ANATOMY OF
THE HEART
Bato, Angelica
Dela Sierra, Ian
Halili, Chryssa Mhae
Villamor, Angelica
Villas, Vanessa
► The blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs form the pulmonary
circuit (pulmo = lung).
►The blood vessels that carry blood to and from the body tissues form the
systemic circuit.
Size, location, and orientation of the Heart
The modest size and weight of the heart belie its incredible strength and
endurance. About the size of a fist, the hollow, cone-shaped heart has a mass
of 250 to 350 grams – less than a pound.
Coverings of the Heart
► Pericardium – double-walled sac
► Fibrous Pericardium – loosely fitting superficial part of pericardium
► Serous Pericardium – deep to the fibrous pericardium
It’s parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium.
The visceral layer, also called as the “epicardium”, which is an integral part
of the heart.
Between the parietal and visceral layers is the slit like pericardial cavity,
which contains a film of serous fluid.
Layers of the Heart Wall
As we have noted, the superficial epicardium is the visceral layer o the serous
pericardium. The middle layer, the myocardium, is composed mainly of cardiac
muscle and forms the bulk of the heart.
► The fibrous cardiac skeleton, that reinforces the myocardium internally and
anchors the cardiac muscle fibers.
►The endocardium, is the glistening white sheet of endothelium resting on a
thin connective tissue layer.
Chambers and Associated Great
Vessels
Heart has four chambers:
● 2 superior atria
● 2 inferior ventricles
The internal partition that divides the heart longitudinally is called interatrial septum
where it separates the atria, and the interventricular septum where it separates the
ventricles.
The coronary sulcus, or atrioventricular groove, encircles the junction of the atria
and ventricles like a crown. The anterior interventricular sulcus, cradling the
anterior interventricular artery, marks the anterior position of the septum separating
the right and left ventricles. It continues as the posterior interventricular sulcus,
which provides a similar landmark on the heart’s posteroinferior surface.
Two Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
1. Right AV valve – tricuspid valve, has three flexible cusps
2. Left AV valve – mitral valve, has two cusps and resembles the two-sided
bishop’s miter.
Semilunar (SL) Valves
► The aortic and pulmonary valves guard the bases of the large arteries
issuing from the ventricles.
Coronary Circulation
Although our heart is continuously filled with various amounts of blood, this
blood provides little nourishment to heart tissue.
Coronary Arteries
► The left and right coronary arteries both arise from the base of the aorta and encircle
the heart in the coronary sulcus. They provide the arterial supply of the coronary
circulation.
Left Coronary Artery ► runs toward the left side of the heart and the divides into two
major branches:
Anterior interventricular artery – follows the anterior interventricular sulcus and
supplies blood to the interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles.
Circumflex artery – supplies the left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricles.
Right coronary artery ► courses to the right side of the heart, where it also gives rise
to two branches:
Right marginal artery – serves the myocardium of the lateral right side of the heart.
Posterior interventricular artery – runs to the heart apex and supplies the posterior
ventricular walls. Near the apex of the heart, this artery merges with the anterior
interventricular arter.
Skeletal muscle fibers are independent of one another both structurally and
functionally. In contrast, the plasma membranes of adjacent cardiac cells interlock
like the ribs of two sheets of corrugated cardboard at dark-staining junctions called
intercalated discs.
How Does the Physiology of Skeletal and Cardiac
Muscle Differ?
Skeletal muscle fibers
The heart contracts as a unit.
Tetanic contractions cannot occur in cardiac muscles.
The heart relies almost exclusively on aerobic respiration.
