3
Human Reproduction
Past Year Trend Analysis NEET & AIIMS (Year 2010-2019)
NEET
AIIMS
9
8
Number of Questions
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Year
Past Year Weightage Percentage
Exam
NEET
Average % Weightage
3.47
Critical concepts
• Reproductive systems
• Menstrual cycle
• Pregnancy
• Embryonic development
Questions Segmentation
Topic-wise Questions
NCERT Based Questions
Multi-Concept Questions
Total
160
47
48
255
48
Human Reproduction
INTRODUCTION
Reproduction: Reproduction means the ability to produce
individuals of the same species.
Reproductive events in humans
(i) Gametogenesis: Formation of gametes, i.e., sperms in
male and ovum in female.
time of birth, testes descend down into scrotal sac but ovaries
remain in abdominal cavity.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ɣ
The male reproductive system is located in the pelvis region.
Ɣ
It includes a pair of testes, accessory glands, a duct system
and penis.
(ii) Insemination: Transfer of sperms into the female genital
tract.
(iii) Fertilisation: Fusion of male and female gametes leading
to the formation of zygote.
(iv) Implantation: Attachment of blastocyst to the uterine
wall for nourishment.
(v) Gestation: Embryonic development.
(vi) Parturition: Delivery of the baby.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ɣ
7R FRQWLQXH LWV RZQ UDFH DQ RUJDQLVP SURGXFHV R൵VSULQJV
like its own by the process of reproduction.
Ɣ
The formation of gametes takes place in the reproductive
organs.
Primary sex organs: Essential organs which are responsible
for the formation of the gametes (sperm and egg cell) and
hormone production.
Ɣ
The male gamete is the spermatozoan.
Ɣ
The female gamete is the ovum.
Fig.: Diagrammatic view of male reproductive system
Testes
Ɣ Testes are the primary male sex organs.
Ɣ
Testis produces spermatozoa and secretes the male sex
hormone, i.e., testosterone.
Ɣ
In mammals, the testes are located outside the abdominal
cavity within a pouch called scrotum.
)Key Note
The temperature in scrotum is 2 to 2.5°C below the
temperature of abdominal cavity because maturation of
sperm needs low temperature.
)Key Note
Primary sex organs are generally known as gonads
because they produce reproductive gametes containing
heritable DNA.
Secondary sex organs:
Ɣ
Ɣ
Ɣ
They are important for reproduction but do not produce
gametes.
Ɣ
These form the passage for the gametes to help the union of
male and female gametes.
Need To Know:
Š Gubernaculum is the ligamentous connective cord
(elastic cord) which connects testes to scrotal sacs
posteriorly.
Table: Primary and Secondary sex organs in male and female
Sex
Male
Primary
Sex Organ
Testis
Female Ovary
Secondary Sex
Organ
Accessory or
external Sex
character
Prostate,
seminal vesicle,
vas deferens,
epididymis, penis
Low - pitch
voice, beard,
broad shoulder,
narrow hips
Fallopian tubes,
uterus, vagina,
mammary glands
High - pitch
voice, smooth
face, narrow
shoulder, broad
hips
Development of Sex organ:
Ɣ
During intra uterine life (IUL) testis and ovary develop from
mesoderm. They develop in abdominal cavity in IUL, at the
Scrotum is connected to the abdominal cavity through inguinal
canal.
Testis (Caput epididymis) is connected to the dorsal
abdominal wall by a spermatic cord consisting of connective
tissue, spermatic artery, spermatic nerve, etc.
Š In bats, rats and otter, testes descend to scrotal sacs only
during breeding season.
Š Whales and elephants have abdominal testes. Their body
temperature is low and cooling of testes is not required.
Š Orchidectomy is the surgical removal of testes. It is also
known as castration.
Ɣ
Ɣ
Ɣ
Ɣ
The capsule enclosing testes of mammal is called tunica
albuginea.
In adults, each testis is oval in shape, with a length of about 4
to 5cm and a width of about 2 to 3cm.
Each testis has about 250 compartments called testicular
lobules.
Each lobule contains one to three highly coiled seminiferous
tubules in which sperms are produced.
Human Reproduction
49
Ɣ
The germinal epithelium lining of the seminiferous tubule is
made of two kinds of cells; male germ cells (spermatogonia)
and sertoli cells.
Urethra
Ɣ Urethra is a thick-walled muscular duct and it is a common
passage for both urine and semen and called urinogenital duct.
Ɣ
The spermatogonia undergo spermatogenesis to produce
sperms.
Ɣ
Ɣ
Sertoli cells (supporting cells) are located in seminiferous
tubules which nourish spermatozoa.
Ɣ
Interstitial cells are the regions outside the seminiferous
tubules which contain small blood vessels and interstitial
cells.
Ɣ
Interstitial cells or Leydig cells are found in interstitial
connective tissue of testes. They synthesise and secrete
testicular hormones called androgens.
Ɣ
All the seminiferous tubules in each testis open into a network
FDOOHGUHWHWHVWLVOHDGLQJWR¿QHGXFWXOHVFDOOHGYDVDH൵HUHQWLD.
The urethra originates from the urinary bladder and extends
through the penis to its external opening called urethral
meatus.
Penis
Ɣ The penis is the male external genitalia.
Ɣ
It is made up of special tissue that helps in erection of the
penis to facilitate insemination.
Ɣ
The enlarged end of penis called the glans penis is covered by
a loose fold of skin called foreskin.
Male Accessory glands
Seminal vesicles
Ɣ
Seminal vesicles are situated at the junction of vas deferens
and prostate gland. They are narrow, long pouches with
muscular tissue on their wall.
Ɣ
$ERXWRIWKHVHPHQLVVHPLQDOÀXLGZKLFKLVSURGXFHG
by seminal vesicles.
Ɣ
Seminal Fluid :6HPLQDOÀXLGKDVDS+RIDERXWDQGLV
rich in fructose, calcium, ascorbic acid, prostaglandins and
various enzymes.
)Key Note
7KHIUXFWRVHSUHVHQWLQWKHVHPLQDOÀXLGLVDVRXUFHRI
energy for the spermatozoa.
Fig.: Diagrammatic sectional view of seminiferous tubule
Epididymis
Prostate Gland
Ɣ
6HYHUDOGXFWVFDOOHGYDVDH൵HUHQWLDDULVHIURPUHWHWHVWLVDQG Ɣ
open into epididymis.
Prostate is situated at the origin of the urethra. It contains
SURVWDWLFÀXLG VOLJKWO\DFLGLF DQGFRYHUHGE\DFDSVXOH
Ɣ
Epididymis is an irregular, narrow and highly convoluted
tubule located along the posterior surface of each testis.
Ɣ
Prostatic Fluid: Prostatic secretion forms about 20% of the
volume of semen.
Ɣ
Epididymis has 3 parts:
Ɣ
It is slightly acidic, pH 6.5 due to the presence of citric acid.
(i) Upper, highly coiled part - Caput epididymis or Globus
major
Ɣ
Prostatic secretion contains substances important for sperm
PRELOLW\QRWDEO\DOEXPLQDQGSURWHRO\WLFHQ]\PHV¿EULQRO\VLQ
DQG¿EULQRJHQDVH
(ii) Middle part - Corpus epididymis
(iii) Basal, least coiled part - Cauda epididymis or Globus
minor
Cowper’s glands
Ɣ
Cowper’s glands are yellow in colour.
Ɣ
These are also known as bulbourethral glands, situated
beneath bladder and behind the urethra.
Š Sperms achieve maturity and motility in epididymis.
Ɣ
Cowper’s glands open into urethra before entering into penis.
Š Epididymis can temporarily stores the sperms.
Ɣ
Cowper’s Fluid: Secretion of cowper’s gland is slightly
alkaline and is produced during sexual stimulation.
)Key Note
Vas Deferens
Ɣ
)Key Note
Vas deferens or sperm duct arises from cauda epididymis,
ascends to abdomen, loops over the urinary bladder and
receive a duct from seminal vesicle and opens into urethra as
ejaculatory duct.
)Key Note
Ejaculatory ducts store and transport the sperms from the
testis to the outside through urethra.
Cowper’s gland secretion acts as a lubricant for the
glans penis. It also neutralises any urine in urethra.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ɣ
Female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries,
oviducts (fallopian tubes), uterus, cervix, vagina, accessory
genital glands, mammary glands, etc.
50
Ɣ
Human Reproduction
These parts of the system along with a pair of the mammary
glands are integrated structurally and functionally to support
the processes of ovulation, fertilisation, pregnancy, birth and
child care.
)Key Note
During reproductive life, the vagina contains Lactobacillus
acidophilus which keeps the vaginal pH between 4.9 and
3.5 by producing lactic acid from glycogen.
Ɣ
Bartholin’s gland: 2Q HLWKHU VLGH RI YDJLQDO RUL¿FH D
vestibular gland or Bartholin’s gland is present.
Ɣ
Bartholin’s gland occurs in female mammals and helps in
vestibular lubrication.
)Key Note
Fig.: Diagrammatic sectional view of the female reproductive
Bartholin’s gland of female corresponds to bulbourethal
gland (Cowper’s gland) of the male.
system
Ovary
Ɣ The ovary is the primary female sex organ.
Ɣ
Ovary produces the female gamete (ova) and secretes female
sex hormones viz., estrogens and progesterone.
Fig.: Diagrammatic sectional view of female pelvis showing
reproductive system
Fig.: Diagrammatic sectional view of ovary
Ɣ
The ovaries are located one on each side of the lower abdomen.
Ɣ
The ovary remains attached to the abdominal wall by a
ligament called mesovarium.
Ɣ
Uterus
Ɣ The uterus is single and it is also called womb.
Ɣ
The shape of the uterus is like an inverted pear. It is supported
by ligaments attached to the pelvic wall. The uterus opens into
vagina through a narrow cervix.
Each ovary is about 2 to 4 cm in length and is connected to the
pelvic wall and uterus by ligaments.
Ɣ
The cavity of the cervix is called cervical canal which along
with vagina forms the birth canal.
Ɣ
Ovary is covered by a thin epithelium called the germinal
epithelium which encloses the ovarian stroma.
Ɣ
The wall of the uterus has myometrium three layers of tissue:
Ɣ
Stroma composed of an outer dense layer called cortex and an
inner loose layer known as medulla.
Oviducts (fallopian tubes)
Ɣ Each fallopian tube is about 10-12 cm long and extends from
the periphery of each ovary to the uterus the part closer to the
ovary is the funnel-shaped infundibulum.
Ɣ
7KHHGJHVRIWKHLQIXQGLEXOXPSRVVHVV¿QJHUOLNHSURMHFWLRQV
called ¿PEULDH, which help in collection of the ovum after
ovulation.
Ɣ
The infundibulum leads to a wider part of the oviduct called
ampulla.
Ɣ
The last part of the oviduct, isthmus has a narrow lumen and
it joins the uterus.
Vagina
Ɣ Uterus opens into an elastic muscular tube called vagina.
Ɣ
7KH YDJLQD LV OLQHG E\ D VWUDWL¿HG VTXDPRXV HSLWKHOLXP
without any glands.
(i) Perimetrium: External thin membranous
(ii) Myometrium: Middle thick layer of smooth muscle,
(iii) Endometrium: Inner glandular layer that lines the uterine
cavity.
)Key Note
The endometrium undergoes cyclical changes during
menstrual cycle while the myometrium exhibits strong
contraction during delivery of the baby.
