Baka lumabas po ito sa exam base sa
kopyahan po ni Sir (AP Biology po)
LINK:
https://d3bxy9euw4e147.cloudfront.net/oscm
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pdf
Diyaan po kinopya ni sir ang buong quiz na
hindi narecord HAHAHAHA
Goodluck po ulit!!
3. the target point in homeostasis
4. body functions are maintained within a
given range
17​. What type of feedback loop pushes an
organism’s physiology further away from its
normal setpoints?
1. positive feedback loop
2. negative feedback loop
3. set point
4. receptor
HOMEOSTASIS
5​. Which type of animal maintains a constant
internal body temperature?
1. endotherm
2. ectotherm
3. poikilotherm
4. fusiform
18​. When faced with a sudden drop in
environmental temperature, an endothermic
animal will ​____​.
1. experience a substantial drop in its body
temperature
2. find a warm rock on which to bask
3. increase muscle activity to generate
heat
4. increase fur or fat to increase insulation
6​. Smaller endothermic animals have ​__​_____
surface area for their mass compared with larger
endothermic animals.
1. equal
2. greater
3. less
4. no
19​. Homeostasis is primarily controlled by
__​_____ feedback loops.
1. positive
2. negative
3. acclimatization
4. receptor
13​. The part of a neuron that contains the
nucleus is the ​__​__​.
1. axon
2. dendrite
3. cell body
4. oligodendrocyte
20​. Which is an example of negative feedback?
1. lowering of blood glucose after a meal
2. blood clotting after an injury
3. lactation during nursing
4. uterine contractions during labor
15​. Animals maintain an overall steady state of
internal conditions by ​__​_.
1. ectothermy
2. homeostasis
3. basal metabolic rate
4. standard metabolic rate
21​. Which method of heat exchange occurs
during direct contact between the source and
the animal?
1. radiation
2. evaporation
3. convection
4. conduction
16​. To what does the term “equilibrium” refer in
the context of organismal homeostasis?
1. control mechanisms that amplify a
response
2. control mechanisms that increase or
decrease a stimulus
22​. Which of the following is a strategy that may
be employed by an ectotherm to immediately
increase body temperature?
1. Consume more food to increase fat as
insulation.
2. Increase amount of vasodilation.
3. Increase amount of muscle contraction.
4. Sit on a warm rock.
32​. What is homeostasis and how does it help
maintain equilibrium of various body functions
throughout the body?
1. Homeostasis is the process of achieving
stability,
which
occurs
through
behavioral changes. Equilibrium is
maintained by that ensuring body
functions remain within a certain range.
2. Homeostasis is the process by which
constant adjustments to changes in the
body occur, and equilibrium is
maintained by ensuring that body
functions remain within a certain range.
3. Homeostasis is the process that
prevents blood loss from circulation
when a blood vessel is ruptured, and
equilibrium is maintained by ensuring
that circulation of blood is kept within a
normal range.
4. Homeostasis is the process by which
constant adjustment to changes in the
body occurs, and equilibrium is
maintained as body functions remain
within a certain range without any
fluctuations.
33​. How can an environmental change result in
an alteration of gland secretion?
1. A receptor detects change, sends a
signal to the control center, which sends
a signal to the gland to inhibit the gland
secretions.
2. A receptor detects change, sends a
signal to the control center, which sends
a signal to the gland to increase the
secretions of the gland.
3. A receptor detects change and sends a
signal to the effector directly ,which in
this case is the gland.
4. A receptor detects change, sends a
signal to the control center, which in turn
sends a signal to the effector, which in
this case is the gland.
34​. How is a condition such as diabetes a good
example of the failure of a set point in humans?
1. A negative feedback loop cannot
proceed in diabetic individuals, as they
do not produce enough functional insulin
to lower blood sugar.
2. Negative feedback loop cannot proceed
in diabetic individuals, as they do not
produce enough functional insulin to
increase the blood sugar.
3. Positive feedback loop cannot proceed
in diabetic individuals, as they do not
produce enough functional insulin to
lower blood sugar.
4. Positive feedback loop cannot proceed
in diabetic individuals, as they do not
produce enough functional insulin to
increase the blood sugar.
35​. What are the roles of vasodilation and
vasoconstriction
in
maintaining
body
temperature?
1. Vasodilation allows for radiation and
evaporative
heat
loss,
and
vasoconstriction brings blood to the core
to conserve heat by vital organs.
2. Vasodilation brings blood to the core to
conserve heat by vital organs, and
vasoconstriction results in radiation and
evaporative heat loss.
3. Vasodilation results in the formation of
an insulating layer between skin and
internal
organs
causing
heat
conservation and brings blood to the
core to conserve heat.
4. Vasodilation results in radiation and
evaporative
heat
loss,
and
vasoconstriction transfers heat from
arteries to veins to warm blood returning
to the heart.
36​. Maintaining body heat is important for
maintaining body functions in animals. Which of
the following statements provides an example of
how an animal can actively generate body heat?
1. Triglycerides are used to store energy
for later use.
2. An animal produces metabolic waste
energy in the form of heat.
3. An animal has insulation, which helps it
maintain a constant body temperature.
4. An animal eats a large amount of
high-fat foods to produce adipose
tissue.
37​. Ectotherms and endotherms have different
strategies for generating and maintaining body
heat. Explain why ectotherms are more
dependent on the environment for body heat
than endotherms and how endotherms are able
to generate and maintain body temperature.
1. Ectotherms use external thermal heat
whereas endotherms use metabolically
generated heat to help regulate and
maintain body temperatures.
2. Ectotherms use external heat to help
regulate
and
maintain
body
temperatures whereas endotherms have
constantly
varying
internal
temperatures.
3. Ectotherms use metabolically-generated
heat to maintain a constant body
temperature whereas endotherms use
metabolically generated heat to regulate
body temperature within a wider range.
4. Ectotherms use external thermal energy
to help regulate and maintain body
temperatures
whereas endotherms
maintain a constant body temperature.
38​. Which of the following statements most
directly supports the claim that different species
of organisms use different metabolic strategies
to meet their energy requirements for growth,
reproduction, and homeostasis?
1. During cold periods, pond-dwelling
animals can increase the number of
unsaturated fatty acids in their cell
membranes, while some plants make
antifreeze proteins to prevent ice crystal
formation in tissues.
2. Bacteria lack introns, while many
eukaryotic genes contain many of these
intervening sequences.
3. Carnivores have more teeth that are
specialized for grinding food.
4. Plants generally use starch molecules
for storage while animals use glycogen
and fats for storage.
39​. The body sizes of organisms vary and tends
to be correlated with the region in which the
organisms are found. Why do organisms at
different latitudes tend to have different body
sizes, and what is the relationship between heat
loss and body size in an organism?
1. Temperature varies by latitude, and
body size affects heat retention and
loss. Smaller organisms lose heat at a
slower rate than larger organisms
because they have a smaller surface
area for their mass.
2. Temperature varies by latitude, and
body size affects heat retention and
loss. Smaller organisms lose heat at a
faster rate than larger organisms
because they have a greater surface
area for their mass.
3. Temperature varies by latitude, and
body size affects heat retention and
loss. Larger organisms lose heat at a
faster rate than smaller organisms
because they have a greater surface
area for their mass.
4. Temperature varies by latitude, and
body size affects heat retention and
loss. Smaller organisms lose heat at a
faster rate than larger organisms
because they have a smaller surface
area for their mass.
40​. If an American alligator has been basking
but gets too hot, how might the alligator cool
itself?
1.
2.
3.
4.
increase vasodilation
sweat
move into shade
increase metabolic rate
46​. ​The endocrine system incorporates
feedback
mechanisms
that
maintain
homeostasis.
Which
of
the
following
demonstrates negative
endocrine system?
feedback
by
the
1. During labor, the fetus exerts pressure
on the uterine wall, inducing the
production of oxytocin, which stimulates
uterine
wall
contraction.
The
contractions cause the fetus to further
push on the wall, increasing the
production of oxytocin.
2. After a meal, blood glucose levels
become elevated, stimulating beta cells
of the pancreas to release insulin into
the blood. Excess glucose is then
converted to glycogen in the liver,
reducing blood glucose levels.
3. At high elevation, atmospheric oxygen is
scarcer. In response to signals that
oxygen is low, the brain decreases an
individual’s rate of respiration to
compensate for the difference.
4. A transcription factor binds to the
regulating region of a gene, blocking the
binding of another transcription factor
required for expression.
47​.
control is an example of a negative feedback
loop.
1. Cells in parathyroid gland sense calcium
decrease causing parathyroid hormone
release
and
stimulating
calcium
absorption. Bone may also break down
to release calcium.
2. Cells in parathyroid gland sense calcium
decrease causing calcitonin release and
stimulating calcium absorption. Bone
may also break down to release
calcium.
3. Cells in thyroid gland sense calcium
decrease causing calcitonin release and
stimulating calcium absorption. Bone
may also break down to release
calcium.
4. Cells in parathyroid gland sense calcium
increase causing parathyroid hormone
release
and
stimulating
calcium
absorption. Bone may also break down
to release calcium.
48​. In organisms, homeostasis of various bodily
processes, such as body temperature, blood
glucose levels, and blood calcium levels, is
essential for the maintenance of proper body
functions. What role does insulin play in
homeostasis?
1. When a fetus pushes against the uterine
wall, insulin is released by the brain to
stimulate uterine contractions.
2. In the presence of decreased blood
glucose levels, insulin is produced by
the parathyroid to increase calcium
absorption.
3. Insulin activation activates other clotting
factors until a fibrin clot is produced.
