INTRODUCTION Basic Architectural Drawings ● Cover Page ○ Project Documentation ○ Approval Box for Authorities ○ Location Map (2km radius) ○ Vicinity Map (500m radius) ○ Setting of the Project ○ Landmarks and Roads ○ Zones and Boundaries ○ Natural and Man-made Features ○ Orientation ○ Perspective ○ Site Development Plan ● Floor Plans ● Roof Plan ● Elevations ● Sections Supplemental Architectural Drawings ● Reflected Ceiling Plan ● Floor Pattern and Layout ● Schedule of Doors ● Schedule of Windows ● Stair Details ● Toilet Details ● Kitchen Details ● Other Room and Architectural Details Working Drawings - A graphical representation to show how the building is to be constructed; also called Construction Drawings. Who uses these Working Drawings? ● Contractor/Builder ● Suppliers ● Project Manager ● Owner ● Fabricator Architectural Drawings - Layout and structure, features Engineering Drawings - Shows how structure will be built - Ex. foundation plan, framing plan, beam detail, slab detail, stairs detail, roof details Basic Symbols asic Abbreviations B ● Elevation - Elev. ● Center Line - CL ● Fixed - F ● Down - Dn ● Galvanized Iron - G.I. ● Closet - Clo. ● Concrete Hallow Blocks - CHB ● Finish Floor Line - FFL ● Natural Ground Line - NGL ● Room - R ● Lavatory - L ● Sink - S. ● Washing Machine - W.M. ● Walk-in-Closet - W.I.C. ● Shower - Sho. ● Reinforced Concrete - R.C ● Range - R. ● Refrigerator - Ref. CONCRETE POURING - - - - The concrete will arrive in a ready mixed concrete truck, the drum will be spinning slowly to keep it from settling It will be poured into the form Whole night to pour the concrete MAT FOUNDATION - - Also known as Raft Foundation A continuous slab resting on a soil that extends over the entire footprint of the building Used when the soil is weak, as it distributes the weight of the building over the entire area of the building Once the tool will be filled with material it will be withdrawn with kelly bar The reinforcement cage will be placed Concrete will be delivered and discharged directly DRIVEN PILE - Process: ● Preparation includes dewatering and controlling of water from seeping through the excavated surface ● After that, preparation and installation for rebars and formworks for Mat Foundation can proceed EXCAVATION AND CLEARING - RETAINING WALL - Preventing it from collapsing, preventing erosion, provide support where soil angle of a post is exceeded or otherwise collapsed in a more natural form Principal characteristic: being able to withstand the pressure of the retained material, which is the soil Deep foundation Also known as Displacement Pile Provide support for structure, transferring of loads A pile hammer is used to drive the pile to the the ground to compact the soil around the side which lead to densification of the mass and intensify bearing capacity The blow count is the number of times the pile must be structured to achieve desired depth Before excavation, we need to clear the site from any debris There is need for support on the sides (sandbags/sheet piles) The water needs to be drained if it is present, a lot of clearing BORED PILE Process: ● Remove water; clearing out ● After water is removed, we place the gravel bedding ● Then, put link concrete before the final pouring of concrete after we place the rebars - ISOLATED FOOTING - - Reinforcement cages will be pre-fabricated and relocated in accordance to approved drawing Will be performed via combined rotation and pull down force applied to the tool - Most economical footing, square/rectangular shape 1m to 1.5m depth from NGL The base is covered w/ gravel bedding PDA TESTING SHEET PILING - - - “Pile Driving Analyzing Test” Dynamic Load Testing Understand and know our design, a fast reliable of evaluating foundation load bearing capacity Accelerometers attached to foundation measure force and velocity Detect possible caving in during pouring REBAR INSTALLATION - - - - Rebars are either pre-fabricated or constructed on site using hydraulic vendors and sheer Most of the time we use site laborer known as steel men, they place rebar and sheer adequate concrete cover and embedment using concrete spacer Rebars are connected either by spot welding or tying steel wire or mechanical connection Traditional formworks is fabricated using timber but usually phenolic plywood but you can also use steel - - SLAB ON GRADE AND SUSPENDED SLAB - - REBAR TEST - - Tension test provide information about strength and ductility of material Tensile test to place a sample of material in between of two fixture called grit one top and bottom which clamp the material which is the steel bar, we begin to apply weight to the material grit, we keep increasing weight called load of ore force at the same time measuring the length of sample Bend Test Used to provide temporary and permanent walls in construction industry Used as excavation support and for soil retention Creates a border that keep the soil path away from the structure They are designed to interlock w/ each other, they are installed in sequence along the plan excavation When arranged together they form a wall for permanent or temporary support along with anchors for extra lateral support - - Soil is compacted first either manually or with equipment then gravel bedding will be placed, and a pair of barrier polyethylene sheet for moisture protection Concrete spacers are placed to ensure proper concrete cover Soil poisoning is done as termite treatment Slab on grade means the slab