Backpacks
 Torso length = distance from the 7th cervical vertebra down to the top of the
iliac crest
 Weight of the backpack should be at the waist
 Greater role in creating back pain  All of the above
 Tip to remember while carrying a heavy backpack  lean slightly forward
 When should a hiker use trekking poles  All of the above
Clothing
 Which statement is false  Water is one of the worst conductors of heat
 Touching your cold camera  Conduction
 The More (or less) energy there is in a system, the more (or less) heat there
is in a system
 Which statement about perspiration is correct  Perspiration should be
wicked away
 Climbing Mt. Kilimanjaro, which option would you suggest  Rab Ascent
900+ fill goose down
 Which correctly matches the layer with its function  Base layer WICK,
Middle INSULATION, Outer Wind/Water resistance
 Which is not one of the three optimal fabrics  Cotton
 Most heat leaves the body in the form of radiation
 Circumstance lose heat in the form of convection  Being caught in a fierce
wind storm
 Benefit of super thin fibers  Synthetic fibers do not pack well but super
thin does
 Wear tight fitting clothes, true or false False
 Options for base layers  All of the above
 Hyperthermia and hypothermia are both very dangerous …True
 Fabric that absorbs water and insulates when wet  Wool
 Launch a store, fabric not to use for backcountry  Cotton
Foot problems
 Shoe fit for hiking boots  should be able to place index finger between his
shoe and his foot
 Blister that’s 1.5cm  No guideline for definitive TX
 Socks for a long backpack trip  doesn’t matter if you wear one of 2 layers
 Blisters are formed by friction. Friction is formed by normal force
 Next step in treating her  cover with a dual layer pad
 What is true for arches of the foot  All of these are true
 28 year old woman 5 day back pack, what is true in the management of this
pt  Examine her shoes
 Some friends of yours…look at her feet and tell her to  clip her toenails
 18 y/o athlete  needs to purchase a hiking shoe
Flash Floods
 Where can a flash flood occur  all of the above
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Dangers of being caught in a flash flood  All of the above
You and your friends…most appropriate precaution  postpone the trip
Heavy rainfall… False
You are about to begin…appropriate precaution to take postpone the trip
T/F flash floods always occur simultaneously with rainfall  False
Crossing a Stream
 You are preparing to cross a stream all of the above
 You are enjoying a fun solo hike  upstream
 You are hiking. A train that you  false
 You get to a stream and need to cross it  Always keep your shoes on
 What rule about crossing streams is true  ditch your pack if you take a
swim
 You and your friends are hiking  No, rope bridges are not safe
First Aid Kits
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o
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Climbing and canyoneering  need splints, analgesics, and rescue equipment
for difficult evacuations
If there are diabetics on your trip, your box must contain a way to keep the
insulin cool
Tylenol (not ASA or ibuprofen) is safe for head injuries because it doesn’t
thin the blood
PAWS  Prevention/Procedures, Analgesics/Antibacterials/Antiseptics,
Wound care, Survival
Put honey in kit instead of antibacterial ointments because there’s a lot of
resistance to ABX (honey can fight MRSA)
Rescue equipment
Water Treatment
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
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Treat water to kill pathogens that would hurt humans (doesn’t need to be
sterilized), and make water taste better
Must do at least 2 methods to make sure water is safe
Purify = remove taste, odor, and smell
Disinfect = remove and destroy pathogens that are harmful to humans (this
is what we want to do to water)
Sterilize = remove all life forms (don’t need to do this to water)
Filtration = passing water through a membrane
Boiling kills all human harming pathogens
Bacteria  heat, filtration, and chemicals
Viruses  heat and chemicals
Protozoa/worms/cysts  filter and heat
Halogens (chemical disinfection like chlorine and iodine) major
problem = improper treatment by the user (factors that affect halogen
concentration are temp, pH, and presence of contaminants)
Chlorine dioxide (not chlorine bleach) treats both Giardia and
Cryptosporidium
Boil water for 3 minutes if you’re above 6562 feet (2k meters)
Murky water TX steps: screening, standing, flocculating
Tannins and Humics taste bitter
o
UV TX is least affective against viruses
 Risks include reactivation of pathogens and no long term residual
TX(UV doesn’t stay in the water to continue treating it)
o
o
o
Lightening strikes occur most frequently in central Africa
Open fields or in water = highest chance of being struck
EKG findings after lightening strike = arrhythmias, prolonged QT, PVC’s, T wave inversion. + Transient HTN, CHF, asystole, A.Fib, apnea, and hypoxemia
Triage for multiple strike victims: attend to the one who appears dead first
because they’ll need chest compressions or respirations
 Prognostic factor = duration of apnea, NOT duration of cardiac
arrest
Lightning injures more than it kills, crouching down doesn’t make you safer,
cars are safe because the lightening strike goes around the vehicle frame into
the ground (metal frame saves you).
 Convertibles, bikes, etc. don’t offer this protection)
Death most commonly occurs due to ground current
Lightening
o
o
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