4. Insulin is secreted by the pancreas in
response to elevated blood glucose
levels to remove glucose from the blood.
This figure depicts the process of calcium
homeostasis. Describe how blood calcium
49​. Proper blood glucose levels are necessary
to maintain cellular function, because glucose is
fuel for cells. Glucagon is an important
component of blood glucose homeostasis, which
is maintained by a negative feedback loop.
Describe the role of glucagon in blood glucose
homeostasis.
1. When blood sugar is low, glucose and
ATP produce glycogen. Excess blood
sugar stimulates the release of
glucagon, which in turn stimulates
glycogen release to increase blood
glucose levels.
2. When there is excess blood sugar,
excess glucose and ATP produce
glucagon. A drop in blood glucose level
stimulates the release of glycogen,
which in turn stimulates glycogen
release to increase blood glucose
levels.
3. When there is excess blood sugar, the
excess glucose and ATP produce
glycogen. A drop in blood glucose level
stimulates the release of glucagon,
which in turn stimulates the release of
glycogen to increase blood glucose
levels.
4. When there is excess blood sugar, the
excess glucose and ATP produce
glycogen. A drop in blood glucose level
stimulates the release of glucagon,
which in turn releases more glucagon to
increase blood glucose levels.
50​. One process that is under the control of a
negative feedback loop is red blood cell
production. These cells carry oxygen to all of the
body cells, and remove some carbon dioxide.
What would most likely happen if an individual
had a sufficient number of red blood cells?
1. The individual would have increased red
blood cell production.
2. The individual’s body would start
destroying the red blood cells.
3. The individual’s body would cease
production of new red blood cells.
4. The individual would produce the same
amount of red blood cells.
51​. Diabetes results when either insulin cannot
be produced or does not function properly.
Consequently,
diabetes
can
produce
complications such as blindness, heart disease,
and kidney disease. To help manage diabetes, a
patient can get insulin injections. How do insulin
injections promote a negative feedback loop to
help maintain blood glucose production?
1. Insulin injections allow transport and
storage of glucose to increase blood
glucose levels after consuming a large
or high-glucose meal.
2. Insulin injections allow only storage of
glucose to decrease blood glucose
levels after consuming a large or
high-glucose meal.
3. Insulin injections allow transport and
storage of glucose to increase blood
glucose levels before consuming a
meal.
4. Insulin injections allow transport and
storage of glucose to decrease blood
glucose levels after consuming a large
or high-glucose meal.
52​. Positive feedback loops amplify processes in
organisms. Which of the following statements
describes the role of the hormone oxytocin in a
positive feedback loop for childbirth?
1. Oxytocin halts uterine contractions when
the fetus pushes on the uterine wall.
2. Oxytocin maintains pain levels as the
child is pushed through the birth canal.
3. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions
when the fetus pushes on the uterine
wall.
4. Oxytocin decreases pain levels as the
child is pushed through the birth canal.
53​. Birth is one of the few positive feedback
loops observed in humans and is essential for
the proper delivery of babies. Describe how a
baby pushing against a pregnant woman’s
cervix stimulates a positive feedback loop.
1. Stretching stimulates nerve impulses to
be sent to the brain, which releases
oxytocin from the pituitary, which in turn
causes uterine contractions.
2. Stretching stimulates nerve impulses to
be sent to the brain, which releases
estrogen from the pituitary, which in turn
causes uterine contractions.
3. Stretching stimulates nerve impulses to
be sent to the brain, which releases
oxytocin from the parathyroid gland,
which
in
turn
causes
uterine
contractions.
4. Stretching stimulates nerve impulses to
be sent to the brain which releases
progesterone from the pituitary, which in
turn causes uterine contractions
54​. Negative feedback mechanisms are far more
prevalent in the human body than positive
feedback loops because they help regulate
homeostasis. However, there are some
instances of positive feedback loops that can be
observed in animals. Regulation of which of the
following is an example of a positive feedback
loop?
1. When body temperature gets too high,
signals are sent to reduce body
temperature.
2. Increased blood glucose levels stimulate
insulin production, which in turn
sequesters glucose from the blood.
3. Decreased calcium levels stimulate
increased calcium absorption.
4. Activation of one clotting factor
stimulates production of other clotting
factors until a fibrin clot is produced.
55​. Both negative and positive feedback loops
are essential for maintaining proper body
functions. Blood calcium and blood clotting are
under the control of different feedback loops.
Which of these processes is maintained by a
positive feedback loop and why?
1. Blood clotting is maintained by a
positive feedback loop, as clotting is
amplified in response by increasing the
amount of clotting factors when clotting
factors are present.
2. Blood clotting is maintained by a
positive feedback loop, as clotting
factors are maintained in a specific
range and a positive loop helps return
the conditions to the set point.
3. Blood calcium is maintained by a
positive feedback loop, as calcium
levels are amplified in response by
increasing the amount of calcium levels
when calcium is present.
4. Blood calcium is maintained by a
positive feedback loop, as calcium
levels are maintained in a specific range
and a positive feedback loop helps
return the conditions to the set point.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Where are parasympathetic preganglionic
cell bodies located?
1.
2.
3.
4.
cerebellum
brainstem
dorsal root ganglia
spinal cord
2. Which of the following statements about
the parasympathetic nervous system is true?
1. controls “fight or flight” response
2. can reset organ function to the
normal range
3. transmits information from the skin
to the central nervous system
4. stimulates glycogen breakdown
3. Proper nervous system function involves
various types of organic molecules. In
particular, what is released by motor nerve
endings onto muscle cells or tissue?
1.
2.
3.
4.
acetylcholine
norepinephrine
dopamine
serotonin
4. If the sensory-somatic nervous system of
an animal is damaged, what might happen?
1. enhanced
processing
environmental information
of
2. decreased digestion ability
3. perpetually low heart rate
4. impaired control of motor movements
5. The nervous system regulates proper
processing of information and behavior
control.
The
parasympathetic
and
sympathetic nervous systems are part of the
_____ nervous system.
1.
2.
3.
4.
autonomic
sensory-somatic
central
“fight or flight”
6. Medications can be used to treat certain
neurodevelopmental disorders. For example,
which medications are often used to treat
patients with ADHD?
1.
2.
3.
4.
tranquilizers
blood pressure medications
stimulants
anti-convulsant medications
7. If a child appears to have impaired social
skills, such as difficulty reading social cues
or making eye contact, what might they be
tested for?
1. major depression
2. attention
deficit
hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD)
3. schizophrenia
4. autism spectrum disorder
8.
Parkinson’s
disease
is
a
neurodegenerative disease that can produce
symptoms such as tremors, slowed
movement, speech changes, balance and
posture problems, and rigid muscles.
Parkinson’s disease is caused by the
degeneration of neurons that release ____.
1.
2.
3.
4.
serotonin
dopamine
glutamate
norepinephrine
9. When you stick your hand in a bucket of
ice, it grows numb after a while. Based on
what you know regarding neuronal signaling,
explain how the sensation of touch is
blocked from signaling to the brain.
10. Lidocaine is a local anesthetic that works
by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels.
Explain how blocking voltage-gated sodium
channels would cause numbness and pain.
13. What are the main differences between
the
sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous systems?
1. The sympathetic nervous system is
activated by stressful situations,
whereas
the
parasympathetic
nervous
system
resets
organ
function of sympathetic reactions
and allows animals to “rest and
digest.”
2. The parasympathetic nervous system
is activated by stressful situations,
whereas the sympathetic nervous
system resets organ function of
sympathetic reactions and allows
animals to “rest and digest.”
3. The sympathetic nervous system is
involved in unconscious body
function
control,
whereas
the
parasympathetic nervous system is
involved in conscious body function
control.
4. The parasympathetic nervous system
is involved in unconscious body
function
control,
whereas
the
sympathetic nervous system is
involved in conscious body function
control.
14. How is the sensory-somatic nervous
system involved in sensing information and
motor function?
1. The sensory-somatic nervous system
transmits information from the skin,
muscles, and sensory organs to the
peripheral nervous system. Motor
information is sent to and from the
central nervous system and the
muscles.
2. The sensory-somatic nervous system
transmits information from the skin,
muscles, and sensory organs to the
central nervous system. Motor
information is sent to and from the
central nervous system and the
muscles.
3. The sensory-somatic nervous system
transmits information from the skin,
muscles, and sensory organs to the
central nervous system. Motor
information is sent to and from the
peripheral nervous system and the
muscles.
4. The sensory-somatic nervous system
transmits information from the skin,
muscles, and sensory organs to the
peripheral nervous system. Motor
information is sent to and from the
peripheral nervous system and the
muscles.
15. Public speaking can be very stressful.
How can anticipating giving a public speech
stimulate the sympathetic nervous system?
1. During stress, multiple preganglionic
neurons can synapse on one
postganglionic neuron, and the
adrenal gland releases adrenaline.
2. During stress, one preganglionic
neuron can synapse on multiple
postganglionic neurons, and the
thymus
gland
releases
norepinephrine.
3. During stress, one postganglionic
neuron can synapse on multiple
preganglionic neurons, and the
adrenal
gland
releases
norepinephrine.
4. During stress, one preganglionic
neuron can synapse on multiple
postganglionic neurons, and the
adrenal
gland
releases
norepinephrine.
16. What might make you suspect that an
individual has Alzheimer’s disease?