Female external genitalia
Ɣ The female external genitalia include mons pubis, labia
majora, labia minora, hymen and clitoris.
(i) Mons pubis: A cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin
and pubic hair.
(ii) Labia majora: Fleshy folds of tissue, which extend
down from the mons pubis and surround the vaginal
opening.
Human Reproduction
(iii) Labia minora: Paired folds of tissue under the labia
majora.
Ɣ
(iv) Hymen: The opening of the vagina is often covered
partially by a membrane. The hymen is often torn during
WKH¿UVWFRLWXV LQWHUFRXUVH 51
Progesterone suspends ovulation during pregnancy, promotes
implantation of foetus on the endometrium and development of
foetus in the uterus.
(v) Clitoris: $ WLQ\ ¿QJHUOLNH VWUXFWXUH ZKLFK OLHV DW WKH
upper junction of the two labia minora above the urethral
opening.
MAMMARY GLANDS
Ɣ
A functional mammary gland is characteristic of all female
mammals.
Ɣ
The mammary glands are paired structures (breasts) that
contain glandular tissue and variable amount of fat.
Ɣ
The glandular tissue of each breast is divided into 15-20
mammary lobes containing clusters of cells called alveoli.
Ɣ
The cells of alveoli secrete milk, which is stored in the cavities
(lumens) of alveoli.
Ɣ
The alveoli open into mammary tubules.
GAMETOGENESIS
Ɣ
The tubules of each lobe join to form a mammary duct.
Ɣ
Ɣ
Several mammary ducts join to form a wider mammary
ampulla which is connected to lactiferous duct through
which milk is sucked out.
Gametogenesis is the process of gamete (sperm or egg)
formation.
Ɣ
It include spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
Fig.: A diagrammatic sectional view of Mammary gland
HORMONAL CONTROL OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ɣ
Ovary is regulated by pituitary gonadotropins or GnRH.
Ɣ
Anterior pituitary secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
which controls the transformation of young primary follicle into
*UDD¿DQIROOLFOHPDWXUDWLRQRIRYXPDQGVHFUHWLRQRIHVWURJHQV
by its follicular cells.
Ɣ
The Luteinizing hormone (LH) of anterior pituitary regulates
WKHRYXODWLRQIURPWKH*UDD¿DQIROOLFOHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIHPSW\
*UDD¿DQ IROOLFOH LQWR \HOORZLVK FRQLFDO FRUSXV OXWHXP DQG
secretion of progesterone hormone from the corpus luteum.
Ɣ
Growth and function of secondary sex organs are regulated by
estrogen and progesterone.
Ɣ
Estrogen controls the growth, maintenance and functioning of
secondary sex organs of female.
Fig.: Hormonal control of female reproductive system
Ɣ
At the end of pregnancy, the corpus luteum secretes relaxin which
broadens the pelvis for easy parturition.
Spermatogenesis
Ɣ Spermatogenesis results in the formation of sperms that are
transported by the male sex accessory ducts.
Ɣ
Spermatogenesis is a continuous process and occurs in
VHPLQLIHURXV WXEXOHV DW WKH WLPH RI SXEHUW\ GXH WR VLJQL¿FDQW
increase in the secretion of GnRH) and continues throughout life.
Ɣ
Increased levels of GnRH acts at the anterior pituitary gland
and stimulates secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). LH act at the Leydig
cells and stimulates synthesis and secretion of androgens.
Androgens, in turn, stimulate the process of spermatogenesis.
FSH act on the Sertoli cells and stimulates secretion of some
factors which help in the process of spermiogenesis.
Ɣ
The spermatogonia present on the inner wall of seminiferous
tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in
numbers. Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46
chromosomes. Some of the spermatogonia called primary
spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis.
Fig.: Diagrammatic sectional view of a seminiferous tubule
(enlarged)
52
Ɣ
Human Reproduction
$SULPDU\VSHUPDWRF\WHFRPSOHWHVWKH¿UVWPHLRWLFGLYLVLRQ Ɣ
(reduction division) leading to formation of two equal, haploid
cells called secondary spermatocytes, which have only 23 (ii)
chromosomes each.
Ɣ
The secondary spermatocytes undergo the second meiotic
division to produce four equal, haploid spermatids.
Ɣ
Spermiogenesis LV WKH SURFHVV RI IRUPDWLRQ RI ÀDJHOODWHG
spermatozoa from spermatids.
Ɣ
Spermiogenesis begins in the seminiferous tubules but usually
completed in epididymis.
If acrosome is removed from a sperm, it will fail to penetrate
the ovum.
Neck: It is very short containing two centrioles, namely,
proximal and distal centriole.
(iii) Middle piece
Ɣ
In middle piece, numerous mitochondria are arranged spirally
around to axonema.
Ɣ
This spiral sheath of mitochondria around the axonema is
known as Nebenkern sheath.
)Key Note
Mitochondria produce energy for the movement of tail
that facilitate sperm motility essential for fertilisation.
(iv) Tail ,WLVDORQJÀDJHOOXPLWVEDVDOERG\LVGLVWDOFHQWULROH
Ɣ
Tail is divided into two parts:
(a) Main piece
(b) End piece
Fig.: Schematic representation of spermatogenesis
Ɣ
Ɣ
Main piece of axonema is surrounded by two solid protein
¿EUHV$WKLQOD\HURIF\WRSODVPSUHVHQWLQPDLQSLHFHRIWKH
tail.
Ɣ
End piece of tail consist of only axonema and 9 + 2 arrangement.
Oogenesis
Ɣ The process of formation of a mature female gamete is called
oogenesis.
After spermiogenesis, sperm heads become embedded in the
VHUWROL FHOOV DQG DUH ¿QDOO\ UHOHDVHG IURP WKH VHPLQLIHURXV
Ɣ
tubules by the process called spermiation.
Ɣ
Structure of Sperm
Ɣ Sperm is a microscopic structure composed of four parts, i.e.,
Ɣ
head, neck, middle piece and tail.
(i) Head
Ɣ Head contains two structures:
(a) Acrosome
(b) Nucleus
Ɣ Acrosome is a vesicle-like double membranous structure
which has hydrolytic enzymes. These are combinely known
as spermlysin. These enzymes help in penetration of egg.
Ɣ
Oogenesis begin before birth, stop in midprocess and only
UHVXPHVD\HDUDIWHUPHQDUFK WKH¿UVWPHQVWUXDOEOHHGLQJ Oogenesis is initiated during the embryonic development stage
when a couple of million gamete mother cells (oogonia) are
formed within each fetal ovary; no more oogonia are formed
and added after birth. These cells start division and enter into
prophase-I of the meiotic division and get temporarily arrested
at that stage, called primary oocytes.
Ɣ
Each primary oocyte then gets surrounded by a layer of
granulosa cells and then called the primary follicle. A large
number of these follicles degenerate during the phase from
birth to puberty. Therefore, at puberty only 60,000-80,000
primary follicles are left in each ovary.
Ɣ
The primary follicles get surrounded by more layers of granulosa
cell and a new theca and are called secondary follicles. The
secondary follicle soon transforms into a tertiary follicle which is
FKDUDFWHULVHGE\DÀXLG¿OOHGFDYLW\FDOOHGantrum.
Ɣ
The tertiary follicle further changes into the mature follicle
or *UDD¿DQ IROOLFOH. The secondary oocyte form a new
membrane called zona pellucidaVXUURXQGLQJLW7KH*UDD¿DQ
follicle now ruptures to release the secondary oocyte (ovum)
from the ovary by the process called ovulation.
Ɣ
Oogenesis ends at menopause.
Ɣ
Polar bodies are formed only in oogenesis at the time of
formation of secondary oocyte.
Mammalian acrosome has mainly hyaluronidase and
proacrosine enzyme. Both are collectively known as
acrosomine.
Fig.: Structure of a sperm
Oogenesis is discontinuous process.
Human Reproduction
53
)Key Note
Menstruation only occurs if the released ouvm is not
fertilised. Lack of menstruation may be indicative of
pregnancy. However, it may also be caused due to some
other underlying causes like stress, poor health etc.
(ii) Preovulatory/Proliferative phase:
Ɣ
During this phase, due to release of some GnRH, pituitary
secretes some FSH to stimulate the ovarian follicle.
Ɣ
The ovarian follicle now begins to develop. Developing
follicle now starts secreting an increasing amount of estrogen.
Ɣ
The rising level of estrogen causes the endometrium
to proliferate and thicken. It also causes increase in the
vascularity and glandularity of the endometrium.
Ɣ
Due to this, the hypothalamus releases more of GnRH. This
GnRH induces the pituitary to release more of FSH. The rising
FSH levels results in :
Fig.: Schematic representation of oogenesis
)Key Note
Secondary oocyte is a female gamete in which the 1st
meiotic division is completed and second meiotic
division (metaphase stage) begins. Secondary oocyte
complete the secondary meiotic division only after
fertilisation by the sperm in the fallopian tube. The egg
LVUHOHDVHGDWVHFRQGDU\RRF\WHVWDJHXQGHUWKHH൵HFWRI
LH.
(a) further growth and development of ovarian follicle to
IRUP*UDD¿DQIROOLFOH
(b) even further release of estrogen from the theca interna of
this developing follicle.
Ɣ
Structure of Ovum
Ɣ
An ovum is generally spherical, non-motile gamete with
yolky cytoplasm and is enclosed in one or more egg.
Ɣ
6L]HRIRYXPYDULHVLQGL൵HUHQWDQLPDOVDQGGHSHQGVXSRQWKH
amount of yolk. Size of ovum varies from 10P to a few cm. Ɣ
Egg size and yolk amount are interdependent. In mammals, it
is generally microlecithal and about 100P.
The life span of eggs in female reproductive organs in human Ɣ
being is 48 hrs.
Ɣ
Ɣ
The nucleus of egg is known as germinal vesicle.
As the estrogen level goes on rising, by the end of 10th day
the extreme levels of estrogen (which have by then caused
PDWXUDWLRQRI*UDD¿DQIROOLFOHDQGJURZWKRIHQGRPHWULXP gives a positive feedback of high concentration of estrogen
causing a rise in GnRH and LH secretion but due to release of
LQKLELQE\*UDD¿DQIROOLFOH
FSH is not comparatively rised therefore the LH secretion
from the pituitary goes on rising. This abrupt rise (on 11th to
13th day) in LH concentration in blood is called as LH surge.
,QFUHDVHG FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI /+ FDXVHV WKH *UDD¿DQ IROOLFOH
to rupture thereby the release of ovum. The release of egg
(secondary oocyte) which occurs around 14th day is called as
ovulation.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Ɣ
Menstrual cycle is the cyclic changes in the reproductive tract
of primate females (e.g., monkeys, apes and human beings)
Ɣ
Menstruation is the periodic shedding of the endometrium of
the uterus with bleeding.
Ɣ
In healthy women, menstruation occurs at an average interval
of about 28/29 days.
Ɣ
Menarche is the beginning of menstruation in girls at about
13 years (at puberty).
Ɣ
Menstrual cycle consists of three phases, i.e., menstrual
phase, proliferative phase (follicular phase) and secretory
phase (luteal phase).
(i) Menstrual Phase:
Ɣ
7KHF\FOHVWDUWVZLWKPHQVWUXDOSKDVHLQLWV¿UVWWRGD\V
Ɣ
'XULQJWKLVWKHSDUWRIWKHOD\HURIHQGRPHWULXPJHWVVKHGR൵
Ɣ
7KHPHQVWUXDOÀRZUHVXOWVGXHWRbreakdown of endometrial
lining of the uterus and its blood vessels which forms liquid
that comes out through vagina.