BLOOD
GROUP-BSMT
1 1B
BLOOD
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
Today's Agenda
1
FUNCTIONS
2
PROPERTIES / COMPOSITION
3
FORMATION
4
RBC
5
WBC
6
PLATELETS
BLOOD
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
BLOOD - FUNCTIONS
1
TRANSPORT
• Delivering O2 and nutrients to
body cells
• Transporting metabolic wastes
to lungs and kidneys for
elimination
• Transporting hormones from
endocrine organs to target
organs
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
2
REGULAT IO N
• Maintaining body temperature
by absorbing and distributing
heat
• Maintaining normal pH using
buffers; alkaline reserve of
bicarbonate ions
• Maintaining adequate fluid
volume in circulatory system
BLOOD - FUNCTIONS
3
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
PROTECTION
• Protection functions include:
⚬ Preventing blood loss:
Plasma proteins and platelets in
blood initiate clot formation
⚬ Preventing infection:
•Agents of immunity are
carried in blood
–Antibodies
–Complement proteins
–White blood cells
BLOOD - PROPERTIES/COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES/COMPOSITION
• Blood is the only fluid tissue in body
• Annucleated
• Type of connective tissue
- Matrix is nonliving fluid called plasma.
- Cells are living blood cells called formed elements
•Cells are suspended in plasma
•Formed elements
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs)
- Leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs)
- Platelets
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
BLOOD - PROPERTIES/COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES/COMPOSITION
• Spun tube of blood yields three layers:
- Erythrocytes on bottom (~45% of whole blood)
•Hematocrit: percent of blood volume that is RBCs
–Normal values:
»Males: 47% ± 5%
»Females: 42% ± 5%
–WBCs and platelets in Buffy coat (< 1%)
•Thin, whitish layer between RBCs and plasma layers
–Plasma on top (~55%)
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
BLOOD - PROPERTIES/COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES/COMPOSITION
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
BLOOD - PROPERTIES/COMPOSITION
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND VOLUME
• Blood is a sticky, opaque fluid with
metallic taste
• Color varies with O2 content
- High O2 levels show a scarlet red
- Low O2 levels show a dark red
• pH 7.35–7.45
• Makes up ~8% of body weight
• Average volume:
Males: 5–6 L
Females: 4–5 L
BLOOD - FORMATION
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
HEMATOPOIESIS
Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis): blood cell
formation - Formed in red marrow
Red marrow is found mainly in the flat bones,
such as pelvis, sternum, cranium, ribs,
vertebrae, and scapula. Also in the spongy
epiphyseal plates of long bones like the femur
and humerus.
BLOOD - FORMATION
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
HEMATOPOIESIS
All formed elements arise from a common stem
cell: Hemocytoblast - resides in bone marrow
2 types of hemocytoblast:
Lymphoid stem cell and Myeloid stem cell
They become rigid and begin to fall apart in 100
to 120 days
BLOOD - FORMATION
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
HEMATOPOIESIS
Macrophages engulf dying RBCs in the spleen,
liver and other body tissues.
Old RBCs become fragile, and heme group is degraded
to bilirubin then secreted into the intestines
There it becomes a brown pigment called
stercobilin that leaves the body in feces
BLOOD - FORMATION
HEMATOPOIESIS
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
BLOOD - FORMATION
HEMATOPOIESIS
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
BLOOD - FORMATION
HEMATOPOIESIS
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
BLOOD - FORMATION
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
FO RMED ELEMENT S
RED
WHIT E
BLO O D BLO O D PLAS MA
C ELL
C ELL
BLOOD - FORMED ELEMENTS
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
FORMED ELEMENTS
Only WBCs are complete cells
RBCs have no nuclei or Organelles
Platelets are cell fragments
Most formed elements survive in the bloodstream for only a few days
Most blood cells originate in bone marrow and do not divide
BLOOD - RBC
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
RED
BLO O D
C ELL
BLOOD - RBC
RED
BLO O D
C ELL
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
• Erythrocytes
• Biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no
organelles
• Filled with hemoglobin (Hb) for gas transport
• Structural characteristics contribute to gas
transport
⚬ Biconcave shape—huge surface area
relative to volume
⚬ >97% hemoglobin (not counting water)
⚬ No mitochondria; ATP production is
anaerobic; no O2 is used in generation of
ATP
BLOOD - RBC
RED
BLO O D
C ELL
FUNC T IO N
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
• Hemoglobin structure
⚬ Protein globin: two alpha and two beta
chains
⚬ Heme pigment bonded to each globin
chain (4)
• Iron atom in each heme can bind to one O2
molecule; binds reversibly
• Each Hb molecule can transport four O2
• Normal Hb: 12-16 in women, 13-18 in men
BLOOD - RBC
RED
BLO O D
C ELL
DISO RDER
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
• Anemia: blood has abnormally low O2carrying capacity
⚬ Types of Anemia:
￭ Hemorrhagic anemia
￭ Hemolytic anemia
￭ Aplastic anemia
￭ Iron-deficiency anemia
￭ Sickle cell anemia
• Polycythemia: excess of RBCs that increase
blood viscosity
BLOOD - WBC
white
BLO O D
C ELL
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
BLOOD - WBC
white
BLO O D
C ELL
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
• Leukocytes
• Make up <1% of total blood volume (4,80010,800 WBCs/mm
• Form a protective, movable army that helps
defends the body against damage by bacteria,
viruses, parasite and tumor cells.
