• Chapter Exercises • 2 Major Exams • Ethical Theories 35% 50% 15% Are these the same questions? If not, how are they different? Let's have a problem: Assume that you found 10K. Now, back to the two questions, are they the same or not? This problem is known by David Hume as IS / OUGHT PROBLEM I Is the same with ? asks what we would really do asks about a fact or facts asks what is the right thing to do This is the David Hume said that OUGHT or RIGHT ETHICS / MORAL cannot be derived from FACTS / IS PSYCHOLOGY TELLS WHAT HAPPENED EXPLAIN THIS: ACTION VALUATION ETHICAL THEORIES NORMATIVE ETHICS IS PRESCRIPTIVE, NOT DESCRIPTIVE. IF A STATEMENT IS PRESCRIPTIVE, MOST LIKELY, IT IS NORMATIVE ETHICS CERTAIN GRAVITY / SERIOUSNESS HUMAN WELL-BEING or HUMAN LIFE ON LELOY CLAUDIO'S VIDEO: send a text to my number stating your answer to two questions: 1. What is his opinion as expressed in the video? The answer is One sentence only 2. What is his reason? or What supports his opinion? LEVELS OF DILEMMA 1. INDIVIDUAL 2. ORGANIZATIONAL 3. STRUCTURAL ON LEVELS OF ETHICAL DILEMMA: 1. INDIVIDUAL - FIRST LEVEL - SMALL NUMBER OF PEOPLE AFFECTED - SINO ILILIGTAS MO - MOTHER OR LOVER SECOND LEVEL OF ETHICAL DILEMMA 2.ORGANIZATIONAL - SECOND LEVEL - INSTITUTION / ORGANIZATIONAL - PATIENT A (COMA / LOW % TO SURVIVE) VS 4 PATIENTS - WHO DICTATES WHO SURVIVE THIRD LEVEL OF ETHICAL DILEMMA 3. STRUCTURAL - THIRD LEVEL - AFFECTS NETWORK - AFFECTS COMMUNITY / SOCIETY - PROMISE TO IP VS PROMISE TO MINERS THREE CONDITIONS THAT SHOULD BE PRESENT IN A MORAL DILEMMA: FIRST CONDITION: 1. THE PERSON OR THE AGENT OF A MORAL ACTION IS OBLIGED TO MAKE A DECISION ABOUT WHICH COURSE OF ACTION IS BEST. SECOND CONDITION: 2. THERE MUST BE DIFFERENT COURSES OF ACTION TO CHOOSE FROM. THIRD CONDITION: 3. NO MATTER WHAT COURSE OF ACTION IS TAKEN, SOME MORAL PRINCIPLES ARE ALWAYS COMPROMISED. THIS MEANS THERE IS NO PERFECT SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM TYPES OF MORAL / ETHICAL DILEMMAS FIRST TYPE: 1. EPISTEMIC AND ONTOLOGICAL DILEMMAS; 2ND TYPE: 2. SELF-IMPOSED AND WORLD-IMPOSED DILEMMAS; 3RD TYPE: 3. OBLIGATION DILEMMAS AND PROHIBITION DILEMMAS; 4TH TYPE: 4. SINGLE AGENT AND MULTI-PERSON DILEMMAS. NON-MORAL STANDARDS & MORAL STANDARDS WHY THE NEED TO DISTINGUISH MORAL STANDARDS FROM NON-MORAL ONES? REASON: SOCIETIES HAVE DIFFERENT MORAL BELIEFS AND THESE ARE DEEPLY INFLUENCED BY CULTURE AND CONTEXT. SOME HAVE MORAL IMPLICATIONS VALUES SOME DON'T HAVE ANY DIFFERENT CULTURES HAVE DIFFERENT MORAL STANDARDS. What is a matter of taste in one culture may be of moral significance in another. The here is one culture may impose its own cultural standards on others which may result in clash in cultural values and beliefs. When these happens, violence and crime may ensue such as religious violence and ethnic cleansing HOW CAN WE ADDRESS THESE CULTURAL CONUMDRUM? CULTURAL CONUMDRUM MEANS PROBLEM THAT DIVIDE PEOPLE. IT SAYS THAT BETTER UNDERSTANDING ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MORAL STANDARDS AND NON-MORAL STANDARDS MAY HELP US IDENTIFY FUNDAMENTAL VALUES TO GUIDE OUR ACTIONS. THE POINT IS THAT IF SUCH STANDARDS ARE NON-MORAL, THEN WE DON'T HAVE RIGHT TO IMPOSE THEM ON OTHERS. IF SUCH STANDARDS ARE MORAL ONES, SUCH AS NOT KILLING OR HARMING INNOCENT PEOPLE. THEN WE MAY HAVE THE RIGHT