Thennal & Infrared
Questions & An
upple
Recomme
BookJ
nd Ill
estions
The American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
ii
•
Published by
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
1711 Arlir\gate Lane
PO Box 28518
Columbus, OH 43228-0518
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by means electronic or mechanical
including photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the expressed prior written permission of the
publisher.
Copyright © 2010 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ASNT is not responsible for
the authenticity or accuracy of information herein. Products or services that are advertised or
mentioned do not carry the endorsement or recommendation of ASNT.
IRRSP, NOT Handbook, The NOT Technician and www.asnt.org are trademarks of The American Society
for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ACCP, ASNT, Levell// Study Guide, Materials Evaluation, Nondestructive
Testing Handbook, Research in Nondestructive Evaluation and RNDE and are registered trademarks of
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
ASNT Mission Statement: ,
ASNT exists to create a safer world by promoting the profession and technologies of nondestructive
tesOng.
ISBN-~3: 978-1-57117-~97-9
Pririted in the United States of America
1/10 first printing
•
iii
•
Contents
Acknowledgments
iv
Recommended References
v
Reference Usage
vi
Level I Questions
1
Level II Questions
7
Level Ill Questions
15
iv
Acknowledgments
Thank you to Terry Clausing, Drysdale & Associates, Inc., and Rob Spring, Snell Group, for
writing and coordinating this edition of Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A
(Q & A Book) Infrared and Thermal Testing Method.
Thank you also to the following contributors who assisted with the peer review of this book:
Doug Burleigh
Patrick L. Cerny
Jacky C. H. Chen
Babu S.K.
Grace Liang
Kathryn M. Lee
Bernie Lyon
Scott Miller
Gary Orlove
Philip Raw
K. Ravindran
Alberto F. Reyna
Bob Rogers
Dave Ronzani
Daniel R. Ryan
Dan Simon
Kris Krumreich Simmons
Jeffrey G. Thompson
Raymond HO Fook Wing
Werner Yzelman
John Zabita
Cynthia M. Leeman
Educational Materials Supervisor
•
v
•
Recommended References
Thermal and Infrared Testing Method
The following references were used in formulating the questions contained in this book.
References
A. Maldague, X.P.V., tech. ed., Patrick 0. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 3,
Infrared and Thermal Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2001.
B.
lncropera, F.P., and David P. Dewitt. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 5th Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John
Wiley & Sons. 2001.
c.
Guyer, E.C. Handbook of Applied Thermal Design. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis. 1999.
D. Holman, J.P. Experimental Methods for Engineers. Boston, MA. McGraw-Hill. 2001.
E. Holst, G.C. Testing and Evaluation of Infrared Imaging Systems. Maitland, FL. JCD Pub. Co. 1993.
F.
Kaplan, H. ASNT L/11 Study Guide: Infrared and Thermal Testing Method. Columbus, OH. The American Society
for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2001.
G. ASTM C 1060, "Standard Practice for Thermographic Inspection of Insulation Installations in Envelope Cavities
of Frame Buildings." Annual Book of ASTM Standards. West Conshohocken, PA; American Society for Testing and
Materials. Most recent edition.
H. ASTM E 1153, "Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Sanitizers Recommended for Inanimate Non-Food Contact
•
Surfaces." Annual Book of ASTM Standards. West Conshohocken, PA; American Society for Testing and
Materials. Most recent edition .
I.
ASTM E 2582, "Standard Practice for Infrared Flash Thermography of Composite Panels and Repair Patches
Used in Aerospace Applications." Annual Book of ASTM Standards. West Conshohocken, PA; American Society
for Testing and Materials. Most recent edition.
J.
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A: Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing.
Columbus, OH. The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Most recent edition.
Each question found in this book contains letter(s) and page number(s) in bold type immediately following the
answers. For example,
5.
The first law of thermodynamics states:
a.
b.
c.
d.
energy
energy
energy
energy
moving into a body equals the energy leaving a body if it is at steady state
moves from areas of high temperature to areas of low temperature
moves from cooler areas to warmer areas
moving out of a body equals the energy transmitting through the body.
8.13
In this example, the letter "B" refers to Reference Bin the list provided above and 13 is the specific page in the
reference where the answer to the question can be found .
•
.\
vi
Reference Usage
Reference A: Total =114
Levell
27
Levell!
40
Level Ill
47
Reference F: Total =
Levell
Levell!
Level Ill
1
0
0
1
Reference 8: Total = 10
Levell
2
Levell!
4
Level ill
4
Reference G: Total =
Levell
Levell!
Level Ill
3
Reference C: Total = 15
Levell
12
Levell!
2
Level Ill
1
Reference H: Total =
Levell
Level II
Level Ill
3
1
2
0
Reference D: Total =
Levell
Level II
Level Ill
8
5
2
1
Reference 1: Total =
Levell
Levell!
Level Ill
6
0
0
6
Reference E: Total =
Levell
Levell!
Level Ill
4
2
1
1
0
3
0
.!
Level I Questions: Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
•
Level I Questions
Thermal and Infrared Testing Method
1.
One calorie is equivalent to how much
heat energy?