Fig.: Diagrammatic presentation of various events during a
menstrual cycle
54
Human Reproduction
(iii) Post ovulatory/secretory phase:
Ɣ
$IWHURYXODWLRQWKHUXSWXUHG*UDD¿DQIROOLFOHWUDQVIRUPVLQWR
corpus luteum. The granulosa and theca cells of the ruptured
*UDD¿DQ IROOLFOH ZKLFK LV QRZ FDOOHG DV FRUSXV OXWHXP is found only in mammals and contain a yellow lutein or
carotene pigment.
)Key Note
The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone
which is essential for maintenance of the endometrium.
Such an endometrium is necessary for implantation of
the fertilised ovum and other events of pregnancy.
Ɣ
During pregnancy all events of the menstrual cycle stop and
there is no menstruation. In the absence of fertilisation, the
corpus luteum degenerates. This causes disintegration of the
endometrium leading to menstruation, marking a new cycle.
Fig.: Ovum surrounded by few sperms
Ɣ
The secretions of the acrosome help the sperm enter into the
cytoplasm of the ovum through the zona pellucida and the
plasma membrane. This induces the completion of the meiotic
division of the secondary oocyte.
Ɣ
The second meiotic division is also unequal and results in the
formation of a second polar body and haploid ovum (ootid).
Soon the haploid nucleus of the sperms and that of the ovum
fuse together to form a diploid zygote.
)Key Note
In human beings, menstrual cycles ceases around 50
years of age; that is termed as menopause. Cyclic
menstruation is an indicator of normal reproductive
phase and extends between menarche and menopause.
)Key Note
Menstrual Hygiene
Ɣ
Maintenance of hygiene and sanitation during menstruation is
very important.
Ɣ
Take bath and clean yourself regularly. Use sanitary napkins
or clean homemade pads.
Ɣ
Change sanitary napkins or homemade pads after every 4-5
hrs as per the requirement.
Ɣ
Dispose of the used sanitary napkins properly wrapping it
with a used paper.
Ɣ
Do not throw the used napkins in the drainpipe of toilets or in
the open area.
Ɣ
After handling the napkin wash hands with soap.
Fertilisation can only occur if the ovum and sperms are
transported simultaneously to the ampullary-isthmic
junction. This is the reason why not all copulations lead
to fertilisation and pregnancy.
Ɣ
Cleavage is the mitotic division of the zygote unit moving
through the isthmus of the oviduct towards the uterus and
forms 2, 4, 8, 16 daughter cells called blastomeres.
Ɣ
Cleavage occurs more readily in the active cytoplasm.
Ɣ
Cleavage in human is equal holoblastic.
Ɣ
Morula is a solid ball of 32 cell stage without a cavity which
is formed after 5th cleavage and 31 division. Morula looks like
a little mulberry.
Ɣ
Morula changes to blastula due to rearrangements of
blastomeres.
Ɣ
Blastula formation is called blastulation.
Ɣ
Mammalian blastula with a large blastocoel is called blastoyst
(in humans).
Blastocyst has 3 parts-trophoblast, inner cell mass and
blastocoel.
The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into an outer
layer called trophoblast and an inner group of cells attached
to trophoblast called the inner cell mass.
FERTILISATION AND IMPLANTATION
Ɣ
The process of fusion of a sperm with an ovum to form a
diploid cell is called fertilisation.
Ɣ
Fertilisation activates the secondary oocyte cell to complete
the division.
Ɣ
It normally occurs when sperm and egg interact in the upper
part of the oviduct (ampulla).
Ɣ
During fertilisation, a sperm comes in contact with ovum
(zona pellucida layer) and induces changes in the membrane
that block the entry of additional sperms. Thus, it ensures that
only one sperm can fertilise an ovum.
Ɣ
Polyspermy is the entry of more than one sperm nucleus into
an ovum at fertilisation.
Ɣ
The trophoblast layer then gets attached to the endometrium
DQGWKHLQQHUFHOOPDVVJHWVGL൵HUHQWLDWHGDVWKHHPEU\R
Ɣ
When the acrosome of the spermatozoa touches the surface
of egg, the cytoplasm of the egg bulges forward forming
receptive cone or fertilisation cone (a region where sperms
enters the egg).
Ɣ
After attachment, the uterine cells divide rapidly and covers
the blastocyst. As a result, the blastocyst becomes embedded
in the endometrium of the uterus. This is called implantation
(or nidation) and it leads to pregnancy.
Ɣ
Ɣ
Human Reproduction
55
Ɣ
Implantation occurs generally between 6th to 9th day after
fertilisation.
growth, metabolic changes in the mother and maintenance of
pregnancy).
Ɣ
The site of implantation determines the portion of placenta.
Ɣ
Ɣ
In human, implantation is of interstitial type in which
embryo is buried in the uterine epithelium which completely
surrounds it.
Immediately after implantation, the inner cell mass (embryo)
GL൵HUHQWLDWHVLQWRDQRXWHUOD\HUFDOOHGectoderm and an inner
layer called endoderm.
Ɣ
A mesoderm soon appears between the ectoderm and the
endoderm.
Ɣ
These three layers give rise to all tissues (organs) in adults.
Fig.: The human foetus within the uterus
)Key Note
Fig.: Transport of ovum, fertilisation and passage of growing
The inner cell mass contains certain cells called stem
cells which have the potency to give rise to all the
tissues and organs.
embryo through fallopian tube
Ɣ
$IWHU LPSODQWDWLRQ ¿QJHUOLNH SURMHFWLRQV DSSHDU RQ WKH
trophoblast called chorionic villi which are surrounded by the
uterine tissue and maternal blood.
PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Ɣ
The human pregnancy lasts 9 months.
Ɣ
In human beings, after one month of pregnancy, the embryo’s
heart is formed.
Ɣ
7KH¿UVWVLJQRIJURZLQJIRHWXVPD\EHQRWLFHGE\OLVWHQLQJWR
the heart sound carefully through the stethoscope.
Ɣ
The chorionic villi and uterine tissue become interdigitated
with each other and jointly form a structural and functional
unit between developing embryo (foetus) and maternal body
called placenta.
Ɣ
Ɣ
The placenta facilitate the supply of oxygen and nutrients
to the embryo and also removal of carbon dioxide and
excretory/waste materials produced by the embryo.
By the end of the second month of pregnancy, the foetus
develops limbs and digits.
Ɣ
The placenta is connected to the embryo through an umbilical
cord which helps in the transport of substances to and from
the embryo.
By the end of 12 weeks (¿UVWWULPHVWHU), most of the major
organ systems are formed, for example, the limbs and external
genital organs are well-developed.
Ɣ
7KH¿UVWPRYHPHQWVRIWKHIRHWXVDQGDSSHDUDQFHRIKDLURQ
WKHKHDGDUHXVXDOO\REVHUYHGGXULQJWKH¿IWKPRQWK
Ɣ
Ɣ
Placenta also acts as an endocrine tissue and produces several
hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human
placental lactogen (hPL), estrogens, progestogens, etc.
Ɣ
By the end of 24 weeks (second trimester), the body is
FRYHUHG ZLWK ¿QH KDLU H\HOLGV VHSDUDWH DQG H\HODVKHV DUH
formed.
Ɣ
In the later phase of pregnancy, a hormone called relaxin is
also secreted by the ovary.
Ɣ
By the end of nine months of pregnancy, the foetus is fully
developed and is ready for delivery.
)Key Note
hCG, hPL and relaxin are produced in women only
during pregnancy.
Ɣ
In addition, during pregnancy the levels of other hormones
like estrogens, progestogens, cortisol, prolactin, thyroxine,
etc., are increased (essential for supporting the foetal
PARTURITION AND LACTATION
Ɣ
The average duration of human pregnancy is about 9 months
which is called the gestation period.
Ɣ
Vigorous contraction of the uterus at the end of pregnancy
causes expulsion/delivery of the foetus.
Ɣ
This process of delivery of the foetus (childbirth) is called
parturition.
56
Ɣ
Human Reproduction
Parturition is induced by a complex neuroendocrine
mechanism.
)Key Note
The signals for parturition originate from the fully
developed foetus and the placenta which induce mild
uterine contractions called IRHWDOHMHFWLRQUHÀH[.
Ɣ
This leads to expulsion of the baby out of the uterus through
the birth canal – parturition. Soon after the infant is delivered,
the placenta is also expelled out of the uterus.
Ɣ
The mammary glands RIWKHIHPDOHXQGHUJRGL൵HUHQWLDWLRQ
during pregnancy and starts producing milk towards the end
of pregnancy by the process called lactation.
Ɣ
This helps the mother in feeding the new- born.
Ɣ
7KHIRHWDOHMHFWLRQUHÀH[WULJJHUVUHOHDVHRIoxytocin from the
maternal pituitary.
Ɣ
Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscle and causes stronger
uterine contractions, which in turn stimulates further secretion
of oxytocin.
Ɣ
7KH VWLPXODWRU\ UHÀH[ EHWZHHQ WKH XWHULQH FRQWUDFWLRQ DQG
oxytocin secretion continues resulting in stronger and stronger Ɣ
contractions.
)Key Note
The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation
is called colostrum which contains several antibodies
absolutely essential to develop resistance for the newborn babies.
Breast-feeding during the initial period of infant growth is
recommended by doctors for bringing up a healthy baby.
Topic-wise Questions
Male Reproductive System
1. The male reproductive system includes
A. Primary sex organ
B. Accessory duct
C. Accessory glands
D. External genitalia
a. A, B and D
b. A, C and D
c. A and D only
d. All of these
2. Number of testicular lobules in testes is
a. 250
b. 500
c. 750
d. 200-300
3. Interstitial cell secrete hormones called
a. Testosterone
b. Androgens
c. Estrogen
d. Progesterone
4. Sperm production takes place in:
a. Seminiferous tubule
b. Testicular tubules
c. Rete testis
d. Vas deferens
5. The male accessory duct includes:
a. Penis, testis and ureter
E5HWHWHVWLVYDVDH൵HUHQWLDHSLGLG\PLVDQGYDVGHIHUHQV
c. Ureter, urinary bladder and urethra
d. Ureter, urethra and penis
6. Which is correct sequence of male accessory ducts starting
from testis?
D 5HWHWHVWLVYDVDH൵HUHQWLDHSLGLG\PLVYDVGHIHUHQV
E5HWHWHVWLVYDVDH൵HUHQWLDYDVGHIHUHQVHSLGLG\PLV
F 5HWHWHVWLVYDVGHIHUHQVHSLGLG\PLVYDVDH൵HUHQWLD
G5HWHWHVWLVYDVGHIHUHQVYDVDH൵HUHQWLDHSLGLG\PLV
7. The duct that leave the testis and open into epididymis is
a. Rete testis
b. Vas deferens
G 6HPLQDOYHVLFOH
F 9DVDH൵HUHQWLD
8. Prostate gland help in the:
a. Stimulates sperm activity
b. Help in lubrication of penis
c. Help in secretion of enzymes
d. Formation of sperms
9. Which duct ascends to abdomen and loops over the urinary
bladder?