TO FORCE OTHERS TO ACT ACCORDINGLY. THIS MAY BE ABLE TO FIND COMMON MORAL GROUND LIKE AGREEING NOT TO LIE, STEAL, CHEAT, KILL, HARM OR DECEIVED OTHERS MORAL STANDARDS are NORMS that INDIVIDUALS or GROUPS have about the kinds of actions believed to be morally right or wrong, as well as VALUES placed on what we believed to be morally good or morally bad. MORAL STANDARDS generally promote “THE GOOD,” that is, the WELFARE and WELL-BEING of HUMANS as well as ANIMALS and the ENVIRONMENT. MORAL STANDARDS PRECRIBE WHAT ONE OUGHT TO DO IN TERMS OF RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS. NORMS + VALUES = MORAL STANDARDS norms are general rules about our actions or behaviours like obligation to fulfill promises, or killing innocent people is absolutely wrong values are enduring beliefs or statement of what is good or desirable, like helping the poor is good, cheating in exam is bad. CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL STANDARDS: 1. MORAL STANDARDS DEAL WITH MATTERS THAT WE THINK CAN SERIOUSLY INJURE OR BENEFIT HUMANS, ANIMALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT; such as child abuse, rape, or murder CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL STANDARDS: 2. moral standards are not established or changed by the decisions of authoritative individuals or bodies; Indeed, moral standards rest on the adequacy of the reasons that are taken to support and justify them, for sure, we don't need a law to back up our moral conviction that killing innocent people is absolutely wrong. CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL STANDARDS: 3. MORAL STANDARDS ARE OVER-RIDING, THAT IS, THEY TAKE PRECEDENCE OVER OTHER STANDARDS AND CONSIDERATIONS, ESPECIALLY OF SELF-INTEREST; CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL STANDARDS: 4. MORAL STANDARDS ARE BASED ON IMPARTIAL CONSIDERATIONS; HENCE MORAL STANDARDS ARE FAIR AND JUST. MORAL STANDARDS ARE UNIVERSAL AND OBJECTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL STANDARDS: 5. MORAL STANDARDS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIAL EMOTIONS AND VOCABULARY. CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-MORAL STANDARDS Non-moral standards refer to standards by which we judge what is bad or good, right or wrong in a non-moral way. Examples: 1. standards of etiquette, by which we judge manners. Conventional standards Examples: 2. standards of law by which we say something is legal or illegal; 3. standards of aesthetics by which judge art as good or rubbish. WE SHOULD NOT CONFUSE MORALITY WITH ETIQUETTE, LAW, AESTHETICS OR EVEN WITH RELIGION. Religious is not moral standard Violating religious standard is not violating moral standard NON-MORAL STANDARDS ARE MATTERS OF TASTE OR PREFERENCE, HENCE, SCRUPULOUS OBSERVATION OF THESE TYPES OF STANDARDS DOES NOT MAKE ONE A MORAL PERSON. VIOLATIONS OF NON-MORAL STANDARD DOES NOT POSE ANY THREAT TO HUMAN WELL-BEING. AMORAL is neither right nor wrong. like a CRY OF A baby at baliw An AMORAL PERSON does not enjoy FREEDOM for he/she is in FEAR. MORAL NORMS can be expressed as: -principles -disposition -character traits thru a life in a person FINALLY, MORAL STANDARD SAYS DO NOT HARM INNOCENT PEOPLE. DON'T STEAL. NON-MORAL STANDARD SAYS DON'T TEXT WHILE DRIVING OR DON'T TALK WHILE THE MOUTH IS FULL.