• Can leave capillaries via diapedesis
• Move through tissue spaces by ameboid
motion and positive chemotaxis (toward a
chemical stimulus)
• Normal range: 4-11,000/mm3
BLOOD - WBC
white
BLO O D
C ELL
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
• Leukocytosis: WBC count over 11,000/mm3
⚬ Normal response to bacterial or viral
invasion
• Classified into two major groups:
⚬ Granulocytes
⚬ Agranulocytes
BLOOD - WBC
white
BLO O D
C ELL
g r a n u l o c yt es
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
• Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils,
and basophils
• Cytoplasmic granules stain specifically
with Wright’s stain
• Larger and shorter-lived than RBCs
• Lobed nuclei
• Phagocytic
BLOOD - WBC
white
BLO O D
C ELL
Ne u t r o p h il s
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
• Most numerous WBCs.
• Have a multilobed nucleus and very fine.
• Granules respond to both acidic and basic
stains.
• Cytoplasm as a whole stains pink.
• Svid phagocytes at sites of acute infection
partial to bacteria and fungi.
BLOOD - WBC
white
BLO O D
C ELL
e o s in o p h il s
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
• Have a blue-red nucleus
• Brick-red cytoplasmic granules.
• Increases rapidly during infections by
parasitic worms (tapeworms,etc.)
• Release enzymes from their cytoplasmic
granules onto the parasite’s surface,
digesting it away
BLOOD - WBC
white
BLO O D
C ELL
BASO PHILS
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
• Rarest WBCs
• Large, histamine-containing granules that
stain dark blue
⚬ Histamine: an inflammatory chemical
that acts as a vasodilator and attracts
other WBCs to inflamed sites
• Are functionally similar to mast cells
BLOOD - WBC
white
BLO O D
C ELL
a g r a n u l o c yt es
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
• Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and
monocytes
• Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
• Have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei
BLOOD - WBC
white
BLO O D
C ELL
Mo n o c y t e
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
•
•
•
•
The largest leukocytes
Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm
Dark purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei
When they migrate tissues, they differentiate into
macrophages
⚬ Actively phagocytic cells; crucial against viruses,
intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections
• Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
BLOOD - WBC
white
BLO O D
C ELL
l y mp h o c y t e
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
• Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin
rim of blue cytoplasm
• Second most numerous leukocytes
• Mostly in lymphoid tissue; few circulate in
the blood
• Crucial to immunity
BLOOD - WBC
white
BLO O D
C ELL
l y mp h o c y t e
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
Lymphocytes has two types:
• T cells act against virus-infected cells and
tumor cells (cell mediated immune
response)
• B cells give rise to plasma cells, which
produce antibodies (humoral immune
response)
BLOOD - WBC
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
leukopoiesis
•Production of WBCs
•Stimulated by chemical messengers from bone
marrow and mature WBCs
•All eukocytes originate from hemocytoblasts
l
BLOOD - WBC
white
BLO O D
C ELL
d is o r d e r s
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
• Leukopenia
⚬ Abnormally low WBC count—drug/toxin
induced
• Leukemias
⚬ Cancerous conditions involving WBCs
⚬ Named according to the abnormal WBC clone
involved
⚬ Myelocytic leukemia involves myeloblasts
⚬ Lymphocytic leukemia involves lymphocytes
• Acute leukemia involves blast-type cells and
primarily affects children
• Chronic leukemia is more prevalent in older people
BLOOD - PLATELETS
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
platelets
BLOOD - PLATELETS
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
platelets
•
•
•
•
Not technically cells.
