipino males from 16 to 60
years old were obliged to
render forced labor for 40 days
a year.
 Wealthy ones were able to evade


forced labor by paying falla, a
sum of money.
Spaniards were not drafted to
forced labor,contrary to law, while
the Filipino polistas received only
a part of two pesetas (50
centavos) or worse nothing at all.
Disturbed the Indios’ work in the
farm and shops and separate
them from their families.
• Hacienda Owned by Friars



Friars owned the best haciendas and
the folks filling these lands even before
the coming of the Spaniards became
tenants – resulted in bloody agrarian
upheaval in 1745-1746.
Rizal tried to initiate agrarian reform in
1887 but in vain, ignited the wrath of
the Dominican Friars who retaliated by
raising land rentals.
Rizal in his “Indolence of the Filipinos”
in substance opined that Friars
ownership of best agricultural tract of
land contribute to the stagnation of
economy
• Guardia
Civil– created by Royal
Decree of February 12, 1852;
Maltreatment,
abuse,
robbers,
rapists.



The purpose of maintaining internal
peace and order in the Philippines but
later became infamous for their
rampant abuses.
Both officers and men were ill-trained
and undisciplined.
Rizal’s Noli exposed the guardia civil
through Elias as bunch of ruthless
ruffians, good only for disturbing the
peace and persecuting honest men.
References:
https://www.slideshare.net/MarcyTrinidad/spanishcolonial-government-part-ii
https://www.slideshare.net/MarcyTrinidad/spanishcolonial-government-part-i-16200712
https://www.slideshare.net/praejames245/economiclife-under-sp
https://www.slideshare.net/iamclaii/ge-rizalthe-philippines-of-rizals-time-11-evil-colonialpower?
Development of
Philippine
Nationalism
CAUSES
OF
FILIPINO REVOLTS
The Desire to regain our lost Freedom
• The Spanish Abuses/Oppression
The loss of Filipino Lands.
Two reasons why the revolts against the
Spain failed:
 Absence of
 Lack of
Nationalism.
National Leaders.
Nationalism
Love of Country.
 People of the nation become united and
work together for common aims.
Devotion to one’s country or fighting
for it’s independence.
 In the 19th Century, Philippine Nationalism
was born.
 People of a Nation become united and work
together for common aims.
 They wanted to be independent of Spain.
Liberalism from Europe
 Origins of 19th Century Liberalism
 The word was first used when the term was adopted
by the Spanish political party, the Liberales, in 1812.
 1868-1870- the revolt in Spain, which had deposed
Isabella II, succeeded in establishing a Provisional
Republic, which for about two years put liberalism in
control.
 General Carlos Maria de la Torre, a fierce liberal,
brought liberalism in the Philippines and was
appointed to be the Governor-General.
Factors that contributed to the
birth of Philippine
Nationalism
Mexico
 In 1821, Spain has lost their precious trade jewel
in the Pacific, Mexico.
 A revolution erupted and independence was
declared.
 The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico) was the
first and largest provider of resources for the
Spanish Empire.
The Opening of Philippines to the
World Trade in 1834
 The Philippines was opened by Spain to the World
Trade.
The Influx of liberal ideas from Europe
 Liberal ideas contained in books and
newspaper, shipped from Europe and
America.
 It also contained the thoughts of different
political philosophers.
The Opening of Suez Canal
 Built by Ferdinand De Lesseps
 It made the Philippines closer to the World trade,
communications, and travel.
 The Canal is 103 miles long, and connects the Red
Sea and Mediterranean Sea.
Secularization Movement
 Two kinds of priests that served the Catholic
Church in the Philippines
 Regular Priest • A priest that belongs to religious order
• A priest living according to a rule
 Secular Priest –
• A priest that does not belong to any religious order.
• A priest who does not live according to any rule of
a religious order, society , or congregation of
priests.
Cavite Mutiny of 1872
 Gov-General Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutierrez
replaced Gov. de la Torre in 1871 .
 He discarded the liberal measures by restoring the
“old order” of the Philippines.
January 20,
1872
 About 200 Filipino soldiers and dock workers of
Cavite, under the leadership of Sergeant La Madrid,
Mutinied and killed their Spanish Officers.
 It was suppressed and La Madrid and 41 others were
executed in Bagumbayan (present- Luneta) .
The Martyrdom of GOM-BUR-ZA
 Father’s Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora were accused of treason to Spain and tried in
an unfair trial.