4.
a. raising the temperature of 1 lb of
water 1 op
b. raising the temperature of 1 g of water
1"C
c. raising the temperature of 1 lb of
water 1 oc
d. raising the temperature of lg of water
1 "F
a. energy moving into a body equals the
energy leaving a body if it is at steady
state
b. energy moves from areas of high
temperature to areas of low
temperature
c. energy moves from cooler areas to
warmer areas
d. energy moving out of a body equals
the energy transmitting through the
body
A.26
2.
The second law of thermodynamics
states:
Which of the following is incorrect?
0.355
•
a.
b.
c.
d.
0 "C = 32 "F
-40 "C = -40 "F
"C = 32 + (9/5 x "F)
100 "C = 212 "F
5.
a. when energy moving into a body plus
any internal energy generated equals
the energy leaving a body, that body is
in a steady state condition
b. energy moves from areas of high
temperature to areas of low
A.27
3.
The first law of thermodynamics states:
Newton's Law of convective cooling states
that:
a. the rate of heat loss·is proportional to
the heat capacity of the body and its
surface area
b. the rate of cooling is inversely
proportional to the temperature
c. the rate of heat loss is inversely
proportional to the temperature of the
body
d. the rate of heat loss of a body is
proportional to the difference in
temperature between the body and its
fluid surroundings.
A.54
temperature
c. energy moves from cooler areas to
warmer areas
d. energy moving out of a body equals
the energy transmitting through the
body.
B.i3
6.
Which of the following temperature
scales is considered an absolute scale?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Fahrenheit
Boltzmann
Celsius
kelvin
0.356
•
pg
eg
Qt
PS
00
QT
:1\a).j J8MSU\f
1
2
Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
7.
Which of the following temperature
scales is considered to be a relative scale?
a.
b.
c.
d.
13.
Rankine
Boltzmann
Celsius
kelvin
You are inspecting an energized 440 V
electrical three-phase fused disconnect.
The fuse caps on the fuses are copper and
appear cooler than the fuse cardboard
bodies. What is probably the reason?
a. the fuse caps are emitting the coolness
inside themselves
0.356
8.
b. the fuse caps are radiating less energy
and reflecting the cooler room
temperatures
c. the fuse bodies are actually warmer
than the fuse caps
d. the fuse bodies are reflecting your
body's warmth
For every degree on the Celsius
temperature scale how many degrees are
on the Fahrenheit scale?
a. 5/9- 32
b. 1.8
c. 32
d. 100
A.36
0.356
9.
14.
The material property that relates to the
rate that heat flows though a solid
material is called:
thermal conductance
angle of view
thermal resistance
coefficient of convective heat transfer
A.298
15.
d. emissive conductivity
8.4
A low sloped roof is inspected in the early
evening after a sunny day. Wet absorbent
roof insulation appears warmer than the
dry insulation because:
A micron is a unit of:
a. length
b. wave amplitude
a. the wet insulation is a better emitter of
thermal radiation
b. the wet inst1.lation is more reflective
c. temperature
d. roughness
than the dry insulation
A.33
11.
Emittance of a surface may vary with
which of the following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
a. thermal conductivity
b. convective efficiency
c. conductive efficiency
10.
(J
c. the dry insulation cools off slower
than the wet insulation
d. the wet insulation cools off slower
A micron is a unit of measure that is:
than the dry insulation
a.
b.
c.
d.
one thousandth of a meter
one thousand thousandth of a inch
one millionth of a meter
one millionth of an inch
A.33
12.
Which material below is transmissive to
long wave (8-14 [liD) infrared radiation?
a. polyethylene film
b. glass
c. rubber
d. human skin
A.57
16.
Which of the following equations is used
to calculate the amount of radiant energy
emitted from a surface?
a. R+A+T=I
b. Q=aeP
c. [liD = biT absolute
d. E =me'
A.38; 0.9
A.292
qgT
PST
BOT
86
qg
•
Level I Questions: Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
•
17.
Which of the following IR camera
settings may affect a radiometric
temperature measurement?
22.
Thermal infrared radiation occurs at
wavelengths:
a.
b.
c.
d.
a. span
b. level
c. palette
d. focus
shorter than X- rays
shorter than visible light
longer than visible light
longer than radio waves
A.33; C.:t.2-59,
C.:t.2-6i
23.
18.
Which of the following camera
parameters is not adjustable in
post-processing computer software?
An opaque graybody surface with an
emissivity of 0.04 would be:
a. transparent to infrared radiation
b. a fairly good emitter
a. span
c. almost a perfect reflector
b. level
d. almost a perfect emitter
c. emissivity
A.94; C.:t.2-63
d. range
C.:t.2-6i
19.
•
A thick ceramic coffee mug has an
emissivityof0.84 in the 8-I41Jm wave
band. What is its reflectivity?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The radiant energy emitted by an object
is a function of what power of its absolute
temperature?
a~
first power
b. second power
c. third power
d. fourth power
0.84
0.48
0.34
0.16
A.89
C.:t.2-64
20.
24.
25.
What are the three modes of heat
transfer?
