No. 125 Brgy. San Sebastian
Lipa City, Batangas, Philippines
Mobile
Telephone
Gmail
: 0927 283 8234
: (043) 723 8412
: icarecpareview@gmail.com
TRADE RECEIVABLES
A receivable is the right to receive cash, another asset (goods) or services
Receivables may be current or noncurrent and trade or nontrade.
 The rules on current and noncurrent classification are discussed in detail under PAS 1
and are primarily also based on the receivable as either trade or nontrade
 Trade receivables arise from the sale of goods or services to customers and in the
form of accounts receivable or notes receivable while nontrade receivables are
receivables from all other types of transactions like advances to officers and employees
and advances to other entities.
Accounts receivables arise from credit sales also known as “sales on account”. The amount to
be recorded as accounts receivable from sales on account shall be the “Invoice Price” which is
the amount after deducting trade discounts from the List Selling Price. But it is important to take
note that trade discounts are not separately accounted for and are ignored for recording
purposes.
Example: An item is sold to a credit customer under terms of 2/15 and net 30, FOB shipping point
terms with a list selling price of P2,000,000 with trade discounts of 20% and 10%. The Invoice
price is computed as follows:
List selling price
Less: 20% trade discount
Net
Less: 10% trade discount
Invoice price
2,000,000
400,000
1,600,000
160,000
1,440,000
As mentioned, the entry will not include the total trade discount of P560,000 (400,000 + 160,000)
but instead only the P1,440,000 amount will be recorded as follows:
Accounts Receivable
Sales
1,440,000
1,440,000
The following transactions also affect accounts receivable in computing for the ending balance:
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
+ Credit Sales
(-) Sales returns and allowances
+ Recovery of accounts written off (-) Sales discounts
(-) Collections including recovery
(-) Write off
(-) Factored accounts
The write off for accounts receivable under the allowance method is recorded by:
Allowance for doubtful accounts
Accounts Receivable
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xx
xx
TSIY/RSORIANO
No. 125 Brgy. San Sebastian
Lipa City, Batangas, Philippines
Mobile
Telephone
Gmail
: 0927 283 8234
: (043) 723 8412
: icarecpareview@gmail.com
So therefore, the recovery or the collection on an accounts receivable that already has been
written off cannot be recorded by simply debiting cash and crediting accounts receivable. The
entry for the write off must be reversed and before recording the collection with the following two
entries:
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for doubtful accounts
xx
xx
Cash
Accounts Receivable
xx
xx
Combining the two entries will be more efficient by recording as follows:
Cash
Allowance for doubtful accounts
xx
xx
The ending balance of accounts receivable shall be presented as part of current assets under the
heading of “trade and other receivables” at the Net Realizable Value (expected cash value) or
“amortized cost”
The net realizable shall be computed after deducting an allowance for the following:
 Sales returns – Value of merchandise expected to be returned by customers as a result
in error of deliveries and defects
 Sales discounts – Value of price savings to customers expected to pay within the
discount period and take advantage of the cash discount.
 Freight charges – Amount of freight charges collected by the shipper from the buyer
even though the shipment was under FOB destination terms. This amount shall not be
remitted by the buyer hence deducted from the receivable.
 Doubtful accounts – Allowance for expected uncollectability that is an inherent risk from
selling on credit.
Allowance Method for Doubtful Accounts vs. Direct Write-off Method
Allowance
Direct Write-off
Application
Generally Accepted
Non-GAAP
Accounts considered
Expense and Increase
doubtful
the Allowance
Write-off
Recovery
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Not accounted for
Debit Allowance and Credit
Debit expense and
AR
Credit AR
Debit AR and credit
Debit AR and
Allowance
credit expense
TSIY/RSORIANO
No. 125 Brgy. San Sebastian
Lipa City, Batangas, Philippines
Mobile
Telephone
Gmail
: 0927 283 8234
: (043) 723 8412
: icarecpareview@gmail.com
The computation for the doubtful accounts expense which is an adjusting entry and the allowance
for doubtful accounts will be as follows:
Beginning balance
Write off
Recovery
Balance before adjustment
Doubtful accounts expense
Ending balance
X
(X)
X
X
X
X
There are 3 methods in estimating doubtful accounts:
1) The percentage of net credit sales method which will provide the amount of doubtful
accounts expense for the year and therefore is a method that emphasizes proper matching
of doubtful accounts against sales. This amount will then be added to the balance before
adjustment, the total of the two will then be the amount of allowance at yearend or after
adjustment.
