1.
Define pathogen and list 4 types of pathogens.
a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease. viruses, bacteria, fungi,
protozoa
2.
Define antigen and give 3 examples of common antigens.
a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the
production of antibodies. Exogenous antigens, endogenous antigens, autoantigens.
3.
What is the purpose of the first line of defense? Is it general or specific?
physical and chemical barriers that are always ready and prepared to defend the body from
infection. It is general
4.
What are the body’s three defenses? How do they differ from each other?
External Barriers, Nonspecific Internal Defenses, Immune system
5.
How do the skin, sweat glands, mucus membranes, and acids in the stomach protect the
body? To what level of defense do these belong?
external barriers
6.
What are three nonspecific internal defenses?
barriers, inhibitors, phagocytosis
7. What are natural killer cells? What kinds of cells do they attack? How do they work? Is this
a specific or nonspecific defense
ells target and kill aberrant cells, such as virally infected and tumorigenic cells. nonspecific
defense.
8.
When does the inflammatory response occur? What are three signs of the inflammatory
response?
upon injury and three signs are redness, swelling, pus.
9.
What cells release histamine? How does the body respond to the release of histamine?
Mast Cell and it increases the blood flow.
10. How do platelets play a role in the inflammatory response?
They store multiple inflammatory molecules that, upon release, chemoattract key innate immune
cells leukocytes and stimulate endothelium.
11. Describe what a virus, such as small pox, does in a human body.
A virus duplicates cells and it spreads off to infect other cells.
13. What are 4 ways that skin defends the body from infection? Is this a specific or a
nonspecific defense?anatomic barriers, inhibitors, phagocytosis, fever, inflammation,
14. What is an “antigen”?
a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the
production of antibodies.
15. How was the name “antigen” derived? Carefully draw an antibody and its antigen. Explain
how and antibody works to protect the body and explain how the structure of an antibody relates
to its function.Antigen means antibody generating substance. An antibody is a special Y shaped
protein that is secreted by specific lymphocytes and has a specific molecular shape that matches
the molecular shape of an antigen. The shape of the antibody gives it the ability to combine with
and inactivate the antigen.
16. Explain what it means for a person to have specific immunity to an antigen.
That person has the ability to produce antibodies specific to those antigens.
17. What are lymphocytes and what are the two major classes of lymphocytes?
A type of white blood cell. B and T are the two major classes.
18. In what part of the body are each type created?
B in the bone marrow responsible to humoral response. T in the thymus & responsible for cellmediated response.
19. Explain the humoral response. What causes this type of response? What kinds of cells and
chemicals are involved? Explain the functions of each of these cells and chemicals.
Viruses or bacteria free in the fluids in the body. B cells produce antibodies specific to that
antigen, and make memory cells so you have long- term protection.
20. Explain the cell-mediated response. What causes this type of response? What kinds of cells
are involved? Explain the functions of each of these cells.
T cells activated and become killer T cells that dock with infected cells and cancer cells and then
kill those cells.
21. What is the role of a macrophage in the immune response?
T cells activated and become killer T cells that dock with infected cells and cancer cells and then
kill those cells.
22. What specific kind of cell is attacked by HIV? Why is this so damaging to the immune
system? Be specific.Helper T cells are attacked by HIV. T- Helper cells tell the shape of the
antigen to the B cells and activate them, activate macrophages, activate killer T cells to kill
virus–infected or cancer cells.
23. Give three examples of cell-cell communication in the immune response to an antigen.
Macrophage tells Helper T cells the shape of the antigen and activates the helper T cell. Helper
T cell activates B cells and killer T cells.
24. Explain how a person can be infected by a disease pathogen and not know it.
If a person already has memory cells against that pathogen, then the immune response
(production of antibodies and killer T cells) is so fast that the body does not know that it was
infected before the immune system clears the infection.
25. How do viruses and bacteria get around the immune system?They mutate and have so many
different types that body does not have antibodies that work against that specific antigen.
26. Distinguish between natural and artificial immunity. Give an example of each.
Artificial immunity can be active or passive. Figure: Immunity: Natural immunity occurs
through contact with a disease causing agent, when the contact was not deliberate, where as
artificial immunity develops only through deliberate actions of exposure.