The temperature of an aluminum bus bar
is being measured. You have determined
a. reflected, transmitted, emitted
emissivity is 0.15. What is the reflectivity
of the bus bar?
b. conductive, convective, radiative
c. absorption, emission, transmission
d. temperature, thermal movement,
absorbency
a. 0.0
b. 0.15
c. 0.85
d. 1.0
A. 54
26.
A.94; C.:t.2-63
A quick and simple technique for
improving the emissivity of highly
reflective surfaces is to:
21.
A perfect thermal mirror would bave an
emittance equal to:
a. use a shorter wavelength infrared
camera
a.
b.
c.
d.
0.0
O.Gl
b. apply black electrical tape to the
0.5
c. cover the surface with aluminum foil
surface
d. adhere black thin film polyethelene
1.0
A.94; C.:t.2-63
qg;;
qg;;
Pv<:
A.30; C.:t.2·64
P6T
PST
PH
3
4
Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-:LA (Q&A Book): Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
27.
What can we say fur certain about a clear
piece of thin plastic?
a.
b.
c.
d.
31.
What does IFOV stand for?
a.
b.
c.
d.
it is transparent to infrared
it is opaque to infrared
its emissivity is less than 1
its reflectivity is more than 1
increasing field of view
instantaneous field of view
infringing field of view
image field of view
A.281
A.89; C.12-62
32.
28.
A large variance of the viewing angle
from the normal (90°) to a non-metallic
surface of interest
the emitted
energy sensed.
a. decreases
b. increases linearly
c. increases exponentially
d. has no effect on
a.
b.
c.
d.
33.
Why do a block of wood and a piece of
steel at the same temperature feel so
different when they come into contact
with your body?
In an infrared roof moisture survey, what
effects cause the areas of roof over wet
insulation to be warmer at night than
those over dry insulation?
a. the thermal conductivity of the steel is
greater
b. the thermal conductivity of the wood
a. high heat capacity of water and
is greater
c. the wood is a much better emitter
than the steel
d. the steel is heavier than the wood
daytime insolation
b. increase thermal resistance of wet
insulation
c. warmer evening temperatures
combined with cooler interior
temperatures
d. lower heat capacity of water and
cooler evening temperatures
A.54
34.
A.57; C.12-68
30.
above-273 K
atO oc
aboveO K
above -460 R
A.27
A.95
29.
At what temperature does the emittance
of thermal radiation begin?
•
During the summer with clear sunny
days, clear nights and a diurnal
temperature swing from 32 oc (90 °F) to
10 oc (50 °F), a lake and the surrounding
land would probably have the following
thermal relationship:
Which of the following is not a typical
pattern of an anomalous thermal image
associated with wet roof insulation?
a.
b.
c.
d.
circular
amorphous
picture frame
board type
H.5
a. the land would be cooler than the lake
at night
b. the land would be warmer than the
lake during the daytime
c. the land would be warmer than the
lake day and night
d. the land would be cooler earlier in the
evening then become warmer by
1norning
A. 57
8££
eo£
•
Level I Questions: Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
•
35.
. of the radiant emittance of a
The ratiO
k
.
.
b 4Y to that of a blac body IS
giVen o
defined as:
a.
b.
c.
d.
36.
•
A.364
40.
Periodically most focal plane array
thermal imagers pause the live image and
go through an internal routine called
what?
A.57
a.
b.
c.
d.
Wb. h of the following camera
d. lCt e ts is used to optimize thermal
a JUS 111 11
.
t of a thermal Image?
contras
a.
b.
c.
d.
38.
A.38
aluminum
steel
wood
copper
Which of the following is a commonly
used technique to increase contrast in
thermal images?
a. adjust camera to a higher temperature
range
b. increase the span setting of the
thermal image
c. use a gray monochrome palette
d. change to a multi-division color
palatte such as a rainbow
radiance
reflectivitY
emissivity
transmissivity
. h of the following has the lowest
WbK
d
.. >
thermal con uctlVlty.
a.
b.
c.
d.
37.
39.
focus
span
level
range
non-uniformity correction
internal temperature calibration
thermal temperature correction
temperature uniformity calibration
E.45
41.
An appropriate thermal span and level
setting for imaging a human face in a
22 °C (72 °F) room is:
C.12-61
a.
b.
c.
d.
Which of the following camera
adjustmeots will have an effect on
temperature measurement?
37 °C (98.6 °F)
27 to 38 °C (80 to!OO °F)
35 to 43 °C (95 to 110 °F)
13 to 22 oc (55 to 72 op)
E.5
a.
b.
c.
d.
focus
span
level
palette
C.12-61
8Qj7
P6£
09£
oss
5
6
Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
•
Level II Questions: Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
•
Level II Questions
Thermal and Infrared Testing Method
L
5.
Infrared cameras measure:
a. the temperature of a surface
b. the radiosity of a surface
, c. the radiosity that is absorbed by the
a. 1.0
b. 0.90
c. 0.50
d. 0.10
detector in an infrared camera
d. the emittance of a surface
A.279
2.
The plant's main switchgear is to be
inspected. The main switchgear has new
aluminum busbar. The emissivity of new
aluminum busbar is approximately:
A.36
A camera has an IFOV of 1.9 rnRad.
What is its theoretical minimum spot size
6.
at a distance of 100 em?
•
a.
b.
c.
d.