1. disruptive memory loss, confusion
about time or place, difficulty with
planning and executing tasks, poor
judgment,
and/or
personality
changes
2. slowed movements, balance and
posture problems, rigid muscles,
speech
changes,
and/or
psychological symptoms such as
dementia
3. impaired social skills, repetitive
motor behaviors, strict adherence to
certain rituals, and preoccupation
with specific subjects
4. balance and posture problems,
repetitive motor behaviors, difficulty
with planning and executing tasks,
poor judgment, and/or personality
changes
17. What treatment options are available for
an
individual diagnosed with major
depression?
1. blood
pressure
medication,
deep-brain
stimulation,
taking
monoamine
oxidase
inhibitors,
psychotherapy, and physical therapy
2. psychotherapy,
electroconvulsive
therapy,
deep-brain
stimulation,
taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors,
and/or taking selective melatonin
reuptake inhibitors
3. psychotherapy,
electroconvulsive
therapy,
deep-brain
stimulation,
taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors,
and/or taking selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors
4. blood pressure medication, classes
of antipsychotics, psychotherapy,
electroconvulsive therapy, deep-brain
stimulation, and/or taking selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors
18. If a neuron has damaged synapses, what
would be impaired?
1. Integration of signals from several
synapses
2. Speed of signal transduction
3. Receiving signals from other neurons
4. Ability to recharge electrical signals
19. Signal transmission from one neuron to
another requires a series of processes
pertaining to different components of each
neuron. What happens at the axon terminals
to facilitate signal transmission to another
neuron?
1. Chemicals released at the axon
terminals transmit signals through
synapses into other neurons via the
second neuron’s dendrites.
2. Chemicals released at the axon
terminals transmit signals through
synapses into other neurons via the
second neuron’s axons.
3. Chemicals released at the dendrites
transmit signals through synapses
into other neurons via the second
neuron’s axon terminal.
4. Chemicals released at the axon
terminals transmit signals directly
into other neurons via the second
neuron’s axons.
20. This figure shows a malformed neuron.
Why would this neuron be nonfunctional?
1. This neuron would not be able to
receive signals.
2. This neuron would not be able to
recharge the signal.
3. This neuron would not be able to
integrate information from numerous
synapses.
4. This neuron would not be able to
send signals.
21.
This figure shows the transmission of a
signal among a network of neurons. How is a
signal transferred from one neuron to
another?
1. A signal is released from an axon,
passes through the axon terminal,
and
synapses
with
dendrites.
Dendrites receive the signal, which
passes through the soma. Multiple
signals from a single synapse are
integrated at the axon hillock, which
then passes the signal into the axon,
where the signal is transferred to
another cell.
2. A signal is released from axon
terminal, passes through the axon,
and
synapse
with
dendrites.
Dendrites receive the signal, which
passes through the soma. Multiple
signals from multiple synapses are
integrated at the axon hillock, which
then passes the signal into the axon,
where the signal is transferred to
another cell.
3. A signal is released from an axon and
passes through the axon terminal,
which synapses with dendrites.
Dendrites receive the signal as it
passes through the soma. Multiple
signals from multiple synapses are
integrated at the axon hillock, which
then passes the signal into the axon,
where the signal is transferred to
another cell.
4. A signal is released from the axon
terminal, passes through the axon,
and
synapse
with
dendrites.
Dendrites receive the signal as it
passes through the soma. Multiple
signals from a single synapse are
integrated at the axon hillock, which
then passes the signal into the axon,
where the signal is transferred to
another cell.
22. Transmission of signals between two
neurons requires proper communication
between
neurons.
Dendrites
are
a
component of many neurons that facilitate
signal reception. Which of the following is
true of dendrites?
2. The
cell
would not undergo
repolarization, which is necessary to
fire an action potential and then
return the cell to the resting state.
3. The
cell
would not undergo
depolarization, repolarization, and
hyperpolarization,
which
are
necessary to fire an action potential
and then return the cell to the resting
state.
4. The
cell
would not undergo
depolarization and hyperpolarization,
which are necessary to fire an action
potential and then return the cell to
the resting state.
1. All neurons have several dendrites
for signal reception.
2. Dendritic spines decrease possible
synaptic connections.
3. Dendrites carry the signal to the
soma.
4. Chemical release at dendrites allows
signal communication to other cells.
23.
25.
Resting membrane potential has a negative
charge. Which ions correspond to each row
of data in the chart?
1. Ion 1: Cl-, Ion 2: Na+, Ion 3: K+
2. Ion 1: Na+, Ion 2: K+, Ion 3: Cl3. Ion 1: K+, Ion 2: Na+, Ion 3: Cl4. Ion 1:Cl-, Ion 2: K+, Ion 3: Na+
24. Voltage-gated ion channels are essential
for producing an action potential and
returning a neuron to its resting state. Why
would it be impossible to trigger an action
potential
without
voltage-gated
ion
channels?
1. The
cell
would not undergo
depolarization, which is necessary to
fire an action potential and then
return the cell to the resting state.
When an action potential is fired, what
happens immediately after the peak action
potential occurs?
1. Na+ channels open.
2. K+ channels open.
3. K+ channels close.
4. Na+/K+ transporter restores resting
potential.
26. Potassium channel blockers, such as
amiodarone and procainamide, which are
used to treat abnormal electrical activity in
the heart, impede the movement of
K+through voltage-gated K+channels. Which
part of the action potential would potassium
channels affect, and why?
1. Depolarization after peak action
potential would be affected because
that is the point when K+ begins to
leave the cell.
2. Repolarization after peak action
potential would be affected because
that is the point when K+ begins to
leave the cell.
3. Repolarization after peak action
potential would be affected because
that is the point when K+ begins to
enter the cell.
4. Polarization
after
peak
action
potential would be affected because
that is the point when K+ begins to
enter the cell.
This figure shows the transfer of an action
potential through a neuron. What is
occurring in panel 3?
1. Depolarization occurs closest to the
cell body.
2. The first part of the neuron cannot
fire another action potential.
3. The first part of the neuron can fire
another action potential.
4. Sodium channels have closed.
28.
27.
This figure depicts an essential component
of signal formation and transmission in
neurons. What is happening in this figure?
1. A nerve impulse opens the Na+
channel, which makes Na+ enter the
cell and depolarizes the membrane.
2. A nerve impulse opens the Ca+2
channel, which makes Ca+2 enter the
cell and depolarizes the membrane.
3. A nerve impulse opens the Na+
channel, which makes Na+ enter the
cell and repolarizes the membrane.
4. A nerve impulse opens the K+
channel, which makes K+ enter the
cell and polarizes the membrane.
29. Chemical and electrical synapse are two
mechanisms by which signals can be
transferred between neurons. Which of the
following occurs during chemical synapse?
1. Repolarization at the presynaptic
membrane
2. Calcium influx causes synaptic
vesicles to fuse to the membrane
3. Neurotransmitters diffuse out of gap
junctions
4. Neurotransmitters bind to synaptic
vesicles
30. Chemical synapse is a multiple-step
process in which neurotransmitters undergo
transfer and binding to different parts of the
cell. What happens when a neurotransmitter
binds to ligand-gated ion channels?
1. The ligand-gated ion channels open.
2. The presynaptic neuron reuptakes
the neurotransmitter.
3. The neurotransmitter diffuses away
from the synapse.
4. The neurotransmitter is enzymatically
degraded.
31. Different components of the brain control
different parts of the body. One important
part of the brain is the occipital lobe. What
might happen if an individual’s occipital lobe
was damaged?
1. The individual would not feel hot or
cold.
2. The individual would be unable to
form new memories.
3. The individual would be unable to
recognize certain objects.
4. The individual would have no sense
of smell.
32. Both cerebral hemispheres are essential
for proper body function. However, the left
cerebral hemisphere controls the right side
of the body, whereas the right cerebral
hemisphere controls the left side of the
body. Why is this the case?
1. The descending neural connections
are not switched in the brainstem,
which means that the neural
connections of the left hemisphere
are transmitted to the right side of the
body and vice versa.
2. The ascending neural connections
are not switched in the brainstem,
which means that the neural
connections of the left hemisphere
are transmitted to the right side of the
body and vice versa.
3. The descending neural connections
are switched in the brainstem, which
means that the neural connections of
the left hemisphere are transmitted to
the right side of the body and vice
versa.
4. The ascending neural connections
are switched in the brainstem, which
means that the neural connections of
the left hemisphere are transmitted to
the right side of the body and vice
versa.
38. A neurotransmitter provides a chemical
signal between neurons to inhibit or excite
an action potential.
A. Describe a model of this signaling and in
this description include the roles played by
synapse, receptors, post and pre-synaptic
neurons,
exocytosis,
endocytosis,
ligand-gated ion channel and the electric
potential of the membrane.
B. Explain the stimulatory or inhibitory effect
of key ionic elements, Na+ and Cl-, on the
electric potential of the post-synaptic
membrane.
C. Modify the diagram to create a
representation of the effect explained above.
Select from the following list to fill in the
blanks:
3. New leaves will form to compensate
for the dying of roots
4. The plant will grow normally but will
not produce fruit
3. Scientists label cells in the lateral
meristem of a sapling with a dye to follow the
developmental fate of the cells. After several
weeks, sections are prepared from the
sapling and observed under the microscope.
Which tissues are most likely to be stained
by the dye that was injected into the lateral
meristem?
Figure 26.34
●
●
●
●
Na+
Clstimulatory
inhibitory
PLANT FORM AND PHYSIOLOGY
1. Students are sketching diagrams of the
shoot system of angiosperms for a plant
anatomy class. These lists describe
diagrams made by four students. Which
diagram represents the shoot system
incorrectly?
1.
2.
3.