D 5HWHWHVWLV
E 9DVDH൵HUHQWLD
c. Epididymis
d. Vas deferens
10. Ejaculatory duct is formed by the
a. Vas deferens along with a duct from seminal vesicle
b. Epididymis along with a duct from seminal vesicle
c. Epididymis along with the prostatic duct
d. Vas deferens along with the prostatic duct
11. Ejaculatory duct opens into
a. Ureter
c. Urinary bladder
b. Urethra
d. Testis
12. The function of the male sex accessory duct is
a. Storage of sperms
b. Transport of sperms
c. Formation of sperms
d. Both (a) and (b)
13. Which of the following is/are male external genitalia?
a. Testis and scrotum
b. Testis without scrotum
c. Penis
d. Prostate, seminal vesicle and bulbourethral glands
14. Glans penis is covered by a loose fold of skin called
a. Prepuce
b. Foreskin
d. Epididymis
c. Both (a) and (b)
15. The secretion of the seminal vesicle contain:
a. Fructose + Calcium + No enzymes
b. Fructose + Calcium + Certain enzymes
c. Sucrose + Calcium + Much more enzymes
d. Sucrose + Calcium + Certain enzymes
16. The secretion of which gland helps in the lubrication of the
penis?
a. Prostate gland
b. Bulbourethral gland
c. Seminal vesicle
d. All of the above
17. Spermatozoa are nourished during their development by
a. Sertoli cells
b. Connective tissue cells
c. Interstitial cells
d. None of the above
18. Epididymis lies between
D 5HWHWHVWLVDQGYDVDH൵HUHQWLD
E9DVGHIHUHQVDQGYDVDH൵HUHQWLD
c. Vas deferens and ejaculatory duct
d. Seminal tubules and rete testis
19. Sertoli cells secrete a hormone called
a. Gonadotropin
b. Testosterone
c. Relaxin
d. Inhibin
20. Testosterone is produced by:
D /H\GLJFHOOV
E *UDD¿DQIROOLFOHV
c. Acinar cells
d. Hepatic cells
21. In human, the unpaired male reproductive structure is
a. Testis
b. Seminal vesicle
c. Bulbourethral gland
d. Prostate gland
58
Human Reproduction
22. Accessory genital gland found only in males is
a. Cowper's gland
b. Bartholin gland
c. Perineal gland
d. Prostate gland
23. Function of prostate gland is
a. Storage of semen
b. Provide motility to sperms
c. Formation of semen
d. Release of hormones
24. In mammals, the testes occur in scrotal sacs outside the
abdomen because of the
a. Presence of urinary bladder
b. Presence of rectum
c. Long vas deferens
d. Requirement of low temperature for spermatogenesis
25. If Cowper’s gland is removed which of the following will be
D൵HFWHG"
a. Sexual attraction
b. Fertilisation
c. Hardness of penis
d. Copulation
26. Which one is primary sex organ?
a. Scrotum
b. Penis
c. Testis
d. Prostate
27. The role of Leydig or interstitial cells is
a. Nourishment to sperms
b. Give motility to sperms
c. Synthesize testosterone hormone
d. All above
28. The secretions of the male sex accessory glands constitute the
a. Seminal plasma
b. Serum
c. Semen
d. Urine
29. Supporting cells found in between spermatogonia are
a. Germinal cells
b. Sertoli cells
c. Epithelial cells
d. Lymph space
30. Testes descend into scrotum in mammals for
a. Spermatogenesis
b. Fertilisation
c. Development of sex organs
d. Development of visceral organs
31. The sperms contain autosomes and
a. Only one Y-chromosome
b. Only one X-chromosome
c. Both X and Y-chromosome
d. Either X or Y-chromosome
32. The penis is
a. The male primary sex organ.
b. Composed of four longitudinal columns of erectile tissue.
c. Homologous to thre female labia majora.
d. A copulatory organ.
33. Part of sperm involved in penetrating egg membrane is
a. Tail
b. Acrosome
c. Allosome
d. Autosome
34. Which of the following is a transporting tube leading from
the bladder which brings urine outside the body via penis?
a. Ureter
b. Epididymis
c. Ejaculatory duct
d. Urethra meatus
35. The seminiferous tubules of the testis are lined by the
germinal epithelium consisting of
a. Sertoli cells
b. Spermatocytes
c. Sperms
d. Spermatids
36. :KLFK JODQG UHOHDVHV D VPDOO DPRXQW RI ÀXLG MXVW SULRU WR
ejaculation decrease acidity in the urethra caused by urine?
a. Prostate
b. Glans penis
c. Seminal vesicle
d. Bulbourethral gland
37. $QLPSRUWDQWGL൵HUHQFHEHWZHHQDVSUHPDQGDQHJJLVLQ
a. Their size
b. The amount of cytoplasm
c. Whether or not they are motile
d. All of the above
38. Sertoli cells are nourishing cells in the testis. They also
secrete a hormone. Identify the name.
a. Gonadotropin
b. Testosterone
c. Relaxin
d. Inhibin
39. By which process, sperms are released from the seminiferous
tubules?
a. Spermiation
b. Primary spermatocyte
c. Spermatogeneseis
d. Spermiogenesis
40. $W WKH HQG RI ¿UVW PHLRWLF GLYLVLRQ PDOH JHUP FHOO
GL൵HUHQWLDWHVLQWR
a. Secondary spermatocyte b. Primary spermatocyte
c. Spermatogonium
d. Spermatid
41. Function of Sertoli cells is controlled by
a. Estrogen
b. FSH
c. Testosterone
d. ACTH
Female Reproductive System
42. Which part of fallopian tube is close to ovary?
a. Ampulla
b. Isthmus
c. Uterus
d. Infundibulum
43. Womb is the another name of
a. Vagina
b. Cervix
c. Oviduct
d. Uterus
44. Birth canal is formed by
a. Uterus along with vagina
b. Uterus along with cervix
c. Cervical canal along with vagina
d. Uterus, cervix and vagina
45. The female reproductive system includes
A. Primary sex organ
B. Accessory duct
C. Accessory glands
D. External genitalia
a. A, B and D
b. A, C and D
c. A and D only
d. A, B, C and D
Human Reproduction
46. The function of ovary is
a. To produce female gamete
b. To produce several steroid hormones
c. To provide the site for fertilisation
d. Both (a) and (b)
47. 0DPPDU\JODQGVDUHPRGL¿FDWLRQRI
a. Sebaceous glands
b. Meibomian glands
c. Sweat glands
d. None of the above
48. The part of the fallopian tube which is closer to the ovary
SRVVHVV¿QJHUOLNHSURMHFWLRQVFDOOHG
a. Infundibulum
b. Isthmus
c. Ampulla
d. Fimbriae
49. The shape of the uterus is
a. Spherical
c. Fusiform shaped
b. Inverted pear
d. Oval
50. The last part of the oviduct that joins the uterus is called
a. Infundibulum
b. Isthmus
c. Ampulla
d. Fimbriae
51. The hymen can be torn by
A. First coitus (intercourse)
B. Sudden fall or jolt
C. Insertion of vaginal tampon
D. Active participation in cycling and horseback riding
a. A, B and C
b. B, C and D
c. A, B and D
d. A, B, C and D
52. A functional mammary gland is characteristic of all
a. Female vertebrates
b. Female mammals
c. Female primates
d. Female animals
53. The mammary glands are paired structure (breasts) that
contain glandular tissue and variable amount of fat. The
glandular tissue of breast is divided into
a. 10-12 mammary lobes
b. 12-16 mammary tubules
c. 15-20 mammary alveoli d. 15-20 mammary lobes
54. The cells of the mammary gland that secrete and store milk
are called
a. Alveoli
b. Ampulla
c. Neurons
d. Nephrons
55. In breast, the mammary alveoli open into the
b. Mammary tubule
a. Mammary duct
c. Mammary ampulla
d. Lactiferous duct
56. Bartholin's glands are situated
a. On the side of head of some amphibians
b. At the reduced tail end of birds
c. On either side of vagina in humans females.
d. On either side of vas deferens in humans
57. 0DPPDU\JODQGVDUHPRGL¿FDWLRQRI
a. Sebaceous glands
b. Sweat glads
c. Meibomian glands
d. None of the above
59
58. Which of the following is not part of the female external
genitalia?
a. Clitoris
b. Vagina
c. Labia majora
d. Labia minora
59. :KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLVD¿QJHUOLNHVWUXFWXUHDQGOLHVDW
the supper junction of the two labia minora above the urethral
opening?
a. Clitoris
b. Oviduct
c. Ampulla
d. Chorionic villi
60. Which of the following best represents the normal path of
a sperm cell as makes its way from the point of entry into
the female’s reproductive tract to the place where fertilisation
typically occurs?
a. Cervix, vagina, ovary, oviduct
b. Vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct
c. uterus, cervix, vagina, oviduct
d. Vagina, uterus, cervix, oviduct
61. The primary sex organs in males and females, respectively,
are
a. Testis and ovary
b. Penis and vagina
c. Scrotum and mammary gland
d. Testis and uterus
62. Bartholin's glands occur in
a. Females and help in vestibular lubrication
b. Females and produce estrogen for regulating secondary
sexual characters
F 0DOHVDQGIRUPOLTXLGSDUWRIVSHUPDWLFÀXLG
G 0DOHVDQGSURGXFHDONDOLQHÀXLGIRUQHXWUDOLVLQJXUHWKUDO
acidity
Gametogenesis
63. The head of mature mammalian sperm is made of
a. An acrosome
b. Elongated nucleus covered by acrosome
F 7ZRFHQWULROHVDQGDQD[LDO¿ODPHQW
d. Nucleus, acrosome, cytoplasm and mitochondrial sheath
64. The mobility of a mature sperm is controlled by the
mitochondria located in the
a. Head
b. Middle piece
c. Tail
d. In all of them
65. A large number of primary follicles degenerate during the
phase from birth to puberty. Therefore, at puberty each ovary
has about
a. 1 million primary follicles
b. A couple of million primary follicles
c. 60,000-80,000 primary follicles
d. 1,20,000-1,60,000 primary follicles
60
Human Reproduction
66. 7KH ¿UVW PHLRWLF GLYLVLRQ GXULQJ RRJHQHVLV LV FRPSOHWHG DW
the stage of
a. Primary oocyte within primary follicle
b. Primary oocyte within secondary follicle
c. Primary oocyte within tertiary follicle
d. Secondary oocyte within tertiary follicle
67. Sperms produce an enzymatic substance for dissolving egg
coverings. It is called
a. Hylauronic acid
b. Hyaluronidase
c. Androgamone
d. Diastase
68. The process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis is started
respectively at
a. Puberty and puberty
b. Puberty and menopause
c. Embryonic stage and menarche
d. Puberty and embryonic stage
69. Middle piece of a mammalian sperm contains
a. Centriole only
b. Nucleus and mitochonodria
c. Centriole and mitochondria
d. Mitochondria only
70. 6SHUPDWRJHQHVLVVWDUWVDWWKHDJHRISXEHUW\GXHWRVLJQL¿FDQW
increase in the secretion of
a. Somatostatin from hypothalamus
b. GnRH from hypothalamus
c. GnRH from anterior pituitary gland
d. GnRH from posterior pituitary gland
71. Which of the following produces energy for the movement of
tail that facilitate sperm motility essential for fertilisation?
a. Acrosome
b. Mitochondria
c. Nucleus
d. Head
72. Number of autosomes in human primary spermatocyte is
a. 22
b. 23
c. 44
d. 46
73. In spermatogenesis, reduction division of chromosomes
occurs during conversion of
a. Primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocytes
b. Spermatogonia to primary spermatocytes
c. Spermatids to sperms
d. Secondary spermatocytes to spermatids
74. An egg is released and fertilised by sperm at which stage?
a. Primary oocyte
b. Secondary oocyte
c. Oogonium
d. Ovum
75. Germ cells in female gonad and male gonad begin undergoing
meiosis simultaneously. What will be ratio of ova and sperms
produced?