1.9 ern
0.19crn
0.019 em
52 ern
a. it should have rained within 24 h,
inspect during a sunny day
b. it must not have rained within the last
24 h, inspect during a sunny day
c. it must have rained within the last
24 h, inspect at night
d. it must not have rained within the last
24 h, inspect after sundown following
a clear sunny day
H.4
A.279
3.
The slit response function is used to
measure:
a.
b.
c.
d.
field of view (FOV)
IFOVmeasurement
NETD
MRTD
A.281
4.
What is the most important factor when
What weather conditions are necessary
for conducting a thermal infrared roof
inspection?
7.
How should the level and span be set
when inspecting overhead electrical bus
plugs?
inspecting electrical equipment using IR?
a. thermal sensitivity of the IR camera
b. safety
c. image focus
d. thermal span and level
A.299
a. set the camera to auto adjust mode
allowing the camera to adjust level
and span
b. set the span wide for the full scene
and adjust level to the ambient
temperature
c. set span wide and allow the camera to
automatically adjust level
d. set the span very narrow and adjust
the level to the temperature of the bus
E.5
.a
.,.
PL
P9
pg
Qj?
QE
q~
:lie}j .l9MSUV
7
8
Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC"1A (Q&A Book): Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
8.
A thermal infrared inspection of a
building is conducted to determine the
presence of insulation. What is the
recommended minimum temperature
difference between inside and outside?
a.
b.
c.
d.
12.
3 "C (5 °F)
5 "C (9 "F)
10 "C (18 °F)
20 oc (36 "F)
I)
a. perform an external non-uniformity
correction (NUC)
b. adjust the calibration with a calibrated
blackbody reference source
c. send the camera back to the
manufacturer (or relevant body) for
recalibration
d. adjust the emissivity until the camera
reads the correct temperature
G.6
9.
When a thermal imaging radiometer is
out of calibration and reading
temperatures incorrectly, what can be
done to bring it back into radiometric
calibration?
An object that is not at thermal
equilibrium with its surrounding
environment is said to be:
A.293
a.
b.
c.
d.
at steady state
thermally isolated
thermally transmissive
thermally transient
13.
A.698
10.
If the amount of insulation in an attic is
increased from 10 em to 20 em (3.94 in.
to 7.87 in.) what effect does it have on the
conductive heat transfer?
a.
b.
c.
d.
11.
a.
b.
c.
d.
heat transfer will stay the same
heat transfer will increase by 1/2
heat transfer will be reduced by 1/2
heat transfer will increase by 2 times
A.54
If the temperature difference from inside a
house to outside the house decreases
from 36 to 9 oc (64.8 to 16.2 "F), what
effect does it have on the conductive heat
transfer through the walls?
a. heat transfer will stay the same
b. heat transfer will increase by four
times
c. heat transfer will be reduced by four
times
d. heat transfer will be reduced by two
times
The effects of the sun can prevent the
accurate inspection of light frame
buildings. In accordance with ASTM C
1060, how long should a wall of light
frame construction be free from direct
solar radiation in order to conduct an
infrared inspection of the wall?
.,
1h
3h
Sh
12 h
G.6
14.
A kilogram of each of the following
materials is heated to 90 "C (194 "F).
Which of the following materials has the
most stored thermal energy?
a.
b.
c.
d.
arr
aluminum
steel
water
A.57
A. 54
PtT
PH
OQT
P6
•
Level II Questions: Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
•
15 .
Latent heat energy can be described as:
18.
a. the energy that creates or breaks the
molecular bonds of the phase state of
a material
b. the energy that when added to a
material will cause its temperature to
manager is not available to issue a
confined entry permit to physically verify
the level. It is spring time. Last night was
cool and it is now noon and a bright
sunny day. What might you consider to
determine the oil level?
increase
c. the energy released by a material that
will cause its temperature to decrease
d. the energy released by an object that
will break the molecular bonds of a
material
a. Assume the liquid level indicator is
correct unless definitive proof is
submitted otherwise.
b. Examine the tank with your infrared
8.15
16.
Which of the following surfaces will
generally provide the most accurate
camera. When you see no level
indication between liquid and air it is
safe to open the tank access door.
c. Examine the tank with your infrared
radiometric temperature measurement?
a. thin film plastic
b. oxidized aluminum
c. glass
d. water-based paint
camera. The air should be warmer
than the liquid and should provide a
clear indication of the liquid level.
d. Examine the tank with your infrared
camera. The air will be cooler than
the liquid and should provide a clear
indication of the liquid level.
A.36
•
17.
The accuracy of the liquid level gage on
the 946 353 L (250 000 gal) oil tank is
being questioned. Verification of the
liquid level is critical but the safety
The instantaneous field of view (IFOV)
measurement of a radiometric system is
1.2 mRad. What is the maximum size
object this system can accurately measure
at a distance of 25m?
A.290
19.
How hot does an electrical connection
need to be for it to be a classified as a
serious problem?
a.
b.
c.
d.
3m
3mm
3cm
20.8 ern
a. I to 5 "C (33.8 to 41 "F)
b. 5 to 15 "C (41 to 59 "F)
A.279
c. greater than 15 "C (59 "F)
d. depends on the criticality of
equipment to continued safe
operation
A.533
•
P6T
P9T
9
10
·Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
20.