4.
leaves, stem, fruit, flowers
stem, fruit, leaves, branches
flowers, leaves, branches, stem
stem, hair roots, leaves, flowers,
branches
2. An herbicide causes roots to shrivel and
die. What is the most direct consequence for
a plant treated with the herbicide?
1. The plant will grow normally but will
not bloom.
2. The plant will dry out because water
is not reaching all its organs.
1. Vascular tissue to transport nutrients
and water
2. The tip of plant to promote growth of
plant
3. Secondary xylem to increase girth of
stem
4. Epidermis to cover the plant
4. A lab technician is looking for a slide that
shows an example of permanent tissue.
Which slide is the best choice?
1. a slide of the apical bud of a stem
2. a slide obtained from the intercalary
meristems
3. lateral meristem in the vascular
cambium
4. secondary xylem
5. Which region of a plant is most likely to
contribute to an increase in its length?
1.
2.
3.
4.
tip of leaves
dermal layer
vascular bundles
tip of the root
6. You are measuring the effect of a new
fertilizer on the growth of lawns. Which of
the following tissues should be the target of
the fertilizer?
1. apical meristem
2. lateral meristem
3. intercalary meristem
4. vascular bundle
4. Complex tissues contain cells that
are strikingly different in appearance
but perform the same function.
7. The dermal tissue of a plant provides ​__
for the plant.
1.
2.
3.
4.
transport of water
transport of minerals
support
protection
8. A branch of celery is soaked in a glass of
water containing food dye. Soon, the tough
fibers in celery branch are colored. What
tissue do the tough fibers contain?
1.
2.
3.
4.
dermal tissue
xylem
phloem
ground tissue
9. A plant biologist is examining sections of
plant tissue under the microscope. The
slides are not labeled and the biologist is
interested in simple tissues. Which of the
following slides is a sample of a simple
tissue?
1. cells dividing rapidly in a stem
2. root cambium showing different
types of cells
3. parenchyma showing only one type
of cell
4. leaf displaying the vascular bundle
where diverse types of cells are
involved in transport
11. Students are sketching diagrams of the
reproductive system of angiosperms for a
plant anatomy class. These lists describe
diagrams made by four students. Which
diagram represents the reproductive system
correctly?
1.
2.
3.
4.
hair roots, lateral roots, and taproot
stem, branches, and leaves
flowers and fruit
leaves, petioles, and branches
12. Plant scientists are interested in isolating
meristematic tissue for an experiment. They
sample several regions of a plant. Which
sample is most likely to contain meristematic
tissue?
1. the thin epidermis that covers an
onion bulb
2. a sample of fruit tissue
3. a sample of actively dividing cells
located at the tip of an onion root
4. a region of the mesenchyme
13.
10. Students are asked to sort tissue slides
into simple and complex tissues. How
should they recognize a complex tissue
through the microscope?
1. Complex tissue has a variety of cell
types that fulfill different functions.
2. Only complex tissue is observed in
adult plants.
3. Complex tissue appears only in
lateral roots and branches.
This sketch of a stem shows the region to
which leaves are attached. Which version of
the sketch is correctly labeled?
1. version A
2. version B
3. version C
4. version D
14. A student examines a plant part and
concludes that it is part of a stem. The
presence of _____fully justifies the student’s
conclusion.
1.
2.
3.
4.
vascular tissue
nodes and internodes
epidermal layer
stored carbohydrates
15. A student reported vascular tissue while
inspecting a cross-section of a plant stem
under the microscope. Which cells would
allow the student to identify vascular tissue?
1. tracheids,
vessel
elements,
sieve-tube cells, and companion cells
2. cells actively dividing at the apex of
the stem
3. parenchyma cells at the center of the
section
4. cells covered by a cuticle at the
outside edge of the section
16. While using a microscope to observe a
stem section stained with a dye that binds
lignin, a student notices that some cells with
thick cell walls and large hollow centers are
preferentially stained. He concludes that
those cells belong to the ____.
1.
2.
3.
4.
meristematic tissue
vascular tissue
ground tissue
dermal tissue
17. Scientists are cataloguing slides of plant
cross-sections. They are interested in finding
examples of secondary growth. Which
example contributes to secondary growth?
1. apical meristem, which contributes to
increase in length
2. vascular cambium, which contributes
to increase in thickness or girth
3. root region, which shows an increase
in root hairs
4. stems, which show an increase in
number of leaves
18. Where is the vascular cambium located in
an established woody plant?
1. between the primary xylem and the
primary phloem
2. between the secondary xylem and the
primary phloem
3. between the secondary xylem and the
secondary phloem
4. between the primary xylem and the
secondary phloem
19. Dendrochronology is the science of
dating the age of a tree by counting the
annual rings in a tree trunk. If scientists are
determining the age of a tree by
dendrochronology, what tissue are they
looking at?
1.
2.
3.
4.
primary xylem
secondary xylem
primary phloem
vascular cambium
20. While examining the stump of a recently
cut tree, you count four thick rings
alternating with four rings that are much
narrower and appear denser. From this
observation, you should conclude that the
tree is __.
1. two years old, because each ring
corresponds to a season
2. three years old, because the first ring
you observe is the primary xylem
3. four years old, because secondary
xylem grows only in the spring and
fall of each year
4. eight years old, because there are
eight rings in all
21. Many forms of modified organs exist in
plants. What is a rhizome?
1. an underground stem with fleshy
leaves modified for food storage as in
onions
2. a solid, underground stem covered
with scales formed by some plants
such as crocuses
3. an aboveground stem with buds as
seen in strawberry plants
4. a modified horizontal stem that grows
underground as seen in irises
22. Modified organs are part of survival
strategies of plants. Which of these plants
has a flattened, photosynthetic stem that
could be mistaken for a leaf?
1.
2.
3.
4.
fern
cactus
potato
iris
23. Analyzing cross-sections of different
parts of a plant in a plant anatomy class,
students categorized the most frequently
encountered types of cells in plant tissues.
Which student gave the most accurate
report?
1. Student A reported that meristematic
cells were the most abundant.
2. Student B tallied mostly collenchyma
cells.
3. Student
C
noticed
mostly
sclerenchyma cells.
4. Student D observed that parenchyma
cells were the most abundant.
24. A carrot is an example of a tap root.
Which of these can also be classified as a
tap root?
1. the large network of superficial roots
of a cactus
2. a dandelion anchored by a long main
root that penetrates deep into the soil
3. a banyan tree’s system of roots that
dangle from the branches
4. a
round
organ
that
stores
carbohydrates
25. Some weeds are anchored by taproots.
They cause problems to gardeners because
they are ___.
1. easy to pull up because the root
system is shallow
2. difficult to pull up because their
taproots penetrate deep into the soil
3. difficult to pull up because they are
anchored by an extensive network of
roots
4. easy to pull up because there is not a
large network to anchor the plant
26. One of the major concepts of biology is
that form follows function. If that is so, what
can be deduced from the shape and location
of the root cap?
1.
2.
3.
4.
It provides protection to the root tip.
It absorbs water and minerals.
It acts as a storage tissue.
It replicates actively to elongate the
root.
27. A technician is preparing microscope
slides that will display the different stages of
mitosis from root samples. He compares
sections from several areas of the root.
Which is the best prediction of his
observation?
1. The technician will see mostly mitotic
cells in the root cap.
2. The technician will observe mitotic
figures in the meristematic tissue
below the cap.
3. The technician will observe cell
division in the elongation zone.
4. The technician will see that most
mitotic cells are in the maturation
zone.
28. Selective uptake of minerals in the root is
measured and the results are analyzed. If
you analyze the data, what should you see?
1. Pericycle is the tissue
selectivity takes place.
where
2. The endodermis acts as a selective
barrier for minerals taken up by the
root.
3. The epidermis acts as a selective
barrier for minerals.
4. The root cap functions as a selective
barrier for minerals taken up by the
root.
29. Sudan Red dye stains primarily waxy,
hydrophobic material. A root is soaked in
Sudan Red and analyzed for stain retention.
What is a scientist observing sections of the
root under a microscope likely to see?
1. The cells in the cortex show the
deepest stain.
2. The tracheids in the xylem contain
mostly lipid droplets stained with
Sudan Red.
3. The Casparian strip will show the
deepest coloring.
4. The sieve elements in the phloem
show staining with Sudan Red
because of transported oil droplets.
30. In environments where light is scarce,
some plants grow on other plants to reach
light. Which root system would best support
this mode of life?
1. Epiphytic root system in the air
2. Prop roots that support the trees to
stand in muddy soil
3. Adventitious roots that grow above
ground
4. Taproots that penetrate the soil
31. A section of buttercup root is stained
with iodine, which stains starch blue. Where
would you expect to find the blue granules
indicative of starch?
1.
2.
3.
4.
parenchymal cells of the cortex
cells of phloem
cells of the epidermis
cells of the endodermis and pericycle
32. Which of the following best describes a
fibrous root system?
1. covers a limited surface and contains
few roots
2. consists of a single main root with
adjacent smaller roots
3. covers a large area and contains an
extensive network of roots
4. contains
several
major,
interconnected roots
33. Ethylene promotes the fall of leaves by
triggering the death of cells and abscission.
What region of the leaf responds to
ethylene?
1. the lamina, where photosynthesis
takes place
2. the vein, which carries nutrients and
water in and out of the leaf
3. the petiole, which attaches the leaf to
the stem
4. the margin, which is serrated and
may be sharp
34. A horticulture student is classifying
plants as dicots or monocots according to
their leaf structure. How is a dicot leaf
recognizable?
1.
2.
3.
4.
It does not have stipules
The veins form a network pattern.
The veins are parallel.
The veins form forks and fan out.