a. 1 : 1
b. 1 : 2
c. 1 : 4
d. 2 : 1
76. Proximal centriole of sperm is found in
a. Head
b. Neck
c. Middle piece
d. Tail
77. Release of second polar body from human egg occurs
a. After entry of sperm
b. After fertilisation
c. Before sperm entry
d. With no relation to sperm entry
78. Polar body is produced during the formation of
a. Sperm
b. Secondary oocyte
c. Oogonium
d. Spermatocytes
79. Polar bodies are formed during
a. Spermatogenesis
b. Oogenesis
c. Gametogenesis
d. Spermateleosis
80. Spermiogenesis/spermateleosis is formation of spermtozoa
from
a. Primary spermatocyte
b. Secondary spermatocyte
c. Spermatids
d. Germinal cells of testes
81. In spermatogenesis, the phase of maturation involves
a. Growth of spermatogonia into spermatocytes
b. Formation of spermatogonia form gonocytes through
mitosis
c. Formation of spermatogonia from primary spermatocytes
through meiosis
d. Formation of oogonia from spermatocytes through meiosis
82. Chromosome number is halved during
D )RUPDWLRQRI¿UVWSRODUERG\
b. Formation of second polar body
c. Meiosis II
d. Division of secondary oocyte
83. Estrogen is selected by
a. Corpus luteum
E 0HPEUDQRXVJUDQXORVDRI*UDD¿DQIROOLFOH
c. Germinal epithelium of ovary
d. Pituitary gland
84. In a mammalian sperm, spirally arranged mitochondria
DURXQGDQD[LDO¿ODPHQWRFFXUVLQ
a. Middle piece
b. Head
c. End piece of tail
d. Principal piece of tail
85. What is the total number of polar bodies formed during
oogenesis in the ovary?
a. 4
b. 3
c. 1
d. 2
86. In an oocyte, second maturation division occurs in
a. Ovary
b. Polar body
c. Corpus luteum
d. Secondary oocytes
Human Reproduction
61
87. “A” cells start division and enter in “B” stage of meiotic
97. In 28 days human ovarian cycle, ovulation occurs on
division and get temporarily “C” at this stage, called “D”.
a. Day 1
b. Day 5
Identify A, B, C and D.
c. Day 14
d. Day 28
a. A: Oogonia; B: Metaphase I; C: Arrested; D: Primary
98. In case of non-fertilisation, corpus luteum
oocyte.
a. Stops secreting progesterone
b. A: Oogonia; B: Anaphase I; C: Realeased; D: Secondary
b. Changes to corpus albicans
oocyte.
c. Starts producing progesterone
c. A: Oogonia; B: Prophase I; C: Arrested; D: Primary
d. None of the above
oocyte.
99. Immediately after ovulation, the mammalian egg is covered
d. A: Oogonia; B: Telophase I; C: Realeased; D: Secondary
by a membrane called
oocyte.
a. Chorion
b. Zona pellucida
88. Egg is liberated from ovary in
c.
Corona
radiata
d. Vitelline membrane
a. Secondary oocyte stage
100. Secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum is initiated by
b. Primary oocyte occurs in all mammals
a. MSH
b. LH
c. Oogonial stage
c. Testosterone
d. Thyroxine
d. Mature ovum stage
89. 2RF\WH LV OLEHUDWHG IURP RYDU\ XQGHU WKH LQÀXHQFH RI /+ 101. *UDD¿DQIROOLFOHRIRYDU\VHFUHWHV
a. Estrogen
b. Relaxin
after completing
c. Progesterone
d. Cortisone
a. Meiosis and before liberating polar bodies
102.
Human
female
reaches
menopause
at the age of about
b. Meiosis I and before liberating polar bodies
a. 25 years
b. 35 years
c. Meiosis I before completion of meiosis II
c.
50
years
d. 70 years
d. Meiosis I after release of polar body
103. Phase of menstrual cycle when ovulation occurs is
Menstrual Cycle
a. Luteal
b. Menstrual
90. In which days, the secretory phase will takes place?
c. Proliferative
d. Secretory
a. From 5 to 13 days
b. 3 – 5 days
104. Phase of menstrual cycle in human that lasts for 7-8 days is
c. 15 – 29 days
d. Either (a) or (b)
a. Follicular phase
b. Ovulatory phase
91. The cycle of events starting from one menstruation till the
next one is called
a. Pregnancy
b. Parturition
c. Implantation
d. Menstrual cycle
92. Hormone responsible for ovulation and development of
corpus luteum is
a. FSH
b. LH
c. LTH
d. ICSH
93. Menstrual cycle is characteristic of all
a. Man, apes and monkeys b. Mammals
c. Primates
d. Both (a) and (c)
94. Lack of menstruation may be due to the
a. Pregnancy
b. Stress
c. Poor health
d. All of the above
c. Luteal phase
d. Menstruation
105. If mammalian ovum fails to get fertilised, which of the
following is unlikely?
a. Corpus luteum will disintegrate
b. Primary follicle starts developing
c. Progesterone secretion reapidly declines
d. Estrogen secretion further decreases
106. Which hormone level reaches peak during luteal phase of
menstrual cycle?
a. Luteinising hormone
b. Progesterone
c. Follicle stimulating hormone
d. Estrogen
95. The correct sequence of phase in the menstrual cycle is
a. Menstrual phase, follicular phase and luteal phase
b. Menstrual phase, luteal phase and follicular phase
c. Menstrual phase, proliferative phase and secretory phase
d. Both (a) and (c)
107. In human female, menopause is a stage in which
a. Oogenesis starts at puberty
b. Menstruation starts at puberty
c. Corpus luteum starts secreting progesterone for
maintaining pregnancy.
d. Menstruation stops at the age of 50 years and reproductive
capacity is arrested.
96. The main cause of the disintegration of the endometrial lining is
a. LH surge
b. Degeneration of corpus luteum
c. Ovulation during mid-cycle
d. Implantation leads to pregnancy
108. Onset of menstruation is due to
a. Increase in the level of progesterone
b. Fall in level of progesterone
c. Increase is level of FSH
d. None of these
62
Human Reproduction
109. Menstruation is initiated by
a. The corpus luteum of the uterus.
b. Surface cells from the vagina.
c. Blood from the outer surface of the uterus.
d. Shedding of the endometrial lining.
119. Fertilisation membrane is formed to
a. Facilitate entry of sperm into egg
b. Provide stability to egg
c. Prevent monospermy
d. Prevent polyspermy
110. Which of the following leads to the initiation of menstrual
cycle?
a. A sudden release of FSH from the anterior pituitary.
b. A lack of estrogen and progesterone due to degeneration of
the corpus luteum.
c. An increased release of estrogen and progesterone from
the corpus luteum.
d. A sudden drop in LH.
120. In the absence of acrosome the sperm
a. Cannot penetrate the egg
b. Cannot get food
c. Cannot get energy
d. Cannot swim
121. Sperms produce an enzymatic substance or lysin for
dissolving egg coverings. It is called
a. Hyaluronic acid
b. Hyaluronidase
c. Androgamone
d. Permease
111. Withdrawal of which of the following hormones is the
immediate cause of menstruation?
a. FSH
b. Combination of estrogen and progesterone
c. FSH only
d. LH only
122. Cytoplasm of ovum does not possess
a. Golgi complex
b. Mitochondria
c. Centrosome
d. Ribosomes
112. Which is correct?
a. Menstrual cycle is present in all mammals
b. Menstrual cycle is present in all primates
c. Estrous cycle occurs in all mammals
d. Most mammals are ovoviviparous.
124. Site of fertilization in a mammal is
a. Ovary
b. Uterus
c. Vagina
d. Fallopian tube
123. Pregnancy begins with implantation of
a. Embryo
b. Fertilised ovum
c. Blastopore
d. Blastocyst
113. Which one of the following is not a phase of the menstrual
cycle?
a. Estrous phase
b. Luteal phase
c. Follicular phase
d. Menstrual phase
125. The fertilisation in human occurs at the junction of
a. Infundibulum and ampulla
b. Isthmus and fundus
c. Ampulla and isthmus
d. Cervix and fundus
114. Which of the following hormones attain a peak level in the
middle of menstrual cycle?
a. LH and estrogen
b. FSH and progesterone
c. FSH and LH
d. Estrogen and progesterone
126. Which one of the following is the precise site of embryo
implantation in a normal pregnancy?
a. Endometrium
b. Vagina
c. Oviduct
d. Cervix
115. Menstrual cycle is controlled by
a. LH and FSH only
b. Estrogen, LH & FSH only
c. Estrogen & progesterone only
d. LH, FSH, estrogen & progesterone.
127. Into which structure a human oocyte released upon ovulation?
a. Fallopain tube
b. Ovary
c. Abdominal cavity
d. Uterus
116. How many ova are released during the middle of the menstrual
cycle?
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four
Fertilisation and Implantation
117. The sperms undergoes physiological maturation, acquiring
increased motility and fertilizing capacity in
D 6HPLQLIHURXVWXEXOHV
E 9DVDH൵HUHQWLD
c. Epididymis
d. Vagina
118. 5HOHDVHRIVHPLQDOÀXLGLQWKHYDJLQDRIIHPDOHLV
a. Ejaculation
b. Implantation
c. Insemination
d. Copulation
128. Development of blastocyst and its attachment to the uterine
wall in human beings is called
a. Fertilization
b. Gestation
c. Implantation
d. Insemination
129. Amniotes include
a. Fish, amphibians and birds
b. Amphibians, reptiles and birds
c. Reptiles, birds and mammals
d. Only mammals
130. Which of the following does not occur in the time during and
immediately following fertilization?
a. Fusion of the sperm and ovum nuclei
b. Divsion of the oocyte cell by meiosis
c. Implantation of the ovum in the uterus
d. Digestion of cell layers around the oocyte by sperm
Human Reproduction
131. The human embryo, with 8 to 16 blastomere is called
a. Morula
b. Blastula
c. Gastrula
d. Foetus
63
143. Which gland secretes alkaline mucus in urethra to neutralise
the acidity of urine?
a. Prostate gland
b. Cowper’s gland
c. Seminal vesicles
d. Perpetual glands
132. :KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJGL൵HUHQWLDWHLQWRHPEU\R"
a. Morula
b. Zygote
c. Trophoblast
d. Inner cell mass
133. Which layer of blastocyst gets attached to the endometrium?
a. Trophoblast
b. Inner cell mass
c. Umbilical cord
d. Both (a) and (c)
134. The role of the corpus luteum and the hormones it produces
ends
a. At the time of embryonic implantation in the uterus.
b. With the formation of the placenta.
c. During the second trimester of pregnancy.
d. Just prior to parturition.
