BIOLOGY REVIEWER
Types of Stems
FINAL PLANT & ANIMAL ORGAN SYSTEM
Eukaryotes
▪ Membrane-bound
Prokaryotes
▪ not enclosed by a membrane
Cell is both a system and a subsystem
▪ Component of an entire subsystem
Basic Features of All Cells
▪ Plasma membrane
▪ Semifluid substance called cytosol
▪ Chromosomes (carry genes)
▪ Ribosomes (make proteins)
What is an organ?
▪ self-contained group of tissues that performs a
specific function in the body
▪ This in turn comes from the Greek word ὄργανον
(órganon), which refers to a musical instrument or
“organ of the body”
Organ System
▪ Group of organs
Endoskeleton
▪ a skeleton found within the interior of the body; it
provides structural support and protection for the
internal organs and tissues of an organism.
Exoskeleton
▪ rigid covering found on the exterior of many animals,
particularly invertebrates
▪ responsible for supporting the structure of an
animal’s body.
Similarities in Plants and Animals
▪ Support System
▪ Protective System
▪ Vascular System
▪ Sensory Organs
▪ Respiratory System
▪ Reproductive System
o Among these similarities are their support
systems, protective coverings, vascular
systems, sensory organs, means for
respiration, and reproductive systems.
SUPPORT SYSTEM
PROTECTIVE SYSTEM
Animal Coverings
▪ Shells
o Hard outer covering that protects animals
▪ Feathers
o All birds have feathers and they do many
jobs for birds
▪ Skin
o A type of outer layer used to protect animals
▪ Fur
o The short, fine or soft hair of animals
▪ Spines
o Or quilts, are a hard needle-like structure
▪ Scales
o The plates that protect the skin of creatures
Cuticle
▪ Waxy covering
▪ Cuticle adapts in reducing water loss
Evaporation
▪ liquid to gas at a given boiling temp and pressure
▪ type of vaporization
▪ It changes in phase (liquid to gas) even without
reaching 100
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Arteries, like veins, are tube-shaped vessels that
carry blood in the body.
The chief difference between arteries and veins is the
job that they do.
o Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from
the heart to the body, and
o veins carry oxygen-poor blood back from the
body to the heart.
o Capillaries are tiny, thin blood vessels that
allow oxygen and nutrients to flow to nearby
tissue.
Vaporization
▪ solid or liquid to gas
▪ needs to reach 100 C
Alcohol in the market
▪ 70%
▪ The more concentrated, the more effective the
substance is
▪ Alcohol is a volatile substance
o it easily evaporates
▪ 100% alcohol is corrosive to the skin/highly volatile
VASCULAR SYSTEM
SENSORY SYSTEM
Phototrophinic
▪ plants response to sun
Gravitisism
▪ response to gravity
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Stomates
▪ exchange of gases in leaves
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
WOMEN: PISTIL
Stigma
- Receives the pollen
Style
- The tube that leads
to the ovary
Ovary
- Contains ovules of
the female egg cell
Ovules
- Becomes the seed
or the fruit of the
plant when
fertilized
MEN: STAMEN
Anther
- Produces pollen
(male gametes)
Filament
- Holds the anther
Pollen
- Male fertilizing
agent of flowering
plants, trees
grasses, and weeds
gametes in the process of mitosis. It will unite with
another, it will form 2n from the zygote and it will
form a new plant ->
o Plants
® gametes are produced thru mitosis
o Humans
® meiosis
Three types of sexual life cycles—most fungi and some
protists
Three types of sexual life cycles—plants and some algae
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Plants and some algae exhibit an alternation of
generations
o Plants both have the sporophyte and
gametophyte in all one cycle, from 2n to n.
The diploid organism, called the Sporophyte, makes
haploid spores by meiosis
Each spore grows by mitosis into a haploid organism
called a Gametophyte
A gametophyte makes haploid gametes by mitosis
Fertilization of gametes results in a diploid
sporophyte
Plants are diploid in nature
Sporophyte
o diploid (2n) produces spores through
meiosis
We have the 2n plant called sporophyte, it will
produce spores and this spores are haploid from 2n it
becomes n because it undergo meiosis. This plan is
still haploid it is called gametophyte. It will produce
•
In most fungi and some protists, the only diploid
stage is the single-celled zygote; there is no
multicellular diploid stage
The zygote produces haploid cells by meiosis
Each haploid cell grows by mitosis into a haploid
multicellular organism
The haploid adult produces gametes by mitosis
SUMMARY
System
Support
1.
§
§
2.
§
Protective
Skin, Shells, Feather, Fur, Spines, Scales
Vascular
Circulatory/Cardiovascular System
1. Arteries
§ Carries blood AWAY from the heart
2. Veins
§ Carries blood BACK from the heart
3. Platelets
§ Blood Clotting
Sensory Organs
Gills and Lungs
Animal Reproductive System (Male and Female)
§ Male: STAMEN
- Anther, Filament, Pollen
§ Female: PISTIL
- Stigma, Style, Ovary
1. Self-Pollination
§ Plant has both male and female reproductive
system
2. Cross Pollination
§ Exchange of pollen between two plants
Alternation of Generations
§ Plants both have the sporophyte and
gametophyte in all one cycle, from 2n to n
Sensory
Respiratory
Reproductive
.
Animal
Endoskeleton
Within the interior of the body
Provides structural support and protection for the
internal organs and tissues of an organism
Exoskeleton
Rigid covering found on the exterior of many
animals, particularly invertebrates
Plant
Stems
1. Woody
§ Contain thick, tough tissue
§ Found in plants that live for more than a year
§ Trees and shrubs
2. Herbaceous
§ Contains soft, green, juicy tissues
§ Found in plants that live for one year
Waxy covering (cuticle)
§ To prevent excessive water loss
Vaporization
§ Liquid to gas
§ Needs to reach boiling point
Evaporation
§ Liquid to gas without reaching the boiling pont
1. Xylem
▪ Transports water as well as other dissolved
compounds from roots to stems and leaves
2. Phloem
▪ Transports food from photosynthesis from
leaves to non-photosynthesizing parts of the
plants
Roots
Leaves (Stomata)
Plant Reproductive System