35. Multiple leaves attached to the same
node are fairly unusual. One example is
found on the macadamia nut tree. The leaf
arrangement in the macadamia tree is best
characterized as ___.
1.
2.
3.
4.
whorled
opposite
tripled
alternate
36. You picked leaves while on a hike. One
specimen appears to show an opposite
arrangement. On closer inspection, you
notice that those are not leaves, but leaflets
attached to a midrib vein. What type of leaf
arrangement are you observing?
1.
2.
3.
4.
palmately compound
pinnately compound
simple whorled
simple spiral
37. Chlorophyll, the primary photosynthetic
pigment, emits light in the red region of the
visible
spectrum.
The
presence
of
chlorophyll correlates with photosynthetic
capacity. Under a fluorescent microscope,
what part of a leaf would fluoresce in the red
region of the spectrum?
1.
2.
3.
4.
vascular bundle
epidermis
mesophyll
cuticle
38. A pulse of radioactive carbon dioxide
(CO2) is provided to isolated leaves. In which
tissue would you expect to see radioactive
glucose appear first?
1.
2.
3.
4.
in the cells of the mesophyll
in the sieve elements of the phloem
epidermis
vessels of the xylem
39. Which adaptation is most likely to be
found in a desert environment?
1.
2.
3.
4.
broad leaves to capture sunlight
spines instead of leaves
needle-like leaves
wide, flat leaves that can float
40. In the collection of a botanical garden,
plants are classified according to the
environments in which they thrive. What
plant would have large leaves covered with a
thick upper cuticle and wide flat blades and
possess large air spaces (chambers) within
its mesophyll tissue?
1. a water lily floating on water
2. a pine tree growing in the cold and
dry taiga
3. a cactus growing in a hot, sunny, and
dry environment
4. an orchid hanging from a tree in a
tropical forest
41. If a gardener trims leaves off of the stem
of a rose, which part of the leaf is cut?
1.
2.
3.
4.
petiole
lamina
stipule
midrib
42. On a field trip, students collect a few
samples to analyze back in their classroom.
One student picks a blade of grass in the
field and identifies it as a dicot leaf, but his
partner thinks it is a monocot. Which
explanation supports his partner’s opinion?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The leaf displays a thin lamina.
There is no petiole.
The margins are serrated.
The venation is parallel.
43. Which of the following physical
components of the total water potential
cannot be manipulated by the plant because
it represents the interaction between water
and hydrophilic molecules lining the vessels
and tracheids?
1.
2.
3.
4.
pressure
solute concentration
gravity
matric potential
44. If the concentration of solute increases in
a cell, the water potential will ________
inside the cell and water will move ________
the cell.
1.
2.
3.
4.
increase; out of
increase; into
decrease; into
decrease; out of
45. Plants can modify their water potential by
opening and closing their stomata to
modulate the rate of respiration according to
environmental conditions. Which of the
following environmental conditions would
cause the stomata to close?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
increased temperature
high oxygen concentration
high relative humidity
high light levels
46. Plants regulate their internal water
potential by opening and closing stomata.
Which events take place when stomata
open?
1. Water vapor is lost to the external
environment, increasing the rate of
transpiration.
2. Water vapor is lost to the external
environment, decreasing the rate of
transpiration.
3. Water vapor enters the spaces in the
mesophyll, increasing the rate of
transpiration.
4. The rate of photosynthesis drops
when stomata open.
47. A pulse of sugars labelled with a
fluorescent dye is supplied to leaves of
young plants. After a brief interval, tissue
sections are obtained from the plant and
examined
under
the
fluorescence
microscope. Tissues are scored for the
presence of fluorescence and ranked from
very high to low fluorescence. Which cells
would contain the most fluorescence?
1.
2.
3.
4.
monitored in the plant by analyzing different
cells content over time. Where will the
radiolabeled sugar appear immediately after
detection in the leaf cells?
xylem
companion cells
sieve elements
epidermis
48. Sugars produced in the leaf are
distributed throughout the plant body. An
experimenter supplies plants with a pulse of
radiolabeled CO2 in a control chamber. The
movement of radioactively labeled sugar is
tracheids and vessel elements
tracheids and companion cells
vessel elements and companion cells
sieve-tube elements and companion
cells
49. Solute potential decreases when solutes
are added to a cell. The consequence is to
draw water into the cell. Which of these
terms corresponds to solute potential?
1.
2.
3.
4.
water potential
pressure potential
osmotic potential
negative potential
50.
Plants have many light responses, including
photosynthesis,
photoperiodism,
and
phototropism (growing toward a light
source). Specific wavelengths of light
absorbed by different photoreceptors trigger
responses. This table shows some of the
most common photoreceptors and pigments
and the major regions of the spectrum in
which they are active. Research shows that
plants bend toward blue light. Even mutant
plants that lack carotenoids will bend toward
blue light. The photoreceptor is likely _____.
1. phytochrome
2. chlorophyll
3. phototropin
4. carotenoids
54.
51. Plant flowering is an example of
photoperiodism, the response to the length
of nights or periods of darkness. A plant that
responds to short nights followed by
increasingly longer nights will most likely
flower in _____.
1.
2.
3.
4.
spring
summer
autumn
winter
52. Gravitropism is plant growth in response
to gravity. A dahlia stem was toppled by the
wind and is lying lies on the ground. After a
few days, you would likely notice that
________ .
1. the stem is growing by curving
toward the roots
2. the stem is growing by trailing on the
ground
3. the stem is growing by curving
upward
4. the plant is wilting
53. Plants most likely detect gravity by
sensing the direction in which some
components respond to gravity. A mutant
plant has roots that grow in all directions.
Which organelle would you expect to be
missing in the cell?
1.
2.
3.
4.
mitochondria
amyloplast
chloroplast
nucleus
In an experiment to release seeds from
dormancy, several hormones were applied to
seeds and germination rates were computed.
Which plate likely showed the highest rate of
germination?
1. abscisic acid
2. cytokinin
3. ethylene
4. gibberellic acid
55. Green bananas or unripe avocadoes can
be kept in a brown bag to ripen faster. What
hormone is involved?
1.
2.
3.
4.
cytokinin
abscisic acid
ethylene
gibberellic acid
56. A lab teacher wants to demonstrate
thigmonastic behavior of a plant. Which of
these experiments is the best choice?
1. Observe flowering of a plant after a
brief red light irradiation in the middle
of a dark period.
2. Observe whether seedlings bend
towards blue light.
3. Observe whether a tree grows bent in
the direction of the prevailing wind.
4. Touch the plant Mimosa pudicaand
observe the closing of the leaflets.
57. A lab teacher wants to demonstrate
thigmotropic behavior of a plant. Which of
these experiments is the best choice?
1. roots growing downwards
2. venus fly trap snapping on an insect
3. seedling germinating under a stone
and growing upward and away from
the stone
4. plant growing towards a shaded area
58. Which is a protection against microbial
pathogens?
1.
2.
3.
4.
thorns and spines
cutin and suberin
neurotoxic compounds
bitter-tasting alkaloids
59. Many secondary alkaloids are poisonous
to the nervous system. What organisms are
targeted by the alkaloids?
1.
2.
3.
4.
bacteria
herbivores
fungi
viruses
60. Red light converts phytochrome red (Pr)
to __.
1. an inactive form of Pr
2. a breakdown product
3. the far red light absorbing form called
Pfr
4. cryptochrome
61. Circadian rhythm refers to a pattern of
behavior that recurs on a daily schedule in
the absence of an external stimulus. Flowers
open and close according to a circadian
rhythm. If a plant is transferred to a dark
environment, what will happen?
1. Flowers will stay closed.
2. Flowers will stay open.
3. Flowers will open and close every
day at the same time.
4. Flowers will open
random times.
and close at
62. Why are plants with shallow roots more
easily damaged by some herbivores?
1. Shallow roots do not anchor the plant
to the ground and can be easily
uprooted. Once the plant is no longer
in the ground, the roots are unable to
grow back.
2. Plants with shallow roots do not
anchor the plant to the ground;
meristems can be easily damaged
and cannot grow back when not in
the ground.
3. Shallow roots do not anchor the plant
to the ground and can be easily
uprooted. Once the plant is no longer
in the ground, roots take a long time
to grow back.
4. Shallow roots anchor the plant to the
ground strongly but can be easily
uprooted, and they grow back very
slowly.
63. A researcher intends to test the effects of
several growth factors on the differentiation
of plant tissue. What would be the best
choice of experimental tissue?
1.
2.
3.
4.
dermal tissue
meristematic tissue
vascular tissue
ground tissue
64. How do the locations and the functions of
the three types of meristematic tissues
compare?
1. Apical meristems found in the tip of
stems and roots promote growth by
elongation; lateral meristems found
at nodes and bases of leaf blades
promote increase in length and
intercalary meristems found in the
vascular and cork cambia promote
increase in girth.
2. Apical meristems found at nodes and
bases of leaf blades promote growth
by elongation; lateral meristems
found in the vascular and cork
cambia promote increase in girth and
intercalary meristems found in the tip
of stems and roots promote increase
in length.
3. Apical meristems found in the tip of
stems and roots promote growth by
elongation; lateral meristems found
in the vascular and cork cambia
promote increase in girth and
intercalary meristems found at nodes
and bases of leaf blades promote
increase in length.
4. Apical meristems found in the tip of
stems and roots promote growth by
elongation; lateral meristems found
in the vascular and cork cambia
promote increase in length and
intercalary meristems found at nodes
and bases of leaf blades promote
increase in length.
65. In an experiment on transport in plants,
seedlings are exposed to radiolabeled
minerals. In a second experiment, plants are
provided with CO2 that is labeled with 14C.