Fragments of megakaryocytes
Quickly seal themselves off from the surrounding fluids.
Appear as darkly staining, irregularly shaped bodies scattered among
the other blood cells.
• The normal platelet count in blood is about 300,000 cells per mm3
• Needed for the clotting process that stops blood loss from broken
blood vessels (process is called hemostasis)
BLOOD
THANK YOU
SO MUC H
GROUP 1 - 1BBSMT
DECEMBER 02, 2
It's not nice to fib!
CARDIOVASCULAR
S YS T EM
GROUP 6:
CHING, ANNE
CRISTOBAL, NICOLE
FLORES, KHANA
MARCELO, MARIELLA
MENDOZA, KYLA
SICUP, GABRIEL
TIBONG, JAZMINE
YAO, CRISEL
CONTENT
structure and function
of blood vesselS
BLOOD PRESSURE
HEMODYNAMICs
COMMON TYP ES OF BLOOD
VESSELS
Arteries
Pathway system
of the whole
body
Ve in s
Flexible blood
vessel
Ca p illa r ie s
Smallest and
most numerous
blood vessel
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
OF BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries and veins are comprised of three distinct layers while the
much smaller capillaries are composed of a single layer.
Tunica Intima
The thinnest and
innermost layer
Tu n ica Me d ia
Surrounds the
tunica intima
Tu n ica Ex t e r n a
Outermost
layer
12/02/2020
Structure of the Artery Wall:
The first diagram indicates the smooth muscle, external elastic
membrane, endothelium, internal elastic membrane, tunica
externa, tunica media, and tunica intima.
12/02/2020
BLOOD P RESSURE
Pre s s ure of c irc ula ting b lood a g a ins t the wa lls of
b lood ve s s e ls
TYP ES OF
BLOOD P RESSURE
SYSTOLIC VS. DIASTO
Systolic Blood Pressure
Amount of pressure the blood is exerting against
the artery wall of the heart when it beats.
Normal: Below 120
Elevated: 120-129
Stage 1 high blood pressure (also called hypertension): 130
-139
Stage 2 hypertension: 140 or more
Hypertensive crisis: 180 or more. Call 911.
Dia s t olic Blood Pr e s s u r e
Amount of pressure your blood is exerting against the
artery wall of the heart while the heart is resting.
between the beats.
Normal: Lower than 80
Stage 1 hypertension: 80
- 89
Stage 2 hypertension: 90 or more
Hypertensive crisis: 120 or more. Call 911.
12/02/2020
MAIN TYP ES OF HIGH
BLOOD P RESSURE
01
P r im a r y h igh blood
pre s s ure
02
Se c on d a r y h igh blood
pre s s ure
12/02/2020
TYP ES OF LOW BLOOD P RESSURE
P os t u r a l h y pot e n s ion
Standing up or sitting
down.
Mu lt ip le s y s t e m a t r op h y w it h
or t h os t a t ic h y p ot e n s ion
Nervous system damage
P os t p r a n d ia l h y p ot e n s ion
After eating and affects
mostly older adults.
Ne u t r a lly m e d ia t e d
h y pot e n s ion
Faulty brain signals
BLOOD P RESSURE
MEASUREMENTS
Normal Blood
Pr e s s u r e
120/80 mm Hg
Ele v a t e d b lood
Pr e s s u r e
120 to 129 mm Hg
Stage 1
hypertension
130 to 139 mm Hg
80 to 89 mm Hg
Stage 2
hypertension
140 mm Hg
90 mm Hg or
higher
BLOOD P RESSURE
STAGES
BLOOD P RESSURE
ACCORDING TO AGE CHART
12/02/2020
HEMODYNAMICS
Movement or flow of blood
Heme: Blood
Dynamis: Movement
12/02/2020
HEMODYNAMIC
MONITORING
MEASURES:
Blood pressure inside the veins,
heart, and arteries.