directly supported by grade meaning the bottom structure which is normally earth For suspended slab, these are grouped into two types: - One way slab (supported by 2 sides) - Two way slab (supported by 4 sides) - Usually 2mm thk Concrete is allowed to cure 7 to 28 days after pouring depending on its design BEAMS - - - Reinforce concrete beams are structural members that can be used to carry both horizontal and vertical loads Made by encasing steel bars or steel plates within the concrete - It increases the beam strength Beams having reinforcements are called “Reinforced Concrete Beams” Five (5) Types of Beams 1. Simple Beam - A beam having a single span only; supported at its end without restrain at the support 2. Semi-Continuous Beam - A beam with two spans with or without restraint at two extreme ends 3. Continuous Beam - A beam that rests on more than two supports 4. Cantilever Beam - A beam supported on one end and the other end beyond the support, beam or wall 5. T-Beam - A beam poured simultaneously thereby producing a monolithic structure where the portion of the slab at both sides of the beam serves as flanges of such beam Beam Detailing Top Bar Any of the longitudinal bars serving as tension reinforcement in the section of a concrete beam or slab subject to a negative moment Bottom Bar Any of the longitudinal bars serving as tension reinforcement in the section of a concrete beam or slab subject to a positive moment Web Bars Some beams with deep sections have to be provided with steel reinforcement at the side center portion which is called a web bar. It is placed on concrete beams to resist diagonal tension Extra Bars The second lower layer of the beam reinforcements along the top bars and the second upper layer at the bottom bars which were cut and hooked on its edges is what we call extra bars or sometimes we call it additional bars. It increases the strength of the beam Bends All ends of beams and rebars must be bended to the reinforcements of the structure where it is attached Stirrups Provided on beams to resist shear and als hold the longitudinal reinforcements in place - Spacing of stirrups start from 0.05 or 2”, .10 or 4”, .15 or 6” and a maximum at .20 or 8” These are welded or tied to a beam rebar using #16 G.I. wire Computing for the Length of Extra Bars in a Beam 1. Verify the Length of the Beam - Using the placement of dimension lines on column-column span 2. Compute for the Clear Length - Subtract the length of beam to the width of the left column (CwL) and half of the width of the right column (CwR) 3. Compute for CL/4 & CL/5 - ¼ of the clear span will be the length of extra bars along the 2 supports of the beam at the top from inside portion of left and right columns - ⅕ of the clear span will be the clearance from inside portion of the left and right columns up to 2 edges of extra bars along the center or mid span of the beam Intermediate Beams For the intermediate beam, the solution will be the same. But since intermediate beam is attached on beams and not on column, the clear length between the left and right beams where the intermediate beam is attached will be the one to be computed Cantilever Beams For cantilever beams, since this beam is supported on one side only, the top portion is subjected to tensile stress and the bottom is subjected to compressive stress. So, more straight reinforcements will be provided at the top portion of the cantilever beam and less at the bottom Note: Concrete is Strong on Compression and Weak of Tension FLOOR FRAMING Slab Reinforcements: Compute for the Length of Slab Steel Bars to Bend ● One-Way Slab ○ Supported by beams on two opposite side to carry the load along one direction at the shorter span ○ Steps: 1. Verify the length of slab along the shorter span 2. Compute for the Clear Length - Subtract the length of slab to the width of the left beam and half of the width of the right beam 3. Compute for CL/4 - ¼ of the clear span will be the length of steel bars need to bend on two opposite sides of the slab ● Two-Way Slab ○ Steps: 1. Same with the one way slab, verify the length of slab on one side 2. Compute for Clear Length same with One-Way Slab 3. Compute for CL/4 same with One-Way Slab 4. Then, same computation will be applied on the two sides of the slab, since two-way slab are likely to bend along four supporting sides ● Cantilever Slab ○ For Cantilever Slab, the top portion is also subjected to tensile stress and the bottom is subjected to compressive stress. Again, “Concrete is Strong on Compression and Weak of Tension” ○ Therefore, reinforcements will be provided at the top portion of the slab with a concrete cover of 0.25 or 1” and no need to provide reinforcements at the lower portion of the cantilever slab FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM & STRUCTURAL INTERPRETATION Sample Structural Design Plans ● Cover Sheet: General Notes ○ Concrete Strength Requirements ○ Design Standards ○ Codes ○ Slab Details ● Sheet 2: Connection Details ● Sheet 3: details on how structural edges terminate and relevant connection details are drawn ● Foundation Plan ● Floor Framing Plan ○ Floorplans showing all the column, partitions of the said floor including the beams and slabs ○ All structural elements must be properly labeled ● Schedule of Steel Reinforcement for Beams Two Types of Slabs 1. One-Way Slab - A slab supported by beams at opposite sides to carry the load along 1 direction - The ratio of the longer span to the