2) The percentage of accounts receivable method will provide the amount of required
allowance for doubtful accounts and just like its counterpart the “Aging Method”, the
amount of doubtful accounts expense will be worked back as an adjustment to the
amount of required allowance.
3) The Aging of accounts receivable method that is arguably the most accurate of all three
methods since an analysis is made and each classification of accounts receivable is
multiplied by a specific rate of the estimate of uncollectability. Naturally older accounts
receivable are more likely to be uncollectible compared to newer or more recent sales.
RECEIVABLE FINANCING
Receivable Financing is the acceleration of collection of receivables either by using accounts
receivable as loan collateral, selling the receivables without recourse and discounting of notes
receivable.
1. The use of receivables as a loan collateral can either be an designated as a pledging of
accounts receivable or an assignment of accounts receivables.
Pledging
 Total or all of the accounts receivable
is used.
 A disclosure is made of the fact that
receivables have been pledged.
 The accounts receivable is accounted
for normally but are not reclassified.
 Accounting for the loan shall be made
with respect to the proceed, recording
of interest and payment of the
principal.
Assignment
 A specific portion or specific accounts
receivable are used a collateral. Not
all of the accounts receivable balance.
 A reclassification is made on the
assigned accounts.
 Information on the “equity on the
assigned accounts or of the assignor”
is disclosed in the notes.
 The “equity in the assigned accounts”
is the difference between the balance
of the assigned accounts and the
balance of the loan.
2. The absolute sale of receivables is known as factoring and can be either a “casual factoring”
transaction or “factoring as a continuing agreement”.
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TSIY/RSORIANO
No. 125 Brgy. San Sebastian
Lipa City, Batangas, Philippines
Mobile
Telephone
Gmail
: 0927 283 8234
: (043) 723 8412
: icarecpareview@gmail.com
Casual factoring is a sale of the receivables at a discount. This is similar to any type of sale of
an asset in order to generate cash quickly. However the sale is always made below the carrying
amount or the net realizable value of the accounts receivable and therefore a loss shall be
recognized as follows:
Face value of AR
Less: Service fee or commissions
Selling price
Less: Accounts receivable
Allowances
Loss on factoring
X
(X)
X
X
X
X
(X)
Factoring as a continuing agreement involves the sale of accounts receivable to a financing
entity on a long term basis and where the buyer is committed to buy the receivables before the
actual goods are sold to the customers on credit. In other words, the collection and credit
responsibilities are surrendered to the buyer as soon as goods are delivered to the customers.
The following items shall be deducted from the face value of the receivables:
Face value of AR
Less: Service fee or commissions
Interest charges
Factor’s holdback
Proceeds from factoring
X
X
X
X
X
X
Both the service fee and interest shall be recognized as a loss, meanwhile the factor’s
holdback is a receivable and an amount where the factor shall deduct the sales discounts and
sales returns taken by the seller’s customers before finally remitting to the seller the remaining
balance when all of the accounts receivable is collected.
3. Notes receivable can also be sold but is usually with recourse meaning the seller is contingently
liable if the maker of the promissory is not able to pay the maturity value at maturity date.
Discounting of Notes Receivable can either be accounted for as a conditional sale or a secured
borrowing. The only difference between the two methods is the recognition of a loss and
interest expense as well as recording a liability under a secured borrowing arrangement.