27. Distinguish between passive and active immunity. Give an example of each.
Active immunity occurs when our own immune system is responsible for protecting us from a
pathogen. Passive immunity occurs when we are protected from a pathogen by immunity gained
from someone else.
28. How do antibiotics work against bacteria ?
Antibiotics fight bacterial infections either by killing bacteria or slowing and suspending its
growth. They do this by: attacking the wall or coating surrounding bacteria. interfering with
bacteria reproduction.
29. Explain what MRSA is and why the spread of MRSA is dangerous to people.
is a bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body. It's tougher to treat than most
strains of staphylococcus aureus -- or staph -- because it's resistant to some commonly used
antibiotics. The symptoms of MRSA depend on where you're infected.
30. After reading the pbs.org link, explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.
Antibiotics save lives but any time antibiotics are used, they can cause side effects and lead to
antibiotic resistance.
31. How does HIV infect cells?
When HIV infects a cell, it first attaches to and fuses with the host cell. Then the viral RNA is
converted into DNA and the virus uses the host cell's machinery to replicate itself during a
process called reverse transcription. The new copies of HIV then leave the host cell and move on
to infect other cells.
32. List three issues realted to AIDS
Rapid weight loss, recurring fever or profuse night sweats, extreme and unexplained tiredness.
33. What is a plasmid?
The F plasmid encodes for the F pilus
34. What is the role of plasmids in antibiotic resistance?
it can transfer to other cells and become resistant to a antmicrobial agent.
35. Watch the page 3 video and contrast B cells, Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, and antigen
presenting cells.
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype.
Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required
for almost all adaptive immune responses. A cytotoxic T cell (also known as TC, cytotoxic T
lymphocyte, CTL, T-killer cell, cytolytic T cell, CD8+ T-cell or killer T cell) is a T lymphocyte
(a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected (particularly with
viruses), or cells that are damaged in other ways. ntigen-presenting cells (APCs) are a
heterogeneous group of immune cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing
and presenting antigens for recognition by certain lymphocytes such as T cells.
34. Watch the page 4 video and explain the humoral response.
Humoral immunity or humoural immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by
macromolecules found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins,
and certain antimicrobial peptides.
35. How do macrophages participate in adaptive immunity?
Macrophages are versatile cells that play many roles. As scavengers, they rid the body of wornout cells and other debris. Along with dendritic cells, they are foremost among the cells that
present antigens, a crucial role in initiating an immune response.
36.Watch the video on page 8 and describe how helper T cells work.
They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested
microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.
37. Watch the page 9 video and explain how cytotoxic T cells work.
Cytotoxic CD8 T cells carry out their killing function by releasing two types of preformed
cytotoxic protein: the granzymes, which seem able to induce apoptosis in any type of target cell,
and the pore-forming protein perforin, which punches holes in the target-cell membrane through
which the granzymes can enter.
38. Distinguish between natural and artificial immunity. Give an example of each.
exposure to a pathogen is natural and then you build immunity after surviving. Artificial
immunity is when you are given vaccination.
39. Distinguish between passive and active immunity. Give an example of each.
Immunity formed by stimulation of the immune system with an antigen and the generation of
effector and memory cells. immunity characterized by the transfer of antibodies from one
individual to another, doesn't generate immunological memory
40. How do antibiotics work against bacteria
Antibiotics fight bacterial infections either by killing bacteria or slowing and suspending its
growth. They do this by: attacking the wall or coating surrounding bacteria. interfering with
bacteria reproduction.
41. Explain what MRSA is and why the spread of MRSA is dangerous to people.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a type of staph
bacteria that's become resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections.
It can be spread which is dangerous.
42. After reading the pbs.org link, explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.
Bacteria develop resistance mechanisms by using instructions provided by their DNA. Often,
resistance genes are found within plasmids, small pieces of DNA that carry genetic instructions
from one germ to another. This means that some bacteria can share their DNA and make other
germs become resistant
43. Define an antiviral and describe how antivirals work.
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections.Most antivirals target
specific viruses, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses.
Unlike most antibiotics, antiviral drugs do not destroy their target pathogen; instead they inhibit
its development.