 They were sentenced to death by Garrote on
February 17, 1872 in Bagumbayan (Luneta)
 The Filipino people deeply resented the
unjust execution of GOM-BUR-ZA
 Father’s Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora was
acclaimed to be the true Martyr’s of their
Fatherland.
 The execution of GOMBURZA speed up the
development of Philippine Nationalism.
The demanded reforms were:
1. Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before
2.
3.
4.
5.
the law;
Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular
province of Spain;
Restoration of the Philippine
representation in the Spanish Cortes (the
Parliament);
Filipinazation of Parishes;
Human Rights for Filipinos.
The
Leading
Propagandists
Jose Rizal – Dimasalang & Laong Laan
Marcelo del Pilar – Plaridel
Mariano Ponce –Naning
Antonio Luna – Tagalog
Jose Maria Panganiban – Jomapa
• Graciano Lopez Jaena
 In 1889, he
established La
Solidaridad in
Barcelona, Spain.
 He died of
tuberculosis.
La Solidaridad
 Organ of the
Propaganda
Movement
 was established in
February 15, 1889 –
October 13, 1889
 On December 1889,
M.H del Pilar became
the editor of La
Solidaridad
Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y Alonzo
Realonda
 Jose P. Rizal
 The most
outstanding among
the propagandists.
 Rizal was shot by
firing squad at
Bagumbayan
(Luneta) on Dec.
30, 1896.
 Rizal was the greatest writer of the
propaganda movement.
 Noli me Tangere
 El Filibusterismo
La Liga Filipina
In 1892, Jose Rizal returned to the
Philippines and proposed the establishment
of an organization called “La Liga Filipina.”
On July 3, 1892, the following were elected
as its officers:
Ambrosio Salvador as president:
Agustin dela Rosa, fiscal; Bonifacio Arevalo,
as treasurer;
and Deodato Arellano, as secretary.
Rizal as its adviser.
 “La Liga Filipina” aimed to:
1. Unite the whole country
2. Fight Violence and Injustice
3. Support Education, and implement reforms
 “La Liga Filipina” had no intention of rising
up in arms against the Spanish Government,
but the Spanish Officials still felt threatened.
 On July 6, 1892, Jose Rizal was arrested and
was deported to Dapitan, where he would stay
until 1896, shortly before the outbreak of the
revolution
 With the failure of the Propaganda Movement, the
Filipinos gave up the last hope to peaceful means.
 Andres Bonifacio, led the Filipinos to a new phase of
Social and Political awareness marked by the
founding of KATIPUNAN
Sources:
 Fernandez, P. (1992). Rizal: A Filipino Nationalist &
Patriot. Manila: Solidaridad
 Coates, A. (1992). Rizal: A Filipino Nationalist & Patriot.
Manila: Solidaridad.
 Joaquin, N. (1996). Rizal in Saga. Manila: Philippine
National Centennial Commission. 923.2599 J574 1996
 Guerrero, L.M. (2010). A Life for Student Fans by The
First Filipino. Manila: Guerrero Publishing. 959.902092
G937 2007
 https://www.slideshare.net/GwenNicoleDelfin/developm
ent-of-philippine-nationalism?qid=8a1b757e-b430-4224bef8-a41e4c493968&v=&b=&from_search=1
THE CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES
OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
The meaning and importance of a man’s task
can
be understood and appreciated when
viewed within a time frame and its proper
historical context.
To better understand and appreciate the role of
Jose Rizal in the making of a Filipino nation, one
has to know the developments in the century
when he lived, the period when he worked.
Learning Outcomes
Appraise the link between the individual and
society;
Analyze the various social, political, economic
and cultural changes that occurred in the
nineteenth century;
Understand Jose Rizal in the context of his
times.
NINETEENTH CENTURY
1801-1900
Era of challenges and responses
An age of enlightenment
A period of major changes which affected men and
society
An era that is marked by the collapse of what used to
be strong and huge empires such as Spain,
Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires.
6 IMPORTANT CHANGES IN THE
19TH CENTURY
1. Struggle for nationalism
2. Gradual spread of democracy
3. Modernization of living through the Industrial Revolution
4. Advance of Science
5. March of Imperialism
6. New Current in the movement of thought and growing
confidence on progress
NATIONS STRUGGLE FOR
NATIONALISM
NATIONS STRUGGLE FOR NATIONALISM
A feeling of oneness by a group of
people who believe that they
possess common traditions, culture
and common ideals or goals.
American Revolution (1775-1783)
Independence from Great Britain
French Revolution (17791789)
Overthrowing of absolutism
HOW TO RUN THE GOVERNMENT?