144. Which of the cellular layers disintegrates and regenerates
again and again in human?
a. Endometrium of uterus
b. Dermis of skin
c. Cornea of eye
d. Endothelium of blood vessels
145. Gestation period is the duration between
a. Ovulation and fertilisation
b. Maturation of egg and ovulation
c. Fertilisation and parturition
d. Ovulation and parturition
146. In mammals, the onset of pregnancy causes
a. Secretion of testosterone
b. Degeneration of ovary
c. Inhibition of further ovulation
d. Inhibition of fertilization
Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
135. $PQLRWLFÀXLGSURWHFWVWKHIRHWXVIURP
a. Shock
b. Encystment
c. Degeneration
d. Disease
136. Attachment of foetus to placenta occurs through
a. Chordate mesoderm
b. Spinal cord
c. Umbilical cord
d. Notochord
147. Which one of following serves as embryonic urinary blader?
a. Amnion
b. Chorion
c. Allantois
d. Yolk sac
137. Human placenta is formed by
a. Chorionic villi
b. Umbilical cord
c. Uterine tissue
d. Both (a) and (c)
148. Which of the following indicated pregnancy?
a. Lack of menstruation
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138.)RHWDOPHPEUDQHWKDWSURYLGHVWKH¿UVWEORRGFRUSXVFOHIRU
c. When released ovum is not fertilized
circulation in embryo is
G:KHQ *UDD¿DQ IROOLFOH PDWXUHV DQG HQGRPHWULXP
a. Trophoblast
b. Yolk sac
regenerates through proliferation
c. Amnion
d. Chorion
149. :KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLQGXFHVIRHWDOHMHFWLRQUHÀH["
139. Correct sequence in development is
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&OHDYDJHĺ*DVWUXOD
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ĺ
ĺ
a.
b.
c.
d.
Initiation of lactation
Fully developed foetus and placenta
Expulsion of the baby out of the uterus
Transport of embryo in the fallopian tube
150. During embryonic development, the heart beat begins at the
end of
b. 2nd trimester
a. 1st trimester
ĺ
d. 2nd month
c. 1st month
ĺ
140. Mesoderm is formed through invagination of
a. Ectoderm
b. Endoderm
c. Inner mass of cells
d. Primitive streak
141. Which hormones is produced in women during pregnancy?
a. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
b. Relaxin
c. Human placental lactogen (hPL)
d. All of the above
151. Which extra-embryonic membrane in human prevent
desiccation of the embryo inside the uterus?
a. Chorion
b. Allantois
c. Yolk sac
d. Amnion
152. :KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ RUJDQ LV GL൵HUHQWLDWHG ¿UVW GXULQJ
development?
a. Heart
b. Skin
c. Brain
d. Neural tube
Parturition and Lactation
142.7KLFN \HOORZ KLJK SURWHLQ ÀXLG SURGXFHG E\ PDPPDU\
153. What is the colour of the colostrum?
JODQGVRIDZRPHQGXULQJ¿UVWGD\VDIWHUFKLOGELUWKLV
D 3URVWDWHÀXLG
E 6HPLQDOÀXLG
a. White
b. Pink
c. Fructose
d. Colostrum
d. Yellow
c. Pinkish
64
Human Reproduction
154. Signals for parturition originate from
a. Placenta only
b. Fully developed foetus only
c. Both placenta as well as fully developed foetus
d. Oxytocin released from maternal pituitary
158. 7KHPLONHMHFWLRQUHÀH[LVVWLPXODWHGE\
a. Oxytocin
b. Estrogen
c. Prolactin
d. Progesterone
155. Which hormone causes strong uterine contractions during
birth?
a. Oxytocin
b. LH
c. FSH
d. Prolactin
159. Which of the following induces parturition?
a. Vasopressin
b. Oxytocin
c. GH
d. TSH
160. An important factor contributing to the onset and maintenance
of labour contractions is
a. Increased contractility of the uterine muscles from
increased oxytocin levels.
b. Mechanical pressure on the cervix generated by the
157.7KHPDPPDU\JODQGVRIWKHPRWKHUXQGHUJRGL൵HUHQWLDWLRQ
emerging baby’s head
during pregnancy and start producing milk after delivery.
This process is called
F 6WUHWFKLQJ RI WKH XWHUXV GXULQJ WKH ¿QDO VWDJHV RI IRHWDO
growth.
a. Lactation
b. Implantation
d. All of the above
c. Fertilisation
d. Parturition
156. The process of delivery of the foetus is called:
a. Implantation
b. Parturition
c. Fertilisation
d. Lactation
NCERT Based Questions
1. :KDWZRXOGKDSSHQLIYDVDGH൵HUHQWLDRIPDQDUHFXW"
a. Sperms are non-nucleate
b. Spermatogenesis does not occur
c. Semen is without sperms
d. Sperms are non-motile
2. $VH[JODQGZKLFKFRQWULEXWHÀXLGFRQWDLQLQJVXJDUIUXFWRVH
that provided spermatozoa energy for swimming and hormone
prostaglandins that stimulate contractions in the reproductive
tract to aid sperm – ovum interactions is:
a. Cowper’s gland
b. Prostate gland
c. Seminal vesicles
d. Preputial gland
3. 50 secondary oocytes in female and 50 secondary
spermatocytes in male give rise to
a. 50 ova and 100 sperms
b. 100 ova and 200 sperms
c. 200 ova and 50 sperms
d. 100 ova and 100 sperms
4. Sertoli cells secrete a hormone:
a. Inhibin
b. Testosterone
c. Relaxin
d. Gonadotropin
5. Which is correctly matched in a normal menstrual cycle?
a. Endometrium regenerates—5 to 10 days
b. Release of egg— 5th day
c. Endometrium secretes nutrients for implantation— 11 to
18 days
d. Rise in progesterone level— 1 to 15 days
6. Fertilisation is the fusion of
a. Diploid spermatozoan with diploid ovum to form diploid
zygote
b. Haploid spermatozoan with diploid ovum to form diploid
zygote
c. Diploid spermatozoan with haploid ovum to form diploid
zygote
d. Haploid spermatozoan with haploid ovum to form diploid
zygote
7. In mammals, the testes occur in scrotal sacs, outside the
viscera because of the
a. Presence of urinary bladder
b. Presence of rectum
c. Long vas-deferens
d. Requirement of low temperature for spermatogenesis
8. :KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLVWKH¿UVWFKDQJHWKDWRFFXUVWRWKH
zygote after fertilisation?
a. It divides to form a hollow ball of cells, called the
blastocyst.
b. It begins to secrete the hormones.
c. It contacts the endometrial wall of the uterus and becomes
buried inside it.
d. It initiates the formation of a placenta.
9. There is a connective tissue cord extending between the testis
and abdominal wall called
a. Testis cord
b. Gubernaculum
c. Mesentric cord
d. Spermatic cord
10. Yellow corpus luteum occurs in mammals in
a. Heart to initiate heart beat
b. Skin to function as pain receptor
c. Brain and connects cerebral hemispheres
d. Ovary for secretion of progesterone
11. After the transformation of spermatids into sperm, their heads
EHFRPHHPHGGHGLQDFHOOFDOOHG³;´DQGDUH¿QDOO\UHOHDVHG
from the “Y” by the process called “Z”. Identify X, Y and Z.
X
a. Spermatogonium
b. Leydig cells
c. Sertoli cells
d. Spermatocyte
Y
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminiferous
tubule
Seminiferous
tubule
Z
Insemination
Parturition
Spermiation
Spermiogenesis
12. Which one of the following is the correct matching of the
events occuring during menstrual cycle?
a. Proliferative phase: Rapid regeneration of myometrium
DQGPDWXUDWLRQRI*UDD¿DQIROOLFOH
b. Development of corpus luteum: Secretory phase nd
increased secretion of progesterone.
c. Menstruation: Breakdown of myometrium and ovum not
fertilised.
d. Ovulation: LH and FSH attain peak level and sharp fall in
the secretion of progesterone.
13. Tertiary follicle have characterised by
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b. By the presence ovule in an ovary
c. By the presence of sperm in fallopian tube
G%\WKHSUHVHQFHRIJUDD¿DQIROOLGH
14. Choose the incorrect statement from the following:
a. In birds and mammals, internal fertilisation takes place
b. Colostrum contains antibodies and nutrients
c. Polyspermy is prevented by the chemical changes in the
egg surface
d. In the human female, implantation occurs almost seven
days after fertilisation
15. Identify the wrong statement from the following:
a. High levels of estrogen triggers the ovulatory surge
b. Oogonial cells start to proliferate and give rise to functional
ova in regular cycles from puberty onwards
66
Human Reproduction
c. Sperms released from seminiferous tubules are poorly
motile/ non-motile
d. Progesterone level is high during the post ovulatory phase
of menstrual cycle
25. The level of progesterone is high at which phase in the
menstrual cycle?
a. Proliferative phase
b. Luteal phase
c. Menstrual phase
d. Ovulatory phase
16. Spot the odd one out from the following structures with
reference to the male reproductive system:
a. Rete testis
b. Epididymis
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26. The immature male germ cell undergo division to produce
sperms by the process of spermatogenesis. Choose the correct
one with reference to above.
a. Spermatogonia have 46 chromosomes and always undergo
meiotic cell division
b. Primary spermatocytes divide by mitotic cell division
c. Secondary spermatocytes have 23 chromosomes and
undergo second meiotic division
d. Spermatozoa are transformed into spermatids
17. The correct sequence of the spermatogenetic stages leading
to the formation of sperms in a mature human testis is
D 6SHUPDWRJRQLDĺ6SHUPDWRF\WHĺ6SHUPDWLGĺ6SHUPV
E 6SHUPDWLGĺ6SHUPDWRF\WHĺ6SHUPDWRJRQLDĺ6SHUPV
F 6SHUPDWRJRQLDĺ6SHUPDWLGĺ6SDPDWRF\WHĺ6SHUPV
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18. 6HPLQDOSODVPDWKHÀXLGSDUWRIVHPHQLVFRQWULEXWHGE\
I. Seminal vesicle
II. Prostate
III.Urethra
IV. Bulbourethral gland
a. I and II
b. I, II and IV
c. II, III and IV
d. I and IV
19. Spermiation is the process of the release of sperms from:
a. Seminiferous tubules
b. Vas deferens
c. Epididymis
d. Prostate gland
20. A cross section at the midpoint of the middle piece of a
human sperm will show
a. Centriole, mitrochondria and 9 + 2 arrangement of
microtubules
b. Centriole and mitrochondria
c. Mitochondria and 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules
d. 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules only
21. 0DWXUH*UDD¿DQIROOLFOHLVJHQHUDOO\SUHVHQWLQWKHRYDU\RID
healthy human female around:
a. 5-8 days of menstrual cycle
b. 11-17 days of menstrual cycle
c. 18-23 days of menstrual cycle
d. 24-28 days of menstrual cycle
22. Acrosomal reaction of the sperm occurs due to:
a. Its contact with zona pellucida of the ova
b. Reactions within the uterine environment of the female
c. Reactions within the epididymal environment of the male
d. Androgens produced in the uterus
23. Which one of the following is not a male accessory gland?
a. Seminal vesicle
b. Bartholin's gland
c. Prostate gland
d. Bulbourethral gland
24. At which stage of the menstrual cycle, both LH and FSH are
high?
a. Menstrual phase
b. Ovulatory phase
c. Luteal phase
d. Proliferative phase
27. During proliferative phase, uterine wall undergoes certain
changes, these are
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E(QGRPHWULXPZDOOLVVORXJKHGR൵
c. Blood vessel in endometrium becomes long and coiled
d. Proliferation of myometrial epithelial lining
28. Match between the following representing parts of the sperm
and their functions and choose the correct option.
A.
B.
C.
D.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Column I
Head
Middle piece
Acrosome
Tail
A-2
A-4
A-4
A-2
B-4
B-3
B-1
B-1
C-1
C-1
C-2
C-3
1.
2.
3.
4.