Most imaging infrared radiometers
operate in the 3 to 5 or 8 to 12 11m band.
This is because of:
23.
a. atmospheric reflection of solar
radiation is adequately attenuated in
these two bands
b. the electromagnetic energy emitted by
a target outside these two bands is
generally too small to provide usable
data
After heating one side of a honeycomb
composite with a 4 ply graphite epoxy
face sheet, and thermally viewing from
the same side, you notice a dark or cool
f)
indication that seems to be confined to a
group of honeycomb cells. What is the
probable cause of this thermal pattern?
a. there is a disband between the top
sheet and the honeycomb cells
b. there is a disbond between the bottom
face sheet and the honeycomb
c. atmospheric absorption within these
two bands is small enough to provide
minimal impact on radiometry
d. technological limits of producing
c. there is most likely water or some
other liquid in the cells
d. the honeycomb is most likely crushed
A.57, 64
detectors with uniform characteristics
except for these two wave bands
A. SO
21.
24.
Long wave (8-141.Jm) infrared
thermography is an excellent tool for
inspecting all except which of the
following:
From the ground you see a hot spot on a
1 in. (2.54 em) bolted connector of a
transmission line that is approximately
27.4 m (90ft) away. When you go to
measure the temperature, it reads much
lower than you think it should be, in fact
it appears to be below ambient. What is a
probable reason?
a. drive belts for proper alignment
b. bearings for signs of impending
failure
c. thin film plastics
d. the temperature for creating baseline
a. your IFOV is not turned on
b. you are not in focus
c. you are too far away to accurately
measure
comparison
d. the emissivity is probably set
A.289
incorrectly
22.
While doing an IR inspection of a heated
A.295
stainless steel component with several
surface holes you notice that one of the
holes appears hotter than the others.
What could explain this?
a. that hotter hole is warmer than the
other holes
b. that hole must be reflectiog
something hotter than the other holes
c. the hotter hole must have more
thermal capacitance
25.
Thin film plastics, such as polyethylene,
are thermally different from most
materials because they are:
a. highly reflective to short-wave
thermal radiation
b. highly absorptive to long-wave
thermal radiation
c. highly transmissive to both mid- and
long-wave thermal radiation
d. the hotter hole probably is deeper
than the other holes
d. opaque to both mid- and long-wave
thermal radiation
A.123
A.291
PZ:Z:
ooz;
•
Level II Questions: Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
•
26
'
30.
Why is infrared thermal imaging often
used by building analysts to locate mold
growth?
a. add the correct filter
b. set emissivity at 0.05
c. put a piece of tape on the heater tube
d. mid-wave systems are not suitable for
furnace inspections
a. wold is exothermic and appears
warmer on the surface
b. wold is endothermic and absorbs heat
from surroundings, thus appearing
warm
c. wold grows on damp surfaces, which
appear cooler due to evaporative
cooling
d. wold is endothermic thus cooling the
surface
To measure the temperature of heater
tubes in a natural gas-fired furnace using
a mid-wave sensing system you must:
A.573
31.
You have found a motor bearing that is
32 op warmer than normal. Convert this
temperature difference (/', T) to degrees
Celsius.
0.15
a. ooc
b. 17.7 oc
c. 89.6 oc
d. 100°C
27. Which of the following materials has the
, , ',,highest thermal capacitance?
a. steel
b. brick
' c. water
d. glass
A.27
32.
Which of the following typically has the
greatest influence on taking a radiometric
A.57
temperature measurement on a
28;
Which of the following factors will have
low-emissivity object?
the greatest affect on the accuracy of a
_ temperature measurement of a loose
-~:_t1~: ,ffci)Jilledion on a copper alloy bolted plate
a. background temperature
b. foreground air temperature
c. distance to the target
d. relative humidity
connection? Assume the copper has an
~lnissivity
of 0.28.
A.296
estimating the copper has an
33.
emissivity of 0.29
setting relative humidity at 65%
rather than the preset 50%
leaving the distance to object set to
3.05 m (10ft) instead of 4.6 m (15ft)
adjusting the background temp
76.6 °C ( 170 °F) to actual
!lffif>erature of 28.3 oc (83 °F)
Which of the following camera settings
has the greatest impact on taking an
accurate temperature measurement of an
object that actually has an emissivity of
0.87, a background temperature of
23.9 oc (75 °F), relative humidity of 50%
and distance to the object is 3.05 m
(10ft)?
A.289
a. relative humidity set at 40% instead of
of the following lists gives the
order for the thermal capacitance
,materials? Assume list goes from
to lowest thermal capacitance.
50%
b. distance to object set at 5.5 m (18ft)
c. emissivity set at 0.72
d. background temperature set at
21.1 oc (70 °F) instead of 23.9 oc
(75 °F)
A.296
steel, air
air, steel
A.57
eot:
PB6
09(;
11
12
Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
34.
While conducting a roof moisture
inspection at night after a sunny day, why
is it important for theroof surface to be
dry?
38.