Country should be
free
from
domination and
that a country
should
enjoy
liberty, equality
and opportunity
In the “good old
days”
when
monarchs
and
kings ruled over
the subjects
Greece became independent nation from the Turks
on
1830.
Norwegians won their freedom from Swedes in
1905.
Italy became a free and united nation through the
work of Camillo Cavour, Joseph Mazzini and Joseph
Garibaldi in 1861.
Germany was united led by Iron Chancellor Otto
von Bismarck who adopted the policy of “blood
and iron” in 1871.
Simon Bolivar
“The
Liberator”
(Venezuela,
Colombia,
Bolivia and part of
Peru)
1867
1800 - 1825
Jose San Martin
“The Liberator”
(Argentina,
Chile and part
of Peru)
MEN FIGHT FOR DEMOCRACY
Political ideas of the nineteenth century
EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION ARE MULTIFARIOUS
Series of changes in the industry:
a. From hand work to machine work
b. Domestic system to the factory system
BEGAN IN ENGLAND IN 1760
Manufacturing
 Spinning jenny
 Spinning frame
 Spinning shuttle
 Cotton gin
 Sewing machine
Transportation
 Steam boats
 Steam locomotives
 Airplanes
 Automobiles
 Balloons
Communication
 Telephone
 Telegraph
 Wireless telegraphy
 Cable
 Postal service
 Newspapers
 Establishment of factories
 Employment of thousands of workers
 Large scale production of manufacturing goods
 Commodities became cheaper
 Towns and cities grew
 Improved standard of living
 Division of labor practiced (capitalists and laborers)
 Increase in population
 Advances in medical
knowledge and public
hygiene
 Opening of more lands for
cultivation
and commercialization
 Increase in national income
 Encouraged migration
RESPONSES TO THE GROWING
SOCIAL PROBLEMS CREATED BY
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
LIBERALS
 Adopted the laissez-faire policy to stimulate the growth of
factories
 Allow everybody to expand as much as he wished in his individual
enterprises
 Industrialists became powerful and rich
 Working men became poorer
 Unemployment and misery resulted
SOCIALISTS
Government should own and manage the means
of production
Benefit of all and not only for a few individuals
As long as the capitalists controlled the economic
life of people, no democracy
Claude Henri, Francois Fourier and Robert Owen
COMMUNISTS
 Authored Communist Manifesto
 Earliest socialists that reforms could be achieved gradually and peacefully through
normal political methods and with compensation for the private owners
 Only a violent revolution could improved the lot of workingmen
 Advocated
 abolition of private property in land
 centralization of all means of production in the hands of the state
 abolition of all rights of inheritance
 Confiscation of the property of emigrants and rebels
 Universal and equal obligation of work
CATHOLICISM
 Pope Leo XIII in Reform Novarum (The Conditions of Labor)
 Rights must be religiously respected
 Duty of public authority to prevent and punish injury
 Poor and helpless have special consideration upon questioning
its rights
 State has the right to regulate the use of private property and to
protect it
 Workers have the right to form unions
SCIENCE BECOMES THE
SERVANT OF MAN
Soul of the Nineteenth century
MODERN IMPERIALISM STARTS A
PROCESS OF HISTORIC CHANGE
Activity of a nation in extending its control and authority beyond its
territorial boundaries through the acquisition of new territories
Purpose of securing rea materials, markets for manufactured
products, additional food supplies, outlets for surplus population
and fields for investment of surplus capital
GROWING CONFIDENCE ON
PROGRESS INSPIRES OPTIMISM
Man made considerable progress in various fields
Democracy
Education
Science
Public Health
Literature
Music
Art
“ The divine flame of thought is
inextinguishable among Filipino people
and in some way or another it has to
shine and make it known. It is not
possible to brutalize the inhabitants of
the Philippines.”
QUESTIONS TO LIVE BY
1. Why is nationalism a desirable national goal?
2. Why is industrialism a continuing concern of society?
3. Do you agree with Rizal’s point of view that the pursuit of science is an ideal of
man?Why?
Sources:
 Dumol, P.A. (2018). The Nation as Project “Readings in Rizal’s Life” Manila:
Vibal
 Coates, A. (1968). Rizal, Philippine Nationalist and Martyr. Oxford: Oxford
University Press
 Palma, R. (1996). The Pride of the Malay Race. New York: Prentice-Hall.
928.954 R529 1966
 https://www.slideshare.net/hsaloria/rizal-in-19th-century-worldevents?qid=e9c951b6-10e7-45a6-998b06455d32b4d5&v=&b=&from_search=1