At the end of each experiment, tissue slices
are analyzed for the presence of radiolabeled
minerals and radioactive sucrose. Which
plant tissue would show the presence of
labeled minerals and which would show the
presence of radioactive sucrose?
1. Phloem tissue would show
presence of labeled minerals
xylem tissue would show
presence of radioactive sucrose.
2. Xylem tissue would show
presence of labeled minerals
phloem tissue would show
presence of radioactive sucrose.
3. Parenchyma
would
show
presence of labeled minerals
sclerenchyma would show
presence of radioactive sucrose.
the
and
the
the
and
the
the
and
the
4. Sclerenchyma would show the
presence of labeled minerals and
parenchyma
would
show
the
presence of radioactive sucrose.
66. How could the morphology of cells
observed microscopically indicate that the
specimen is probably simple tissue?
1. Simple tissue is made of cells that
have different shapes, so the
specimen will show oval, polygonal,
and other shapes.
2. Simple tissue is made of cells that
have intercellular spaces, so the
specimen will contain spaces.
3. Simple tissue is made of cells that
are elongated and tapered, so the
specimen will show elongated cells.
4. Simple tissue is made of cells that
are morphologically similar, so the
specimen will appear uniform.
67. Which statements list two advantages of
a taproot?
1. It anchors the plant, so that it is not
easily uprooted by predators or wind.
It is a sink for proteins that is
protected from herbivores by being
underground.
2. It anchors the plant, so that it is not
easily uprooted by predators or wind.
It is a source of starches that is
protected from herbivores by being
underground.
3. It anchors the plant, so that it cannot
be uprooted by predators or wind. It
is a sink for starches that is protected
from
herbivores
by
being
underground.
4. It anchors the plant, so that it is not
easily uprooted by predators or wind.
It is a sink for starches that is
protected from herbivores by being
underground.
68. Students observe several slides of tissue
cross-sections under the microscope. They
are asked to develop a key system to classify
the slides as coming from either monocot or
dicots. What key system should the students
develop?
1. In monocots, the vascular bundles
form a distinct ring. In dicots, the
vascular bundles are scattered in the
ground tissue.
2. In monocots, the vascular tissue
forms a characteristic X shape in the
center. In dicots, the phloem and
xylem cells are scattered in the pith.
3. In monocots, the vascular bundles
are scattered in the ground tissue. In
dicots the vascular bundles form a
distinct ring.
4. In monocot roots, the pith is absent
or very small. In dicots, the pith is
large and well developed.
69. What are the functions of stomata and
guard cells, and what would happen to a
plant if these cells did not function
correctly?
1. Guard cells allow carbon dioxide to
enter and exit the plant. Stomata
regulate the opening and closing of
guard cells. If the cells didn’t
function,
photosynthesis
and
transpiration would cease, which
would interfere with the necessary
continuous flow of water upward
from roots to leaves.
2. Stomata allow oxygen to enter and
exit the plant. Guard cells regulate
the opening and closing of stomata. If
the
cells
didn’t
function,
photosynthesis would continue but
transpiration would cease, which
would interfere with the necessary
continuous flow of water upward
from roots to leaves.
3. Guard cells allow carbon dioxide to
enter and exit the plant. Stomata
regulate the opening and closing of
guard cells. Transpiration and in turn,
photosynthesis would not occur
which is necessary to maintain a
continuous flow of water upwards
from the roots to the leaves.
4. Stomata allow gases to enter and exit
the plant. Guard cells regulate the
opening and closing of stomata.
Photosynthesis
and,
in
turn,
transpiration, would not occur which
is
necessary
to
maintain
a
continuous flow of water upwards
from the roots to the leaves.
70. An herbicide is developed that impairs
the function of the cork cambium in woody
plants. Which changes in the plant should be
monitored to gauge the effectiveness of the
herbicide?
1. Cork will not be produced and the
plant will not increase in girth.
2. Excess cork will be produced and
annual rings will not be formed.
3. Cork will not be produced and the
plant will not be able to exchange
gases.
4. Excess cork will be produced and the
plant will not increase in girth.
71. Besides the age of a tree, what additional
information can annual rings reveal?
1. Annual rings can also indicate the
height of the tree.
2. Annual rings can also indicate the
climatic conditions that prevailed
during each growing season.
3. Annual rings can also indicate in
which season the tree was sown.
4. Annual rings can also give an
estimation of how long a particular
tree is going to live.
72. Modified stems give an advantage to
plants. What advantage do rhizomes,
stolons, and runners provide? What
advantages do corms, tubers, and bulbs
provide?
1. Rhizomes, stolons and runners give
rise to new plants that are the clones
of the parents and they store food.
Corms, tubers, and bulbs can also
produce new plants.
2. Rhizomes, stolons, and runners give
rise to new plants that are the
different from the parents. Corms,
tubers, and bulbs can also produce
new plants as well as store food.
3. Rhizomes, stolons and runners give
rise to new plants that are the clones
of the parents. Corms, tubers, and
bulbs can also produce new plants as
well as store food.
4. Rhizomes, stolons and runners give
rise to new plants that are similar to
the parents but show genetic
variability. Corms, tubers, and bulbs
can also produce new plants as well
as store food.
73. A time course is developed to follow the
fate of the vascular bundles in the stem of
dicots. Sections along the stem are fixed,
stained, and observed under a microscope.
What happens to the vascular bundles in the
stem of a dicot as the plant matures?
2. A fibrous root system, such as that of
a carrot, has a single main root that
grows down. A taproot system, such
as that of wheat, forms a dense
network of roots that is closer to the
soil surface. Fibrous root systems
are found in monocots and tap root
systems are found in dicots.
3. A taproot system, such as that of
rice, has a single main root that
grows down. A fibrous root system,
such as that of a carrot, forms a
dense network of roots that is closer
to the soil surface. Fibrous root
systems are found in monocots and
tap root systems are found in dicots.
4. A taproot system, such as that of a
carrot, has a single main root that
grows down. A fibrous root system,
such as that of wheat, forms a dense
network of roots that is closer to the
soil surface. Taproot systems are
found in monocots and fibrous root
systems are found in dicots.
75. What is the advantage of a root cap
covering the apical meristem of a root?
1. The vascular bundles join to form
growth rings.
2. The vascular bundles divide into
primary xylem and primary phloem.
3. The vascular bundles divide into
secondary
xylem
and
primary
phloem.
4. The vascular bundles die out.
1. It provides protection and helps in
absorption.
2. It increases the surface area of root
for absorption of water and minerals.
3. It protects meristem against injury
and provides lubrication for the
growing root to dig through soil.
4. It protects the meristem against
injury and helps in absorption.
74. Which description correctly compares a
tap root system with a fibrous root system?
76. How does selective uptake of water and
mineral take place in a root?
1. A tap root system, such as that of
carrots, has a single main root that
grows down. A fibrous root system,
such as that of wheat, forms a dense
network of roots that is closer to the
soil surface. Fibrous root systems
are found in monocots and tap root
systems are found in dicots.
1. Water and minerals must follow
entirely a path between cells, where
selectivity occurs.
2. Water and minerals must follow
entirely a path between cells, where
no selectivity occurs.
3. Water and minerals must cross the
endodermis.
4. Water and minerals must cross the
tracheids of the xylem.
77. What are the advantages to a plant of
storing a food reserve underground?
1. Food reserves are more nutritious
underground. The soil conditions
make these food reserves abundant.
2. Food reserves underground are
hidden from potential predators. The
soil conditions make these food
reserves abundant.
3. Food reserves are more nutritious
underground. The soil conditions
such as moisture and temperature
are less variable.
4. Food reserves underground are
hidden from potential predators. Soil
conditions such as moisture and
temperature are less variable.
78. Some desert plants have taproots that
extend up to 20-30 feet underground. Others
have fibrous root systems that cover wide
areas. What are the advantages of a deep
taproot and the advantages of a fibrous root
system in a desert?
1. A deep taproot can reach the deeper
soil regions that stay moist after
several rainfalls. A shallow fibrous
system provides additional support
to anchor the plant in the desert.
2. A deep taproot provides additional
support to anchor the plant in the
desert. A shallow fibrous system
increases the amount of water that
can be absorbed after a light rainfall
when the soil dries quickly in the
desert.
3. A deep taproot increases the amount
of water that can be absorbed after a
light rainfall when the soil dries
quickly in the desert. A shallow
fibrous system can reach the deeper
soil regions that stay moist after
several rainfalls.
4. A deep taproot can reach the deeper
soil regions that stay moist after
several rainfalls. A shallow fibrous
system increases the amount of
water that can be absorbed after a
light rainfall when the soil dries
quickly in the desert.
79. Samples of leaves from monocots and
dicots are piled on the table in a laboratory
and students are sorting the leaves. What
information will help them know which
leaves to identify as monocots?
1. Bulliform cells are usually absent
from monocots whereas they are
present on the upper epidermis of
dicot leaves.
2. Monocots have leaves with parallel
venation and dicot leaves have
reticulate, net-like venation.
3. Dorsiventral symmetry is observed in
monocot leaves whereas isobilateral
symmetry is observed in dicot
leaves.
4. Monocots have leaves with reticulate,
net-like venation and dicot leaves
have parallel venation.
80. How does a compound leaf give a
selective advantage to avoid herbivory?
1. Compound leaves produce certain
types of chemical compounds that
are harmful to herbivores.
2. It is more efficient for large
herbivores to eat large, simple
leaves.
3. Compound leaves are thicker than
simple leaves.