Column II
Enzymes
Sperm motility
Energy
Genetic material
D-3
D-2
D-3
D-4
29. Which among the following has 23 chromosomes?
a. Spermatogonia
b. Zygote
c. Secondary oocyte
d. Oogonia
30. Match the following and choose the correct options.
Column I
Column II
A. Trophoblast
1. Embedding of blastocyst in
the endometrium
B. Cleavage
2. Group of cells that would
GL൵HUHQWLDWHDVHPEU\R
C. Inner cell
mass
3. Outer layer of blastocyst
attached to the endometrium
D. Implantation
4. Mitotic division of zygote
a.
A-2 B-1 C-3 D-4
b.
A-3 B-4 C-2 D-1
c.
A-3 B-1 C-2 D-4
d.
A-2 B-4 C-3 D-1
Human Reproduction
31. The sperms undergoes physiological maturation, acquiring
increased motility and fertilizing capacity in
a. Seminiferous tubules
E9DVDH൵HUHQWLD
c. Epididymis
d. Vagina
32. Which of the following hormones is not secreted by human
placenta?
a. hCG
b. Estrogens
c. Progesterone
d. LH
33. The vas deferens receives duct from the seminal vesicle and
opens into urethra as:
a. Epididymis
b. Ejaculatory duct
F (൵HUHQWGXFWXOH
G 8UHWHU
34. Urethral meatus refers to the:
a. Urogenital duct
b. Opening of vas deferens into urethra
c. External opening of the urogenital duct
d. Muscles surrounding the urogenital duct
35. Placenta is the region where
a. Foetus is attached to mother by spermatic cord
b. Foetus is provided with mother’s blood
c. Foetus receives nourishment from mother’s blood
d. Foetus is covered by membranes
36. Morula is a developmental stage:
a. Between the zygote and blastocyst
b. Between the blastocyst and gastrula
c. After the implantation
d. Between implantation and parturition
37. The membranous cover of the ovum at ovulation is:
a. Corona radiata
b. Zona radiata
c. Zona pellucida
d. Chorion
38. The sex of the foetus will be decided by
a. Fertilization by male gamete
b. Implantation
c. Fertilization by female gamete
d. The start of cleavage
67
c. Normal spermatogenesis cannot occur at body temperature.
d. Testosterone can be produced by the testes only when they
are located in the scrotum.
41. Which complex of hormones induces lactation?
a. Estrogen, Progesterone and hPL
b. Relaxin, estrogen and hCG
c. hCG and hPL
d. Oxytocin and progesterone
42. In males, testes are contained in the scrotal sacs because
a. Other organs do not make space for the testes in the
abdominal cavity
b. Testes in the abdoment will hamper maturation of sperms
c. It provides temperature that is slightly lower than body
temperature required for formation of functional sperms
d. It facilitates ejaculation
43. Spermiogenesis is the transformation of
a. Spermatogonium into primary spermatocyte
b. Spermatogonium into functional spermatozoa
c. Primary spermatocytes into secondary spermatocytes
d. Spermatids into spermatozoa
44. All of the following are functions of the sertoli cells in the
seminiferous tubules EXCEPT
a. They secrete an androgen-binding protein into the
seminiferous tubule in response to FSH stimulation.
b. They secrete inhibin, which exerts a negative feedback
H൵HFWRQWKHSLWXLWDU\JODQGWRLQKLELW)6+VHFUHWLRQ
c. They secrete mullerian-duct stimularting hormone during
HPEU\RQLF VH[XDO GL൵HUHQWLDWLRQ ZKLFK UHVXOWV LQ WKH
development of the ductus deferens.
d. They provide support for developing spermatozoa.
45. If you compared the genetic makeup of an animal produced
by parthenogenesis with that of its mother, which of the
following would you expect?
a. About 100 percent genetic similarity
b. About 50 percent genetic similarity
c. No genetic similarity
d. Parthenogenetic animals have no mother
39. Identify the odd one from the following:
a. Labia minora
b. Fimbriae
c. Infundibulum
d. Isthmus
46. Parturition is induced by
a. A complex neuroendocrine mechanism
b. A simple neuroendocrine mechanism
c. A neuroexocrine mechanism
d. A physio-chemical mechanism
40. The descent of the testes from the abdominal cavity into the
two scrotal sacs occur during fetal life because
a. Additional room is required for the complete development
of the testes.
b. The developing viscera in the abdomen move the fetal
testes downward.
47. Level of which hormone is at their highest during the luteal
phase (second half of the cycle) of the menstrual cycle?
a. Estrogen
b. Progesterone
c. Luteinizing hormone
d. Follicular stimulating hormone
Multi-Concept Questions
1. Study the given statement and answer the question. “During
‘P’ phase of the menstrual cycle, if pregnancy doesn’t happen,
the ‘Q’ withers and dies, usually around day 22 in a 28-day
cycle. The drop in ‘R’ levels causes the lining of the uterus to
fall away. This is known as ‘S’. Identify P, Q, R and S.
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6ĺ0HQDUFKH
E3 ĺ /XWHDO 4 ĺ &RUSXV OXWHXP 5 ĺ 3URJHVWHURQH
6ĺ0HQVWUXDWLRQ
F 3 ĺ 2YXODWRU\ 4 ĺ (QGRPHWULXP 5 ĺ )ROOLFOH
VWLPXODWLQJKRUPRQH6ĺ0HQRSDXVH
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KRUPRQH6ĺ0HQVWUXDWLRQ
2. An egg of bird was coated with varnish and then incubated.
The egg did not hatch because the developing embryo
a. Could not excrete and died
b. Could not utilize yolk in the pressure of excess amount of
nitrogenous wastes
c. Died because of depleted O2 supply
G'LHGEHFDXVHRIWR[LFH൵HFWRIYDUQLVK
3. If 2n = 16 in a primary spermatocyte which is in metaphase
RI ¿UVW PHLRWLF GLYLVLRQ:KDW VKDOO EH WKH WRWDO QXPEHU RI
chromatids in each secondary spermatocyte?
a. 16
b. 24
c. 32
d. 8
4. If the size of a fertilized egg is compared with the size of
its blastocyst and gastrula stages, which of the following
observations will be correct?
A. There is a progressive increase in size from zygote to
gastrula through blastocyst
B. All the three will be of the same size
C. Zygote will be smaller, while blastocyst and gastrula will
be larger
D. Gastrula will be largest while zygote and blastocyst will be
of same size
a. (A) only
b. (B) and (C)
c. (A) and (D)
d. (C) only
5. Read the following statements about the given diagram
carefully and state which of them are correct?
(i) A carries urine and C stores sperm.
LL %VHFUHWHVDÀXLGWKDWKHOSVLQWKHOXEULFDWLRQRISHQLV
(iii) D produces testosterone but not sperms.
(iv) C stores sperms.
a. (i) and (ii)
b. (ii) and (iii)
c. (ii) and (iv)
d. (i) and (iv)
6. The given diagram refers to T.S. of testis showing sectional
view of few seminiferous tubules. Identify the parts labeled
A to D and select the correct option.
a. A-Sertoli cells, B-Spermatozoa, C-Interstitial cells,
D-Sperms
b. A-Sertoli cells, B-Secondary spermatocyte, C- Interstitial
cells, D-Sperms
c. A-Interstitial cells, B-Spermatogonia, C-Sertoli cells,
D-Sperms.
d. A-Sertoli cells, B-Spermatogonia, C-Interstitial cell,
D-Sperms.
7. During bleeding phase of menstrual cycle unfertilized
secondary oocyte undergoes autolysis. This interplay of
hormones at that time is
a. Progesterone and estrogen continue the hypertrophy of
endometrial lining
b. Prolactin and progesterone reduces LH levels causing
regression of corpus luteum
c. Progesterone inhibits the release of LH from pituitary
causing regression of corpus luteum
d. Prolactin and estrogen inhibits progesterone secretin
OHDGLQJWRVORXJKLQJR൵RIXWHULQHOLQLQJ
8. The accompanying diagram shows the changes that take
place in the endometrium during a normal menstrual cycle.
Identify the changes and select the correct option.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Ovulation
A
A
C
B
Mensturation
B
C
A
D
Human Reproduction
9. If spermatogenesis proceeds too rapidly, inhibin is released.
Inhibin reduces the secretion of
a. Luteinising Hormone (LH)
b. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
c. Testosterone
d. Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (lCSH)
a.
b.
c.
d.
d. Vagina to uterus
C-2
C-1
C-2
C-2
D-1
D-2
D-5
D-4
A. Mons pubis
1. Fleshy folds of tissue
B. Labia majora
2. Cushion of fatty tissue converted
by skin and pubic hair
C. Labia minora 3. Membrane partially covering
the opening of vagina
11. If Cowper’s gland is removed which of the following will be
D൵HFWHG"
b. Fertilization
a. Sexual attraction
c. Hardness of penis
d. Copulation
c. Ovary to uterus
B-5
B-4
B-3
B-1
17.0DWFKWKHFROXPQVDQG¿QGRXWWKHFRUUHFWFRPELQDWLRQ
10. Which set is similar?
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b. Sebum - Sweat
c. Bundle of His - Pace maker
d. Vit. C - Niacin
12. ,I IRU VRPH UHDVRQ WKH YDVD H൵HUHQWLD LQ WKH KXPDQ
reproductive system get blocked, the gametes will not be
transported from:
a. Testes to epididymis
b. Epididymis to vas deferens
c. Ovary to uterus
d. Vagina to uterus
13. How many ova and sperms will be produced from 100
secondary oocytes and 100 secondary spermatocytes during
gametogenesis in human?
a. 50 ova, 100 sperms
b. 100 ova, 100 sperms
c. 200 ova, 200 sperms
d. 100 ova, 200 sperms
14. ,I IRU VRPH UHDVRQ WKH YDVD H൵HUHQWLD LQ WKH KXPDQ
reproductive system gets blocked, the gametes will not be
transported from
a. Testes to epididymis
b. Epididymis to vas deferens
A-4
A-5
A-4
A-5
D. Hymen
a.
b.
c.
d.
A-1
A-2
A-3
A-4
4. Paired folds of tissue under the
labia majora
B-2
B-1
B-1
B-4
C-3
C-4
C-2
C-1
D-4
D-3
D-4
D-2
18. 0DWFKWKHFROXPQVDQG¿QGRXWWKHFRUUHFWFRPELQDWLRQ
A. Epimere
1.
Mesoderm between gut and
neural tube
B. Hypomere
2.
Notochordal mesoderm induces
ectodermal cells to form the
neural plate
C. Mesomere
3.
Mesoderm adjacent to notochord
and neural tube
D. Induction
4.
Mesoderm around the gut
a.
b.
c.
d.
15. Label P, Q, R, & S
A-3
A-4
A-2
A-1
B-4
B-3
B-4
B-4
C-1
C-1
C-1
C-3
D-2
D-2
D-3
D-2
19. 0DWFKWKHFROXPQVDQG¿QGRXWWKHFRUUHFWFRPELQDWLRQ
P
a.
Q
Progesterone Estrogen
R
S
LH
FSH
b.
FSH
LH
Estrogen
Progesterone
c.
LH
FSH
Estrogen
Progesterone
d.
FSH
LH
Progesterone
Estrogen
16. 0DWFKWKHFROXPQVDQG¿QGRXWWKHFRUUHFWFRPELQDWLRQ
A. FSH
B. LH
1. Prepares endometrium
2. Develops female secondary sexual
characters
C. Progesterone 3. Contraction of uterine wall
D. Estrogen
4. Development of Corpus luteum
5. 0DWXUDWLRQRI*UDD¿DQIROOLFOH
69
A. Inguinal canal
1.