Blood flow and how much oxygen is in
the blood.
12/02/2020
4 BASIC COMP ONENTS
• Catheter and high - pressure
Tubing
• Transducer
• Flush system
• Bedside monitor
12/02/2020
EQUIP MENTS
• Appropriate Catheter
• Line insertion kit (Central
line/Arterial line)
• Flush (1000mL NS bag)
• Pressure tubing w/transducer
• Pressure line cable
• Pressure bag or cuff
• Catheter sheath
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Site dressing
Client HT & WT
Monitor
Flush Solution
Pressurized Tubing
Transducers
Central or Arterial Catheter
12/02/2020
HEMODYNAMIC
P ARAMETER
REFERENCES
Dis a ble d World. (20 1 7 , Nove mbe r 1 9). Blood Pre s s ure Cha rt: Low, Norma l, High Re a ding by
Age . Re trie ve d De ce mbe r 1 , 20 20 , from Dis a ble d World we bs ite : https :/ / www.dis a bledworld.com/ ca lculators -cha rts / bloodpre s s urecha rt.php
https :/ / www.fa ce book.com/ We bMD. (20 0 8, Nove mbe r 25). Dia stole vs . Systole : Know Your
Blood Pre s s ure Numbe rs . Re trie ve d De ce mbe r 1 , 20 20 , from We bMD we bs ite :
https :/ / www.we bmd.com/ hype rte ns ion-high-blood-pre s s ure/ guide/ dia stolic-and-s ystolicblood-pre s s ure -know-your-numbe rs # 1
Appe l LJ, Bra nds MW, Da nie ls SR, Ka ra nja N, Elme r PJ, Sa cks FM (Fe brua ry 20 0 6). "Die ta ry
a pproa che s to pre ve nt a nd tre at hype rte ns ion: a s cie ntific state me nt from the Ame rica n He a rt
As s ociation". Hype rte ns ion. 4 7 (2): 296–30 8. Cite Se e rX 1 0 .1 .1 .61 7 .624 4 .
doi:1 0 .1 1 61 / 0 1 .HYP.0 0 0 0 20 2568.0 1 1 67 .B6. PMID 1 64 34 7 24 . S2CID 1 4 4 7 853.
THANK YOU!
I hope you learned something new!
HEMOSTASIS BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TYPES
Group 2
MEMBERS:
• Ong
• Imbuedo
• Eugenio
•
•
•
Hallares
Mendoza
Samonte
•
•
•
Jose
Bernardo
Gullon
AGGLUTINOGENS
• The surface of erythrocytes contains a genetically
determined assortment of antigens composed of
glycoproteins and glycolipids.
• Other blood groups include the Lewis, Kell, Kidd, and
Duffy systems.
• There are at least 24 blood groups and than 100+ antigens
that can be detected on the surface of RBC.
Blood groups and types
ABO BLOOD GROUP
• Based on two glycolipid antigens called A and B.
• Blood plasma usually contains antibodies called
agglutinins that react with the A or B antigens if the two
are mixed.
ABO BLOOD TYPE GROUP
ABO BLOOD GROUP
• Based on two glycolipid antigens called A and B.
• Blood plasma usually contains antibodies called
agglutinins that react with the A or B antigens if the two
are mixed.
• You do not have antibodies that react with the antigens of
your own RBCs, but you do have antibodies for any
antigens that your RBCs lack.
ABO BLOOD TYPE GROUP
TRANSFUSION
• blood is the most easily shared of human tissues.
• Can be whole blood or blood components into the
bloodstream or directly into the red bone marrow.