4. It is more efficient for large
herbivores to eat the small leaflets of
compound leaves.
81. Stomata are usually found in higher
numbers on the abaxial or bottom surface of
a leaf. What is the advantage of such an
arrangement?
1. Presence of stomata on the abaxial or
bottom surface ensures that no, or
very little, water is lost due to
guttation.
2. The abaxial or bottom surface
receives more sunlight and water
evaporates faster by transpiration.
3. Herbivores do not prefer to eat leaves
with stomata on the abaxial or bottom
surface.
4. The adaxial or upper surface receives
more sunlight and water evaporates
faster by transpiration.
82. Which plants have leaves that are
adapted to cold temperatures?
1. Conifers such as spruce, fir, and pine
have oval-shaped leaves with sunken
stomata, helping to reduce water
loss.
2. Succulents such as aloes and agaves
have waxy cuticles with sunken
stomata, helping to reduce water
loss.
3. Conifers such as spruce, orchids,
and pine have needle-shaped leaves
with sunken stomata, helping to
reduce water loss.
4. Conifers such as spruce, fir, and pine
have needle-shaped leaves with
sunken stomata, helping to reduce
water loss.
83. How is a leaf different from a leaflet?
1. A leaf petiole attaches directly to the
stem at a bud node, whereas a leaflet
petiole is attached to the main petiole
or the midrib, not the stem.
2. A leaf has reticulate venation
whereas leaflets show parallel
venation.
3. A leaf petiole attaches to the main
petiole or the midrib, not the stem,
whereas a leaflet petiole attaches
directly to the stem at a bud node.
4. A leaf has parallel venation whereas
leaflets show reticulate venation.
84. Scientists on a new project to restore a
damaged salt marsh are investigating
several plants that could be introduced.
Plant X is considered a possible candidate.
Before the decision is made, the following
data are examined. Assume that the
contribution of gravity and matric potential
are negligible and can be ignored. Recall that
the overall water potential for a system is
represented by the equation: Ψsystem =
Ψtotal = Ψs + Ψp + Ψg + Ψm
overall Ψ of the soil: -2.1MPa solute potential
of the plant’s cell contents: -0.12MPa
pressure potential (Ψp) of the plant’s cells:
-2.3 MPa
Is Plant X a good candidate for introduction
to the salt marsh?
1. Yes, because the overall water
potential of the plant is less negative
than the water potential of the soil.
2. No, because the overall water
potential of the plant is less negative
than the water potential of the soil.
3. Yes, because the overall water
potential of the plant is more negative
than the water potential of the soil.
4. No, because the overall water
potential of the plant is more negative
than the water potential of the soil.
85. What organs in humans are similar in
function to the vascular tissues of vascular
plants?
86. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is
an important step in the development of
xylem. How does apoptosis contribute to
xylem development?
87. A florist decided to paint the leaves of
poinsettia with a gold paint to embellish
them. The plant soon wilted and the leaves
drooped. What explains this damage?
1. The paint clogged the stomata.
Without photosynthesis, the plant
could not pull water from the soil.
2. The paint clogged the stomata.
Without transpiration, the plant could
not pull water from the soil.
3. The paint clogged the hydathodes.
Without transpiration, the plant could
not pull water from the soil.
4. The paint clogged the stomata.
Without guttation, the plant could not
pull water from the soil.
90. A botanist compares the number of
stomata between two plants. One plant, a
eucalyptus, has stomata equally distributed
on both sides of the leaf. The other plant has
most of its stomata on the underside of the
leaf. What does the positioning of the
stomata indicate about which leaf surfaces
on the two plants receive light in their natural
environment?
88. The process of bulk flow transports fluids
in a plant. What are the two main bulk flow
processes?
1. The first plant receives light only on
the upper surface of the leaves
whereas the leaves of the second
plant are equally exposed to sunlight.
2. The first plant receives light only on
the lower surface whereas the
second plant receives light only on
the upper surface.
3. The first plant receives light only on
the upper surface whereas the
second plant receives light only on
the lower surface.
4. The first plant has leaves that are
equally exposed to sunlight whereas
the second plant receives light only
on the upper surface.
1. Movement of water up the xylem and
movement of solutes up and down
the phloem
2. Movement of water up the phloem
and movement of solutes up and
down the xylem.
3. Movement of water up and down the
xylem and movement of solutes up
the phloem
4. Movement of solutes up the xylem
and movement of water up and down
the phloem
89. During a severe drought, the soil
becomes dry and its water potential
decreases. Many plants will wilt in such an
environment. Consider that the overall water
potential for a system is represented by the
equation: Ψsystem = Ψtotal = Ψs + Ψp + Ψg +
Ψm What is one reason that plants are
unable to draw water from the soil?
1. The water potential of the soil
becomes lower than the water
potential of the plants.
2. The water potential of the soil
becomes lower than the solute
potential of the plants.
3. The water potential of the soil
becomes higher than the water
potential of the plants.
4. The solute potential of the soil
becomes lower than the water
potential of the plants.
91. In the Northern Hemisphere, owners and
managers of plant nurseries have to plan
lighting schedules for a long-day plant that
will flower in February. What lighting periods
and color will be most effective?
1. Long periods of illumination with
light enriched in the red range of the
spectrum
2. Short periods of illumination with
light enriched in the red range of the
spectrum
3. Long periods of illumination with
light enriched in the far-red range of
the spectrum
4. Short periods of illumination with
light enriched in the far-red range of
the spectrum
92. Why do plants that cannot detect gravity
show stunted growth with tangled roots and
trailing stems?
1. Without gravitropism, both roots and
seedlings would grow upward.
2. Without gravitropism, roots would
grow in all directions and seedlings
would grow upward.
3. Without gravitropism, roots would
grow upward but seedlings would not
grow upward toward the surface.
4. Without gravitropism, roots would
grow in all directions but seedlings
would not grow upward toward the
surface.
93. Storage facilities for fruits and vegetables
are usually refrigerated and well ventilated.
Why are these conditions advantageous?
1. Refrigeration
slows
chemical
reactions, including fruit ripening.
Ventilation adds the ethylene gas that
speeds up fruit maturation.
2. Refrigeration
slows
chemical
reactions, including fruit maturation.
Ventilation removes the ethylene gas
that reduces fruit ripening.
3. Refrigeration
slows
chemical
reactions, including fruit maturation.
Ventilation removes the ethylene gas
that speeds up fruit ripening.
4. Refrigeration removes the ethylene
gas that speeds up fruit ripening.
Ventilation slows chemical reactions,
including fruit maturation.
94. A Venus fly trap has a very low sensitivity
threshold, yet it can tell the difference
between the light touch of an insect and a
drop of rainwater or wind. How can the
Venus fly trap differentiate between a
random stimulus and an actual prey?
1. Hair-like appendages on the surface
of the leaves respond to repeated
contact.
2. Hair-like appendages on the surface
of the leaves respond to a single
contact.
3. Hair-like appendages on the surface
of the leaves respond to chemical
stimulus from the insect.
4. Hair-like appendages on the surface
of the leaves respond to the electrical
stimulus from the insect.
95. Stomata close in response to bacterial
infection. This response is a defense
mechanism because it ________ , and the
hormone involved is ________ .
1. restricts the entry of O2; gibberellin
2. restricts the entry of CO2; abscisic
acid
3. prevents further entry of pathogens;
auxin
4. prevents further entry of pathogens;
abscisic acid
96. Why is shade avoidance an important
survival mechanism for plants? Would you
expect seeds with large energy storage to
display as strong a response of shade
avoidance as small seeds with limited
reserves?
1. A seedling growing in the shade of a
mature plant will not have enough
light to promote meristematic growth.
A seed with large storage will be able
to sustain growth until its seedling
can
reach
enough
light
for
photosynthesis.
2. A seedling growing in the shade of a
mature plant will not have enough
light to promote photosynthesis.
Small seeds with limited reserve will
be able to sustain growth until
seedlings can reach enough light for
photosynthesis.
3. A seedling growing in the shade of a
mature plant will not have enough
light to promote photosynthesis. A
seed with large storage will be able to
sustain growth until its seedling can
reach
enough
light
for
photosynthesis.
4. A seedling growing in the shade of a
mature plant will not have enough
light to promote respiration. Small
seeds with limited reserve will be
able to sustain growth until their
seedlings can reach enough light for
photosynthesis.
97. A plant has a measured pressure
potential Ψp = 0.21MPa and a solute potential
Ψs =-3.50MPa. The soil is saturated with
water because it rained. How will the water
move? After three months of dry weather,
the soil has dried out. How will the water
potential of the soil compare to the water
potential measured immediately before the
rain? How will the stomata respond to the
change in weather?
1. The water will move from the plant to
the soil. Dry soil has a lower water
potential than wet soil. Under drought
conditions, the stomata close to
conserve water and leaves may also
be shed if the drought continues.
2. The water will move from the soil to
the plant. Dry soil has a higher water
potential than wet soil. Under drought
conditions, the stomata close to
conserve water and leaves may also
be shed if the drought continues.
3. The water will move from the soil to
the plant. Dry soil has a lower water
potential than wet soil. Under drought
conditions, the stomata open its
pores wider in order to perform a
better rate of transpiration.
4. The water will move from the soil to
the plant. Dry soil has a lower water
potential than wet soil. Under drought
conditions, the stomata close to
conserve water and leaves may also
be shed if the drought continues.
98.
Plants lose water from their aboveground
surfaces in the process of transpiration.
Most of this water is lost from stomata.
Excess
loss
of
water
has severe
consequences and may be fatal for the plant.
