THE CONTEMPORARY
WORLD
Julyven Marta Fridas Maniscan-Padrigon, LPT
MS Development Management & Governance
An Introduction
GLOBALIZATION
■ Different people encounter globalization in a
variety of ways
■ Is it good or bad?
■ Beneficial or not?
Two Premises:
1. It is a complex phenomenon
that occurs at multiple levels.
2. It is an uneven process that
affects people differently.
Globalization
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What is Globalization?
• The term encompasses all types of economic and cultural transfers
between nations – including domination of the media and
widespread use of the world wide web.
• Globalization describes the increased mobility of goods, services,
labor, technology and capital throughout the world.
Source: Carr, M., & Chen, M. A. (2002). Globalization and the informal economy: How global trade and investment
impact on the working poor (pp. 92-2). Geneva: International Labour Office.
GLOBALIZATION
‘The expansion and intensification of
social relations and consciousness across
world-time and across world-space.’
-Manfred Steger-
■ Expansion refers to both the creation of new social
networks and the multiplication of existing
connections that cut across traditional, political,
economic, cultural, and geographic boundaries.
■ Intensification refers to the expansion, stretching,
and acceleration of these networks.
Globalization
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What is Globalization?
• In a simple term, Globalization means “International Integration”
• It is a process of unification of the world in terms of dimensions:
o Economic unification – EU, ASEAN, NAFTA
o Social unification – UN, mobility of people, free movement
o Cultural unification – International Organizations/Community
o Technological unification- Social Media, Web
Source: Carr, M., & Chen, M. A. (2012). Globalization and the economy: How global trade and investment impact on the
working poor (pp. 92-2). Geneva: International Labour Office.
Globalization
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Drivers of Globalization
1. Technological drivers
• Transportation, microprocessors, telecommunications, and the
internet
2. Political drivers
• Liberalized trading rules and deregulated markets lead to
lowered tariffs and allowed FDIs
• GATT (1947), WTO (1995)
3. Market drivers
• Domestic market saturated, global expanding to survive
• Search for common customer needs and global marketing
channels (incentives to choose internationalization)
Source: Northrup, D. (2015). Globalization in Historical Perspective. World System History, http://www. eolss.
net/sample-chapters/c04/e6-94-16. pdf,(19.04. 2015).
Globalization
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Drivers of Globalization
4. Cost drivers
• Cheap labor
• Automation of production for efficiency and lowering cost
5. Competitive drivers
• With the global market, global inter-firm competition increases
which leads to mergers, acquisitions, and partnerships
Source: Northrup, D. (2015). Globalization in Historical Perspective. World System History, http://www. eolss.
net/sample-chapters/c04/e6-94-16. pdf,(19.04. 2015).
GLOBALISM
It is a widespread belief among powerful people
that the global integration of economic markets
is beneficial for everyone, since it spreads
freedom and democracy across the world.
Different Kinds of Globalization
(Arjun Appadurai)
■ Ethnoscape- refers to the global movement of
people.
■ Mediascape- flow of culture
■ Financescape- denotes the global circulation of
money
■ Ideoscape- the realm where political ideas move
around.