Whole Person Development 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Emotional Interpersonal Professional Wealth Physical Environmental Mental What is holistic development? It pertains to whole person, emphasizing the complete aspects of a person or his totality. • Dualism and holism are philosophical theories in order to understand what it means to perceive a person as a whole organism. Mind and Body Dualism of Descartes • Rene Descartes, one of the modern philosophers of our time, influenced much of mankind’s thinking with his theory of duality or understanding the nature of things in a simple, dual mode. • In dualism, people perceive things as dual in character. The Yin-Yang Symbol An example of dualism is the distinct male-female gender categorization or the yin and yang of eastern thought. Western culture overemphasizes its either-or, black-white characteristics. There is dynamism between two forces in nature, and that each force is present in each other and will never exist in its purest form. More examples of Dualism • Good-bad • Racial purity • Life-death • Other points of view where things are taken in their absolutes or extremes. Holism and Gestalt In 1926, General Jan C. Smuts, a South African statesman, military leader, and philosopher, wrote about holism in his book Holism and Evolution. Holism - the tendency in nature to form wholes which are greater than the sum of the parts through creative evolution. Gestalt – something that is made of many parts and yet is somehow more than or different from the combination of its parts; broadly, the general quality or character of something. Basic Drives and Affect Basic human drives are those that are biologically related such as hunger and thirst. Affect is the various emotional experiences such as emotions, moods, and affective traits (Feist and Rosenberg 2012). Emotion • Emotion is taken from the Latin verb, movare, which means to move or be upset or agitated. It is defined by Smith (1973) as a descriptive term referring to variations in level of arousal, affective state or mood, expressive movements, and attitudes (Sanchez, Abad, and Jao 2012). Six Basic Emotions (Paul Ekman) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Happiness Sadness Fear Anger Disgust Surprise Four Basic Emotions (2014 Study) 1. 2. 3. 4. Happy Sad Afraid or surprised Angry or disgusted Feelings and Emotions Feeling arises from the brain as it interprets an emotion, which is usually caused by physical sensations experienced by the body as a reaction to a certain external stimulus. An example of this would be the emotion of being afraid, which produces a feeling of fear. Attitudes and Behavior • Attitudes are a person’s thoughts, feelings, and emotions about another person, object, idea, behavior, or situation. • Attitude is a result of a person’s evaluation of an experience with another person, object, idea, behavior, or situation based on his or her values and belief systems. • Beliefs and certain values therefore, affect the attitude of a person. • Behavior is a manifestation or acting out of the attitudes an individual has. Values and Virtues At the core of every person lies a system of beliefs that adheres to the highest ideals of human existence. These ideals create meaning and purpose in a person’s life. These ideals are called values. Universal Values (UN) • Peace • Freedom • Social progress • Equal rights • Human dignity 5 Core Values for the Workplace • Integrity • Accountability • Diligence • Perseverance • Discipline 10 Basic Human Values 1. Self-Direction - independent thought and action; choosing, creating, and exploring 2. Stimulation – excitement, novelty, and challenge in life 3. Hedonism – pleasure and sensuous gratification for Oneself 4. Achievement – personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards 5. Power – social status and prestige, and control or dominance over people and resources 6. Security – safety, harmony, and stability of society, of relationships, and of self 7. Conformity – restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses that are likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms 8. Tradition – respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that traditional culture or religion provide the self 9. Benevolence – preserving and enhancing the welfare of those with whom one is in frequent personal contact (the ‘in-group’) 10. Universalism – understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection for the welfare of all people and of nature Motivational Goals 1. 2. 3. 4. openness to change self-transcendence self-enhancement conservation Achievement and power (self-enhancement) lies in contradiction to universalism and benevolence (self-transcendence), as stimulation and self-direction (openness to change) is opposite conformity or tradition and security (conservation). Ten Groups or Values 1. Universalism 2. Benevolence 3. Tradition 4. Conformity 5. Security 6. Power 7. Achievement 8. Hedonism 9. Stimulation 10. Self-direction Values are influenced by: • Gender • Age • Social background • Educational attainment Five Values 1. Right conduct 2. Peace 3. Truth 4. Love 5. Non-violence Four Basic Universal Values 1. Life 2. Respect 3. Love 4. Integrity Virtues - are adjectives that describe positive and desirable qualities which usually mirror a value it represents.