The table shows data collected on a sunny
day. What is the best explanation for the
transpiration rates leveling off and declining
at temperature higher than 27°C?
1. The plant ran out of water.
2. The plant needs less water as
temperature
increases,
so
transpiration slows down to limit
water uptake by the roots.
3. Stomata close to conserve water,
slowing down transpiration.
4. The amount of water in the leaves
decreases at high temperature and
less is available for evaporation.
99. Humidity is an environmental factor that
affects transpiration rate. Which statement
accurately explains the shape of the curve
obtained when increasing humidity is plotted
against constant temperature to find the rate
of transcription?
1. Increasing humidity leads to reduced
evaporation rates due to increased
difference in water vapor pressure
between leaf and atmosphere.
2. Increasing humidity leads to reduced
evaporation rates due to decreased
difference in water vapor pressure
between leaf and soil.
3. Increasing humidity leads to reduced
evaporation rates due to decreased
difference in water vapor pressure
between leaf and atmosphere.
4. Increasing
humidity
leads
to
increased evaporation rates due to
decreased difference in water vapor
pressure
between
leaf
and
atmosphere.
101.
100.
Plants sense drought through the decrease
in water potential in the ground. This graph
shows concentrations of several hormones
that were measured during a drought period
and plotted versus time. According to the
data in the graph, which hormone shows the
strongest response to drought?
1. auxin
2. abscisic acid
3. cytokinin
4. gibberellins
When drought conditions are forecast, fields
are sprayed with a hormone that will promote
a stress response. According to the graph,
which hormone should be sprayed and why?
1. Gibberellins, to promote plant growth
before the plants are damaged
2. Abscisic acid, to promote plant
growth before the plants are
damaged
3. Abscisic acid, to promote protective
response to drought before the
plants are damaged.
4. Gibberellins, to promote protective
response to drought before the
plants are damaged.
102.
Seeds were germinated in the dark on three
plates. Plate A was irradiated with a short
pulse of red light; plate B was irradiated with
a short pulse of red light followed by a pulse
of far-red light; and plate C was the control
and was maintained in the dark. After three
days, the plates were scored for percentage
of germination, as shown in this table. What
conclusion can be drawn from the
experiment?
1. Darkness inhibits germination.
2. Red light promotes germination.
3. Far-red light promotes germination.
4. Germination is independent from
light irradiation.
103.
Seeds were germinated in the dark on three
plates. Plate A was irradiated with a short
pulse of red light; plate B was irradiated with
a short pulse of red light followed
immediately by a pulse of far-red light; plate
D was irradiated by a short pulse of red light
followed one hour later by a pulse of far-red
light; and plate C was the control and was
maintained in the dark. After three days, the
plates were scored for percentage of
germination, as shown in this table. What
hypothesis do the results suggest about the
mechanism of action of red light?
1. Red light converts the phytochrome
to its active form Pr which can be
converted to the inactive form Pfr by
far red light. After one hour, cascade
of events initiated by Pfr has already
begun promoting germination and
hence, it cannot be reversed even by
the pulse of far light.
2. Red light converts the phytochrome
to its active form Pfr, which can be
converted to the inactive form Pr by
far-red light. After one hour, cascade
of events initiated by Pr has already
begun promoting germination and,
hence, it cannot be reversed even by
the pulse of far light.
3. Far
red
light
converts
the
phytochrome to its active form Pfr,
which can be converted to the
inactive form Pr by red light. After
one hour, the cascade of events
initiated by Pr has already begun
promoting germination and, hence, it
cannot be reversed even by the pulse
of far light.
4. Red light converts the phytochrome
to its active form Pfr which can be
converted to the inactive form Pr by
far red light. After one hour, the
cascade of events initiated by Pfr has
already begun promoting germination
and, hence, it cannot be reversed
even by the pulse of far light.
104. After branches of woody saplings were
trimmed, half of the cuts were covered with a
sealant and the other half were left
untouched. The plants with sealed cuts fared
much better after several weeks. What is the
likely reason?
1. The sealant stopped evaporation.
2. The plants with sealed cuts grew new
branches.
3. The plants with unsealed cuts were
infected by pathogens that entered
through the cuts.
4. The plants with unsealed cuts lost
photosynthates through bleeding of
sap.
105.
1. This species of shrub does not flower
if the day is short.
2. They bloom early in the year (around
February).
3. They bloom mid-summer (around
June).
4. The critical dark period is 9 hours.
107.
Jasmonate is produced in plants as a
response to injury. Researchers compared
the response to infection of mutant plants
that were unable to produce jasmonate (Ja-)
with the response of normal plants (Ja+)
from the same species. Leaves were
inoculated with spores from pathogenic
molds. The size of the wounds was examined
48 hours after application. The plants were
also infected with moths and the weight of
the larvae was determined aafter 48 hours.
This table shows the results. According to
the results of the experiment, what
conclusion can the researchers draw about
the specificity of jasmonate protection?
1. Jasmonate protects against infection
from a variety of pathogens.
2. Jasmonate protects against infection
from one pathogen.
3. Jasmonate cannot provide protection
against infection.
4. Jasmonate provides specific defense
in winters and the defense is
non-specific in summers.
106. In the Northern Hemisphere, a florist
grows shrubs of the same species of woody
plant under two different light schedules for
three weeks. The first set is maintained
under 15 hours of light and 9 hours of dark
daily. The second set is maintained under 9
hours of light followed by 14 hours of dark
daily. The first set of plants does not form
flowers, but the second set of plants blooms.
What can you conclude about these plants?
Heliotropism is the description of a response
to the light of the sun. Seedlings of
sunflowers were exposed to sunlight for 15
days. Following the 15 days of exposure to
sunlight, the seedlings were transferred to
complete darkness and their movement was
monitored. This graph plots the movement of
the seedlings in the dark versus time. What
conclusion can be drawn about the light
dependence of the movement of sunflowers
from the graph?
1. The movement does require light
once it is set but it will eventually
slow down, suggesting that a “clock”
molecule is degraded over time.
2. The movement does not require light
once it is set and it will keep showing
this upward and downward trend in
the same manner.
3. The movement does not require light
once it is set and it will eventually
slow down, suggesting that a “clock”
molecule never degrades.
4. The movement does not require light
once it is set and it will eventually
slow down, suggesting that a “clock”
molecule is degraded over time.
3. enhancement of stem elongation by
light
4. genetic differences between the
seeds
109.
108.
A student randomly chose 40 tobacco seeds
of the same species from a packet. He placed
20 seeds on moist paper towels in each of
two petri dishes. He wrapped dish A
completely in an opaque cover to exclude all
light. He did not wrap dish B. He placed the
dishes equidistant from a light source set to
a cycle of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of
dark. All other conditions were the same for
the two dishes. He examined the dishes after
7 days, and permanently removed the
opaque cover from dish A. This table shows
the student’s data. The most probable cause
for the difference in mean stem length
between plants in dish A and plants in dish B
is ____.
1. shortening of cells in the stem in
response to the lack of light
2. elongation of the stem in response to
the lack of light
Groups of 20 seedlings from the same plant
species were treated with gibberellins. Each
group received a different concentration of
hormone. The seedlings were grown under
the same environmental conditions. After 15
days of growth, the internode distances
between the first and second sets of leaves
were measured in each group of seedlings.
On this graph, the mean internode distance
for each group is plotted against the
concentration of gibberellins that the group
received. According to the results, why is
this effect of gibberellins on internode length
used in agriculture to spray grapes with
oversized fruit?
1. to lengthen the internode distance
and accommodate larger fruit
2. to shorten the internode distance and
accommodate larger fruit
3. to lengthen the internode distance
and accommodate more flowers
4. to shorten the internode distance and
accommodate smaller fruit
33.
If an increased number of folds in the
cortical sheets of the brain is associated with
increased social complexity, which of the
following animals has the greatest social
complexity?
1. Rat
2. Dolphin
3. Chimpanzee
4. Cat
34.
This image shows a cross section of the
spinal column. How does gray matter
facilitate communication along the spinal
column?
1. All myelin sheaths are located in the
gray matter, which transmit signals
along the brain and spinal cord
through the gray matter.
2. All synapses are located in the gray
matter, which transmit signals along
the brain and spinal cord through the
gray matter.
3. All synapses are located in the gray
matter, which transmit signals along
the spinal cord through the gray
matter.
4. All dendrites are located in the gray
matter, which transmit signals along
the spinal cord through the gray
matter.
35.
36.
This figure depicts the parts of the body that
are controlled by different parts of the motor
cortex. What can be inferred about the
organization of the motor cortex relative to
the organization of muscles in the body?
1. The motor cortex is found throughout
the body.
2. Motor cortex neurons are generally
located near neurons that control
nearby body parts.
3. Motor
cortex
neurons
control
speaking and processing what an
individual reads.
4. The
motor
cortex
controls
involuntary muscle movements.
This figure represents a split-brain individual
processing information. What has happened
to the brain of this individual? Why does the
processing
of information occur as
depicted?
1. The parietal lobe has been cut, which
severs the ability of the left
hemisphere from communicating but
increases the ability of the right
hemisphere.
2. The corpus callosum has been cut,
which severs the ability of the left
hemisphere from communicating but
increases the ability of the right
hemisphere.
3. The frontal lobe has been cut, which
severs the ability of the left and right
hemispheres to communicate.
4. The corpus callosum has been cut,
which severs the ability of the left
and
right
hemispheres
to
communicate.
37. The thalamus is part of the brain that is
involved in various functions in the human
body. What might result from the damage of
an individual’s thalamus?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Insomnia
Lack of interest in everything
Lack of fear
Inability to learn new motor tasks