The IR system being used stores images
to videotape. Back in the office you find
you'd like to adjust the level and span of
an image. How is this accomplished?
a. evaporating water will mask the
thermal patterns below the roof
surface
b. a dry roof surface is a better
a. digitize the thermal image and adjust
the level and span in software
b. import the video into your
conductor than a wet roof surface
c. it is better to have a wet roof surface
level and span
c. send the video to your camera
•
manufacturer's software and adjust
so you can find the leak easier
d. a dry roof surface will radiate better
to the cold sky
manufacturer for conversion to 12 bit
data
d. data captured on videotape will not
allow the adjustment of level and span
H.4
A.361; 8.12-61
35.
Which of the following materials emits
quite differently in the mid-wave
(3.5-5 microns) band than in the
long-wave band (8-14 microns)?
a.
b.
c.
d.
39.
is to:
plate glass
polished aluminum
painted steel
a. buy a new imager with a detector that
has more detector elements
b. move the camera as close to the target
as possible without compromising
ceramic
0.734
36.
the smallest size object you can
accurately measure at a distance of 3 m
(3.3 ft)?
16.6 mm (0.65 in.)
18.7 mm (0.74 in.)
50.0 mm (1.97 in.)
166.0 mm (6.54 in.)
.A\
safety
c. install a telephoto lens
d. defocusthelens
Using an infrared system with an
IFOVmeasurement ratio of 180:1. What is
a.
b.
c.
d.
The easiest and cheapest way to improve
the spatial resolution of a thermal image
•
A.279, 297
40.
Atmospheric attenuation for imaging
systems that sense 8-12 microns thermal
radiation is:
a. greater than the attenuation for
3-5 micron radiation
b. less than the attenuation for
A.295
3-5 micron radiation
c. equal to the attenuation for
37.
You are looking at an electrical
connection 20m in the air. What IFOV
measurement is required to accurately
measure the temperature on the 2.54 em
(I in.) head of a bolt?
a.
b.
c.
d.
3-5 micron radiation
d. greater than the attenuation for
6-8 micron radiation
A.180
0.125 mRad
1.25 mRad
2.5 mRad
25 mRad
A.295
qov
P8£
89£
(.
Level II Questions: Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
41.
When looking at a thermal image, the
thermographer is viewing:
45.
a. thermal patterns representing
The energy content of a gram of steam at
100 'C (212 'F) is much higher than that
of a gram of water at 100 'C (212 'F)
because of:
temperatures on the surface of the
target
b. thermal patterns of objects reflected
from the surface of the target
c. radiance (combined reflected,
transmitted and emitted energy)
patterns from the surface of the target
d. radiance (combined reflected,
transmitted and emitted energy)
patterns of objects reflected from the
surface of the object
a. a 20 'C ( 68 'F) temperature difference
b. the latent heat of vaporization
c. the additional shortwave thermal
radiation
d. the latent heat of fusion
8.15
46.
a. inversely proportional to the
material's specific heat
b. directly proportional to a material's
specific heat and density
c. inversely proportional to its density
d. the ratio of short-wave infrared
radiation absorbed by an object to
A.89
42.
As a surface cools, the peak of its radiated
infrared energy:
a. shifts to longer wavelengths
b. shifts to shorter wavelengths
c. remains constant if emissivity remains
constant
d. remains constant even if emissivity
,.
long-wave infrared radiation emitted
by the object
A.57
47.
varies
The heat capacity of an object is:
A.90
V\That component of earth's atmosphere
will completely or partially absorb
infrared electromagnetic energy in the
43.
The spectral band in which glass
wave band of 6-8 [lm?
transmits infrared radiation most
efficiently is the _ _ region.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a. water vapor (H 2 0)
b. nitrogen (N) and oxygen (0 2 )
2-4 jlm
5-7 jlm
6-10 jlm
10-15 jlm
combined
c. oxygen (02 )
d. nitrogen (N)
A.180
A.291
48.
44.
Since wind will convectively cool
When water freezes:
building components reducing thermal
a. heat energy is absorbed from the
building inspections on the windward
surroundings
b. the volume decreases and
side when air speeds are in excess of:
differences, it is not advisable to perform
conductivity increases
c. heat energy is released to the
surroundings
d. the volume increases and conductivity
a. 6 km/h (3.7 mph)
b. 12 km/h (7.5 mph)
c. 18 km/h (II mph)
d. 24 km/h (15 mph)
G.6
decreases
8.15
•
P817
eL17
Q917
Q917
01717
et;17
e;;17
or17
13
14
Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
49.
Which of the following statements
regarding infrared emission and
absorption is false?
a.
b.
c.
d.
51.
good emitters are good absorbers
poor absorbers are poor emitters
good reflectors are good emitters
poor reflectors are good absorbers
A.39
Distribution of energy over the
wavelength spectrum for a given
temperature is best described by which of
the following?
•
a. Planck's Law
b. Stefan-Boltzmann Law
c. Newton's Law
d. Fourier's Law
A.90; C.j_4-49
50.
Radiosity is defined as:
a. the perfect emittance of a blackbody
surface
b. detectivity/transmissivity
c. a graybody whose emissivity is less
than 1
d. the total radiant exitance leaving a
surface (reflectance, emittance and
transmittance)
A.89; C.j_2-62
•
POS
~617
•
Level Ill Questions: Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
I
Level Ill Questions
Thermal and Infrared Testing Method
1.