shorter span is equal/greater than 2 - Bend in one direction and in the direction of the longer span 2. Two-Way Slab - A slab supported by beams on all its 4 sides - Loads are carried along by the supports in both directions - The ratio of the longer span to the shorter span is less than 2 Essentials in a Floor Framing Plan: - Columns - Beams - Type of Slab CONSTRUCTION SUPPLEMENTARIES Shoring Is the construction of a temporary structure to support temporarily an unsafe structure Formworks Is the construction of a temporary structure to support temporarily an unsafe structure. Usually made of phenolic board Phenolic Board Can be used multiple times Concrete Spacers Placed to provide ample concrete cover from the soffit Power Trowels To ensure that slabs are aligned STAIR DETAILS Stairs A means for moving users from one level to another (Ching, 2008) (h) Stairs Stairs shall be at least 750 mm in clear width, with a rise of 200mm and a minimum run of 200mm Types of Stair Plans 1. Straight Run - No turns/winders 2. Quarter Turn “L” - Makes a right angle in the path of travel that the flight of stairs is connected by intervening landing 3. Half Turn “U” - Turns 180 degrees at a landing 4. Winding/ WInder Stair - Uses “winders” instead of landings for the turn 5. Circular Stairs - Has circular plan configuration 6. Spiral Stairs - Wedge-shaped threads supported by a central post 3. Handrails - placed on sides of stairs for hand grip in order to prevent injurious falls 4. Guardrails - placed on sides and unenclosed openings 5. Threads - horizontal parts which people step on a. Min from NBC: 250 mm 6. Riser - vertical part of the step a. Min from NBC: 200 mm 7. Nosing - extends beyond the riser as a projection of the thread 8. Baluster - any number of closely spaced support for a railing; collectively, it is known as balustrade 9. Newel (Post) - the post at the top/bottom of the flight of the stairs Stair Detailing Stair Plan Types of Stair Construction 1. Wood Stairs 2. Steel Stairs 3. Concrete Stairs Stair Parts 1. Stair Width - depends on code and occupant load requirement; avoid railings to generate clear width a. Min from NBC: 750 mm 2. Landing - should be as wide as the stairway they serve 1. 2. 3. 4. Decide on thread measurement Decide on riser height Get intended height of floor to floor Divide floor to floor height with the intended riser height, the result will be the number of steps 5. Draw stairs on plan view a. Step numbers b. Railing locations c. Stair gaps d. Nosing extensions e. Grid lines f. Walls and windows g. Labels, text, dimensions h. Stair directional arrows Stair Elevation ● Full height of stairs ● Levels ● Railings ● Step numbers ● Detail call outs Stair Details ● Material connections ● Handrail details ● Thread and riser measurements ● Finishes Detailing Stair Rebars ● ● ● Consider the stair as a one-way slab rotated diagonally Lower ends is connected to stair footing and connected to landing beams Bar Profile - these bars don’t carry major loading but rather hold the concrete in place in the steps STEEL TRUSS DETAIL Truss Triangulated combination of members and joints that forms a rigid structural component of the roof designed to support both permanent and imposed loads Steel Roof Trusses Used mainly for the industrial buildings where free space requirements are essential for more working areas. The span of truss varies from 10’-0” to 300’-0” depending on the type of requirement and the available spaces Why Use Structural Steel Trusses? ● Steel is highly durable material ● Steel has a high resistance to fire and pest infestation ● Steel trusses ensure that you do not experience pest and termite problem to which timber is susceptible ● Steel is a material which is 100% recyclable, and when fabricators prepare steel structures, the material they use is 90% recycled Parts of a Common Roof Truss 1. King Post - central vertical post working in tension to support the beam below from the truss apex above 2. Top Chord/rafter - sloping or 3. horizontal member that establishes the upper edge of the truss; it is the inclined member placed above the purlins and extends ridge to eave 4. Metal Gussets - used to connect altogether the truss members 5. Web members - joins the top and bottom chord of the truss to form a triangular pattern 6. Bottom chord - horizontal or sloping member that establishes the lower edge of a truss and usually carries combined bending and tension stresses 7. Bearing Point - it is where the truss is supported by a wall or other structural members such as a column/beam 8. C-Purlins - horizontal members panning between trusses connected to the top of the top chord to support a roof covering 9. Angle Bars Cleat - support the C-Purlins; used to connect purlin to principal rafter 10. G.I. Ridge - where the two sloped of the top chord meet; highest point/ apex of the roof BAY SECTION ● ● Shows the composition and assembly of the different building systems Shows profiles and layers of architectural finishes together with construction methods and engineering requirements Bay ● Space in between two architectural or structural elements such as walls and columns ● May show interior and exterior elements ● May show singl;e or multiple level including sub-structures STRUCTURAL CONCEPT ● ● ● 3d representation to convey structural systems of the building Includes: ○ Footing ○ Columns ○ Beams ○ Shear Walls ○ Trusses It is provided to understand the placements of structural elements