Discounting of notes receivable shall involve the following computation:
Face value or principal
Interest on maturity
Maturity value
Less: Discount (MV x DR x remaining term)
Proceeds from discounting
X
X
X
X
X
The discount rate (DR) shall be determined by the bank buying the note, however if there is
no discount rate provided, the same rate on the note shall be used as the discount rate.
The remaining term is also known as the “discount period”.
The total receivable shall also be computed on the date of the discounting which is the face value
plus the accrued interest from the date of the note. This amount shall then be compared with the
proceeds of the discounting and a “loss” shall be recognized for the difference.
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TSIY/RSORIANO
No. 125 Brgy. San Sebastian
Lipa City, Batangas, Philippines
Mobile
Telephone
Gmail
: 0927 283 8234
: (043) 723 8412
: icarecpareview@gmail.com
The entry for the discounting shall be as follows:
Cash
Loss on discounting
Notes receivable discounted
Interest income or interest receivable
xx
xx
xx
xx
The note receivable discounted account is credited rather than writing off the notes receivable
account because of the contingent liability feature of the discounting transaction. However, this
account shall be a contra-asset account and deducted from the total notes receivable to be
presented in the statement of financial position.
Valuation or the Carrying Amount of Notes Receivable
 Notes receivable shall be presented at its present value or the discounted value of its cash
flows.
 As a rule, if the note is interest bearing with an interest rate that is a realistic interest rate,
the face value of the note shall be equal to its present value. An exception to this rule is
that noninterest bearing notes shall not be discounted if they are short term. Although
there is still a difference between the face value and the present value, the discount is
deemed to be immaterial and therefore computing for the present value shall not be
necessary.
 Therefore, noninterest bearing notes receivable that are long-term will be the situation that
will require the discounting of future cash flows in order to present the notes at their
present value.
 However, even if a note is interest bearing but if the interest rate is unreasonably low, it
will be necessary to compute for the present value of the cash flows which will include the
future interest computed on the low interest rate.
 If the note if a term note, the present value of 1 concept shall be applied. If the note is an
installment note and the installments and intervals are equal, the present value of an
ordinary annuity shall be used.
 The 12-month collection period shall also be applied to determine if it is a current asset or
non-current asset. However, the present value shall be the amount to be presented,
hence the related discount shall be deducted from the face value of the note representing
the cash flow the will be collected within 12 months or more than 12 months.
Loan Impairment Loss – Both PFRS 9 and US GAAP requires the assessment of the
collectability of a loan receivable and whenever circumstances and present information and
events indicate that it will be probable that any portion of the principal and interest agreed upon
will not be collected an allowance for the present value of cash flows that will not be collected
shall be recognized. The computation and corresponding entry shall be as follows:
PV of expected cash flows
Less: Face value
Accrued interest
Loan impairment loss
Loan impairment loss
Interest receivable
Allowance for loan impairment
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X
X
X
X
(X)
xx
xx
xx
TSIY/RSORIANO
No. 125 Brgy. San Sebastian
Lipa City, Batangas, Philippines
Mobile
Telephone
Gmail
: 0927 283 8234
: (043) 723 8412
: icarecpareview@gmail.com
The interest receivable shall be written off if interest income already recognized shall not be
realized or collected after the recognition of the impairment loss. Meanwhile the allowance shall
be deducted from the remaining balance of the notes receivable and shall be amortized to interest
income similar to the unearned interest income or discount of notes receivable for noninterest
bearing notes receivable. Subsequent transactions shall be recorded as follows:
Collections of remaining cash flows
Cash
Loans receivable
xx
xx
Amortization of the allowance for loan impairment
Allowance for loan impairment
Interest income
xx
xx
The carrying amount of the Loans Receivable will be computed as follows at the date of
recognition of the impairment loss and at each balance sheet date:
Loans receivable (balance)
Less: Allowance for loan impairment
Net carrying amount
X
X
X
END
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TSIY/RSORIANO