Energy is measured in units called:
a.
b.
c.
d.
4.
kelvin
joule
watt
Rankine
a. a focal plane array radiometer with a
InSb detector (3 to 5 ~m) cooled to
77 K (-196.15 °C)
b. a single element scanner with HgCdTe
detector (8 to 12 ~m) cooled to
77 K (-196.15 °C)
c. infrared point radiometer filtered to
detect 3.45 ~m radiation
d. calil:rrated bi-metal thermometer
A.25
2.
You are asked to inspect a new paper
laminating process, with a long oven and
stainless steel rollers, 91.44 em (36 in.)
wide. The paper is laminated with a foil,
and only the foil side is visible as it curves
around the stainless steel roller at the
oven exit. It is important to ensure the foil
temperature is uniform at the oven exit
for the adhesive to cure properly. What is
the best way to ensure the material is
cured?
a. view the nip between the roller and
the foil with an infrared radiometric
imager
b. use a thermocouple to measure the
moving foil temperature.
c. use reflective radiometry to get an
accurate temperature of the foil
d. increase the emissivity of the foil with
black paint
A.122
3.
•
When observing an object at 51.85 oc
(325 K), which of the following detectors
has the greatest detectivity (D*)?
a. HgCdTe (8 to 12 f1111) cooled to
-19.6;15. oc (77 K)
b. triglyqene sulfate.(8 to 12 ~m) at
ambient
c. InS!J (cH9 5 f1111}cooled to -196.15 oc
(77 K)
d. PtSi(3to5~m)cooledto-196.15°C
(77 K)
og
89
Which device would be most appropriate
for measuring the surface temperature of
polyethylene film?
A.292
5.
Liquid-in-glass thermometers are
designed and calibrated for three
conditions of use. Which of the following
is not a condition of use for a
liquid-in-glass thermometer.
a.
b.
c.
d.
suspended immersion
total immersion
partial immersion
complete immersion
8.12-35
6.
Which of the following nonuniformity
corrections (NUC) will best provide both
uniform detector response and correct
for offset between the target signal and
the detector response over the
temperature range of an active pulse IR
inspection?
a.
b.
c.
d.
one point external
one point internal
two point external
two point internal
E.45
:Aa>j
J8MSUttf
15
16
Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
7.
is measured and the temperature is
What is the correct value of the
Stefan-Boltzmann constant?
determined to be 900 oc (1652 °F)
assuming a surface emissivity of 0.79. It is
later found that the true emissivity is
0.84. What is the closest temperature of
the metal from the values listed below.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The energy emitted from a piece of metal
11.
5.67 X
5.67 x
5.67 x
5.67 x
•
10"'W/cm
10·" W/m'
1o·• W/m'. K'
10·• W/cm' · K'
A.54
a. 918 °C (1684 °F)
b. 900 °C (1652 °F)
C. 882 °C (1620 °F)
d 400 °C (752 °F)
12.
Wien's displacement law for determining
the peak wavelength of emitted radiation
may be expressed as:
0.389
8.
Radiometric imagers of what wavelength
should be used for accurate surface
a. Am"= 2897 /TK
b. Amu = TK · 2897
C. Amu = 2.897/TK
temperature measurement of plate glass?
d. Amox = 289.77/TK
A.38
a. wavelengths less than 1.0 fllll
b. wavelengths less than 4.5 flm
c. wavelengths greater than
4.5 flm
d. wavelengths between 1.0 and
2.4 flill
13.
A change in the electrical resistance of
the responsive element in an infrared
detector due to temperature changes
produced by absorbed, incident infrared
radiation describes the:
A.29i
9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Actual surfaces frequently exhibit
variable emissivities over the wavelength
spectrum. These surfaces are commonly
referred to as:
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.21
14.
real bodies
graybodies
blackbodies
white bodies
C.385
10.
The peak spectral radiance from a
blackbody with a temperature of 1800 K
(1526.85 °C) is:
a. equal to that of a blackbody at
1800 °R (726.85 °C)
b. twice that of a blackbody at 900 K
(626.85 °C)
c. less than that of a blackbody at 900 K
(626.85 °C)
d. greater than that of a blackbody at
900 K (626.85 °C)
A. 54
thermovoltaic effect
photovoltaic effect
pyroelectric effect
bolometric effect
The slit response method is the generally
accepted method for determining
IFOVmeasurement. What percent
modulation is required to obtain an
accurate temperature?
a.
b.
c.
d.
greater than 90%
less than 90%
50%
none of the above
A.296
15.
Thermographic stress analysis is based
on which of the following effects that
relates dynamic changes in stress to the
temperature changes they produce:
a.
b.
c.
d.
thermal conductivity effect
thermal diffusivity effect
thermoelastic effect
thermal gradient effect
A.325
PET
•
POT
08
•
Level Ill Questions: Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
•
16
Vibrothermography is a nondestructive
test method that involves monitoring the
surface of a material with an infrared
imager while the material is subjected to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
20.
statements are true?
forced mechanical oscillations
a. when heat is applied evenly over the
surface, heat flow will be
multidirectional into the part
b. when heat is applied unevenly over
the surface, heat flow will be one
dimensional through the part
c. when heat is applied evenly over the
surface, heat flow will be
unidirectional through the part until a
thermal waves
laser eXcitation
sudden thermal shock
A.334
18.