• In an incompatible blood transfusion, antibodies in the
recipient’s plasma bind to the antigens on the donated
RBCs, which causes agglutination.
AGGLUTINATION
• an antigen–antibody response in which RBCs become
crosslinked to one another.
• The antibodies present in each of the four blood types are
shown
ABO BLOOD TYPE GROUP
RH BLOOD GROUP
• antigen was discovered in the blood of the Rhesus
monkey.
• The alleles of three genes may code for the Rh antigen
• People whose RBCs have Rh antigens are designated Rh
positive those who lack Rh antigens are designated Rh
negative.
ABO BLOOD TYPE GROUP
Hemolytic Disease Of The Newborn (HDN)
• Most common problem with Rh incompatibility.
• May arise during pregnancy.
• Occurs when maternal anti-Rh antibodies cross the
placenta and cause hemolysis of fetal RBCs.
• An injection of anti-Rh antibodies called anti-Rh gamma
globulin can be given to prevent HDN. All Rh women
should receive soon after every delivery, miscarriage, or
abortion. These antibodies bind to and inactivate the fetal
Rh antigens before the mother’s immune system can
respond to the foreign antigens by producing her own
anti-Rh antibodies.
Development of hemolytic disease of the
newborn (HDN).
Typing and Cross-Matching Blood for Transfusion.
• laboratory technicians type the patient’s blood and then
either cross-match it to potential donor blood or screen it
for the presence of antibodies.
• In the procedure for ABO blood typing, single drops of
blood are mixed with different antisera, solutions that
contain antibodies.
ABO TYPING
Typing and Cross-Matching Blood for Transfusion.
• In the procedure for determining Rh factor, a drop of
blood is mixed with antiserum containing antibodies that
will agglutinate RBCs displaying Rh antigens. If the
blood agglutinates, it is Rh; no agglutination indicates Rh
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalance
• Anemia, a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity
of blood is reduced. A decreased amount of hemoglobin in
the blood. Feels fatigued and is intolerant of cold, both of
which are related to lack of oxygen needed for ATP and heat
production. Also, the skin appears pale, due to the low
content of red colored hemoglobin circulating in skin blood
vessels.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Inadequate intake of vitamin B12
Inadequate absorption of iron
Insufficient hemopoiesis
Excessive loss of RBCs
RBC plasma membranes rupture prematurely
Deficient synthesis of hemoglobin
Destruction of red bone marrow
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalance
• Sickle cell disease, RBCs of a person with sickle-cell
disease (SCD) contain Hb-S, an abnormal kind of
hemoglobin. When Hb-S gives up oxygen to the interstitial
fluid, it forms long, stiff, rodlike structures that bend the
erythrocyte into a sickle shape. Even though erythropoiesis
is stimulated by the loss of the cells, it cannot keep pace with
hemolysis. Sickle-cell disease is inherited.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
have some degree of anemia
mild jaundice
joint or bone pain
Breathlessness
rapid heart rate
abdominal pain
Fever and fatigue as a result of tissue.
Red blood cells from a person with sickle cell
disease.
BRIEF OVERVIEW
 What is Conduction System?
Cardiac muscle cells repeatedly generate
spontaneous action potentials.
- triggers heart contractions
They are self excitable and made of autorhythmic
cells (pacemakers).
These cells form the conduction system
- the route for propagating action potentials
in the heart muscle
FUNCTION
 It controls the heart’s pumping action
SO HOW DOES IT WORK?
Step 1:
Cardiac excitation
begins in the
Sinoatrial Node
(SA)
Step 2:
The action
potential reaches
the Atrioventricular Node (AV)
Step 3:
From the AV node,
it reaches the
AtrioventriCular (AV) bundle
Step 4:
Action potential
enters the right
and left branches
through the
interventricular
septum
Step 5:
Purkinje fibers
leave their
insulating
connective tissue
sheaths near the
apex of the heart
HOW DOES IT COORDINATES
HEART ACTIVITIES
It distributes electrical impulses over the
heart to stimulate cardiac muscle fibers or
cells that causes for them to contract