Network of seminiferous
tubules
B.
Rete testis
2.
Secondary sexual characters
C.
Leydig cells
3.
For descending testis
D. Prepuce
4.
Dorsal bundles of muscles
E.
5.
Terminal skin of glans
penis cavernosa
Corpora
a.
A-1
B-2
C-3
D-5
E-5
b.
A-3
B-1
C-4
D-2
E-5
c.
A-2
B-4
C-3
D-5
E-1
d.
A-3
B-1
C-2
D-5
E-4
70
Human Reproduction
20. 0DWFKWKHFROXPQVDQG¿QGRXWWKHFRUUHFWFRPELQDWLRQ
A. Chorion
1. Nourishment
B. Allantois
2. Protection
C. Yolk sac
3. Fluid
D. Amnion
4. Excretion
a.
A-4
B-2
C-1
D-3
b.
A-2
B-4
C-1
D-3
c.
A-2
B-4
C-3
D-1
d.
A-1
B-3
C-2
D-4
21. 0DWFKWKHFROXPQVDQG¿QGWhe correct options:
A. Parturition
1. Attachment of zygote to
endometrium
B. Gestation
2. 5HOHDVHRIHJJIURP*UDD¿DQ
follicle
3. Delivery of baby from uterus
C. Ovulation
D. Implantation 4. Duration between pregnancy
and birth
E.
Fertilisation
5. Formation of zygote by
fusion of egg and sperm
6. Stoppage of ovulation and
menstruation
a.
A-2
B-4
C-1
D-5
E-3
b.
A-3
B-4
C-2
D-1
E-5
c.
A-5
B-1
C-2
D-3
E-4
d.
A-4
B-3
C-1
D-5
E-2
22. Read the following statements and choose incorrect.
a. After ovulation, corpus luteum only secretes
progesterone
b. GIP inhibits gastric secretions and motility
c. Cortisol is also consider as life saving hormone
d. Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis in liver
23. Read the following statements and choose incorrect one:
D 7KH ¿UVW PHQVWUXDWLRQ EHJLQV DW SXEHUW\ DQG LV FDOOHG
menarch.
b. No more oogonia are added after birth.
F 7KHFOLWRULVLVDWLQ\¿QJHUOLNHVWUXFWXUHZKLFKOLHVDWWKH
upper junction of the two labia minora below the urethral
opening
d. The last part of the oviduct the isthmus has a narrow lumen
and it joins the uterus.
24. Read the following statements and choose option with
incorrect only:
A. Bartholin’s glands are situated on the either outer side of
labia minora.
B. Cervix is also included in birth canal along with vagina
&0DPPDU\JODQGVDUHPRGL¿HGVXGRULIHURXVJODQGV
D. Presence of hymen is only reliable indicator of virginity
a. (A), (B) and (D)
b. (B) and (C) only
c. (A) and (D) only
d. (A), (C) and (D)
25. Read the following statements and choose incorrect one.
a. Embryo at 16 called stage is known as morula.
b. Acrosomal reaction of sperm help in compatibility check.
c. In humans, site of fertilization is ampullary isthmus
junction.
d. During entry into the ovum, acrosome of sperm releases
hyaluronidase.
26. Which one of the following statements about human sperm is
correct?
a. Acrosome is a pointed structure used for piercing and
penetrating the egg, resulting in fertilization
b. The sperm lysins in the acrosome dissolve the egg envelope
facilitating fertilisation
c. Acrosome serves as sensory structure leading the sperm
towards the ovum.
d. Acrosome does not have a particular function.
27. Which of the following statement is false for uterus?
a. It is also called womb and its shape is like an inverted pear
b. It is supported by ligaments attached to the pelvic wall
c. It opens into oviduct through cervix whose cavity is called
cervical canal
d. It is bound by three layers, outer perimetrium, middle
myometrium and inner endometrium
28. All the following statements are correct but one is wrong
which one is wrong?
a. The signals for parturition originate from the fully
developed foetus and placenta which will induce mild
XWHULQHFRQWUDFWLRQVFDOOHGIRHWDOHMHFWLRQUHÀH[
E 7KH¿UVWPRYHPHQWVRIWKHIRHWXVDQGDSSHDUDQFHRIKDLU
RQWKHKHDGLVXVXDOO\REVHUYHGGXULQJ¿IWKPRQWK
F &OHDYDJHLVLQÀXHQFHGE\WKHTXDQWLW\DQGWKHSDWWHUQRI
the distribution of yolk in the cell
d. Lactational amenorrhoea, there is no ovulation or
menstruation during the intense period of lactation, due to
high level of progesterone.
29. Read the following statements for testis and choose incorrect
one.
a. Both testis totally have 250 compartments called testicular
lobules
b. Each testicular lobule contains one to three straight
seminiferous tubules
c. Each seminiferous tubules is lined on it’s inside by two types
of cells called spermatogonia and sertoli cells.
d. Each testis is covered by a dense covering.
30. Following statements are given regarding MTP. Choose the
correct option given below.
$073VDUHJHQHUDOO\DGYLVHGGXULQJ¿UVWWULPHVWHU
B. MTPs are used as a contraceptive method
C. MTPs are always surgical
Human Reproduction
a. (A) and (C)
c. Only (A)
b. (B) and (C)
d. (A) and (B)
71
Assertion & Reason
Directions: These questions consist of two statements each,
31. 7KHHGJHVRIWKHLQIXQGLEXOXPSRVVHV¿QJHUOLNHSURMHFWLRQV printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering these
FDOOHG¿PEULDHZKLFKKHOSVLQ
questions, you are required to choose any one of the following
a. Collection of sperms
four responses.
b. Collection of ovum after ovulation
A. If both Assertion and Reason are True and the Reason is
c. To facilitate implantation
the correct explanation of the Assertion.
d. To pass nutrition towards ovum
B. If both Assertion and Reason are True but Reason is not
the correct explanation of the Assertion.
32. Read the following statements and choose the incorrect one.
C. If Assertion is True but the Reason is False.
a. The edges of the infundibulum possess very small
SURWRSODVPLFSURFHVVHVFDOOHG¿PEULDH
D. If both Assertion and Reason are False.
b. Ovaries are the primary female sex organs that produce
39. Assertion: A corpus luteum contains the remnants of mature
the female gamete several steroid hormones
follicle after ovulation.
c. Secretion of male accessory glands constitute the seminal
Reason: The corpus luteum produces progesterone, estrogens,
plasma
relaxin and inhibin.
d. Each ovary is covered by a thin epithelium which encloses
the ovarian stroma
40. Assertion: ,Q D VHFRQGDU\ IROOLFOH WKH WKHFD GL൵HUHQWLDWHV
33. Choose the wrong statement on following:
a. Chorion = Extraembryonic parietal mesoderm + Trophoblast
b. Amnion = Amniogenic cell + extra embryonic mesoderm
c. Yolk sac = Extraembryonic visceral mesoderm + Endoderm
d. Allantois = Extraembryonic mesoderm + Trophoblast
34. Which of the following incorrectly paired with its function?
D (SLGLG\PLVĺ0DWXUDWLRQDQGVWRUDJHRIVSHUPV
E3URVWDWHJODQGĺ6HFUHWHV$%3DQG,QKLELQ
F )DOORSLDQWXEHĺ&DWFKHVRYDDQGFRQGXFWVWKHP
G6HPLQDOYHVLFOHĺ3URGXFHVDVXJDUFRQWDLQLQJÀXLGWR
nourish sperms
35. What kind of uterine changes occurs during luteal phase of
menstrual cycle?
a. Myometrium hypertrophy
b. More secretory nature of endometrium
c. Blood loss
G5XSWXUHG*UDD¿DQIROOLFOH
36. Which of the following statement is correct about functioning
of estrogen hormone?
a. Increases adhesive nature of endometrium
b. Decreases myometrial contraction
c. Causes myometrial hypertropy
d. It is a antiabortion hormone
37. Choose the incorrect pair with respect to homologous
reproductive structures?
a. Labia majora – Scrotum
b. Clitoris – Penis
c. Bartholin glands – Bulbourethral glands
d. Paraurethral glands – Seminal vesicles
38. Ovulation occurs:
a. Between menstruation and proliferative phase
b. Between menstruation and secretory phase
c. Between menstruation and luteal phase
d. Between proliferative phase and secretory phase
into two layers.
Reason: The secondary follicle eventually become larger,
turning into a mature follicle.
41. Assertion: The clitoris is a small cylindrical mass composed
of two small erectile bodies, the corpora cavernosa.
Reason: It is composed of numerous blood sinuses lined by
endothelial cells and surrounded by smooth muscles.
42. Assertion: The pH of semen is slightly alkaline.
Reason:+LJKHUS+DQGODUJHUYROXPHRIÀXLGIURPVHPLQDO
vesicle make semen alkaline.
43. Assertion: With increasing age of females, fertility declines.
Reason: The ovarian follicles become exhausted between the
age of 40 and 50 years.
44. Assertion: The second meiotic division of the developing
ovarian follicles is completed just after fertilisation.
Reason: Conception is the onset of pregnancy when the
implantation of blastocyst take place.
45. Assertion:0DPPDU\JODQGLVDPRGL¿HGVZHDWJODQG
Reason: Mammary gland is functional in both sexes, i.e.,
male and female.
46. Assertion:&RUSXVOXWHXPDUHWKHFHOOVSURGXFHGE\*UDD¿DQ
after ovulation.
Reason: Corpus luteum secretes estrogen which is necessary
to maintain pregnancy.
47. Assertion: Parturition is peristalsis expulsion of foetus
through birth canal.
Reason: Oxytocin stimulates peristalsis in uterus and also in
ejection of milk. .
48. Assertion: Generally, a woman does not conceive during
lactation period.
Reason: The hormone prolactin initiates and maintains
lactation in a woman.
Answer Key
Topic-wise Questions
1
d
2
b
3
b
4
a
5
b
6
a
7
c
8
a
9
d
10
a
11
b
12
d
13
c
14
c
15
b
16
b
17
a
18
b
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
d
a
d
d
b
d
c
c
c
a
b
a
d
d
b
b
a
d
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
d
d
a
a
b
d
d
c
d
d
c
d
b
b
d
b
d
a
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
b
c
b
b
a
b
a
a
b
b
c
c
b
d
c
b
b
c
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
a
b
c
b
a
b
b
c
a
a
b
a
b
c
c
a
d
c
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
d
b
d
d
d
b
c
b
b
b
c
c
c
a
b
b
d
b
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
d
b
b
b
a
c
d
a
c
c
d
a
b
c
d
d
c
a
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
c
c
c
c
a
d
a
c
a
c
d
b
a
d
d
d
b
a
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
c
c
c
a
b
c
d
c
d
c
a
b
a
b
b
d
NCERT Based Questions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
c
c
a
a
a
d
d
a
d
d
c
b
a
c
b
d
a
b
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
a
c
b
a
b
d
b
c
c
b
c
b
c
d
b
c
c
a
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
a
a
a
c
d
c
d
c
a
a
b
Multi-Concept Questions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
b
c
a
a
c
d
c
c
b
a
b
a
d
a
b
b
b
a
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
d
b
b
a
c
c
c
b
c
d
b
c
b
a
d
b
b
c
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
d
d
b
b
a
a
a
b
c
b
b
b