Heat is applied to the surface of a
0,635 em (0.25 in.) graphite epoxy
laminate. Which of the following
Thermal radiation is strongly absorbed
by water vapor in which of the following
wave bands?
discontinuity is reached
a.
b.
c.
d.
d. when heat is applied evenly over the
surface, heat flow will be
multidirecynal through the part until
3.5 to 5 f111l
6to8f1m
9to 10f1111
10 to l2f1m
a discontinuity is reached
A.180
18.
The responsive element of infrared
21.
detectors can be divided into what two
groups?
rl
a. reflective detectors and emissive
detectors
b. thermal detectors and photon
requires that nine contiguous pixels are
A.274
indication. The minimum focus distance
of the thermal imager is 60.96 em (24 in.).
Assuming the surface of the component
has an emissivity of 0.94, what is the
minimum defect size that can be resolved
using the above system?
A good material for making a lens for an
a. 0.0914 em (0.036 in.)
b. 0.1829 em (0.072 in.)
c. 0.2743 em (0.108 in.)
d. 0.9144 em (0.36 in.)
infrared imager is
a. germanium
b. graphite epoxy
c. indium antimonide
d. glass
A.279; 1.2
8.12-58
•
You are asked to determine the minimum
defect size (surface indication) that can
be resolved using a thermal imaging
system with an IFOV of 1.5 milliradians.
You are following ASTM 2582-07 which
projected within the boundaries of the
detectors
c. static detectors and dynamic detectors
d. quantitative detectors and qualitative
detectors
19.
8.54
om:
17
18
Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
22.
How do you know that an active pulse
thermographic inspection of a material
had sufficient power and inspection time?
25,
a. using the log plot, look for a break in
the straight line indicating heat hitting
the back wall
b. using full power on the flash lamps
will always provide sufficient power
c. the peak contrast plot will indicate all
possible indications are identified
d. there is no way to determine sufficient
For the purpose of thermally locating
subsurface discontinuities; what is the
best method of applying heat to the
surface of an 8 ply carbon fiber face sheet
to detect a delamination between ply 1
and2?
a.
b.
c.
d.
•
quartz lamps
hot air gun
incandescent heat lamp
capacitor driven flash lamps
A.376
power and time have been used
1.4
23.
26.
You are inspecting a 1 in. (2.54 em) thick
aluminum panel that has been heated to
50 'C (122 'F). A small surface hole in the
panel appears warmer than the smooth
surface surrounding it. Why?
a. the crack or hole has a higher
emittance
b. the surface emits less long wave
thermal radiation
c. the reflectivity of a crack or hole
equals 0.9999
d. radiation-is not emitted by alwninum
Thermal diffusivity is proportional to:
a. emissivity times reflectivity
b. heat capacitance
c. thermal conductivity divided by heat
capacitance
d. spectral bandwidth divided by
responsivity
A.57
27.
You suspect that a potential defect
indication in a sample may be due to a
reflection from the flash larup. What
should you do to determine if the
anomaly was a defect or a reflection?
surfaces
a. unless the anomaly looks like a
reflection of the lamp it must be a
defect
b. rotate the part and test again - if the
anomaly moves with the part it is
probably a defect
A.123
24.
What is the best surface preparation for
using quartz lamps to conduct an active
thermographic inspection of a composite
component?
•
c. do destructive analysis to see if the
a. optically reflective and thermally
indication was a defect
d. flip the part over and inspect from the
back side
reflective
b. optically absorptive and thermally
1.2
emissive
c. optically absorptive and thermally
28.
neutral
d. optically reflective and thermally
When using solvent to clean a test piece
for thermal evaluation it is important to:
emissive
a. be sure the solvent is dry for 5 min
before the inspect begins
b. be sure the solvent has fully
A.122
evaporated
c. be sure the piece has returned to
thermal equilibrium
d. never use solvents before thermal
NDT evaluations
8.15
qa:
ogz:
P9Z:
qpz:
8£Z:
ez:;:
•
Level Ill Questions: Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
•
29.
According to.ASTM E2582-07, as. the
depth of a flaw increases, the size of the
minimum detectable flaw must:
a.
b.
c.
d.
34.
The minimum resolvable temperature
difference is a subjective measurement
that depends on the:
remain the same
a. infrared imaging systems spatial
resolution only
b. infrared imaging systems thermal
sensitivity and spatial resolution
c. infrared imaging systems
increase
decrease
elongate
1.2
measurement resolution only
30.
d. infrared imaging system's minimum
According to ASTM E2582-07, the optics
and the focal plane should be sufficient so
that the projection of nine contiguous
pixels onto the sample plane is:
spot size
A.177
35.
The spatial resolution of an instrument is
a. greater than the minimum flaw area
b. equal to or greater than the minimum
flaw area
c. less than the minimum flaw area
d. less than or equal to the minimum
flaw area
(.
related to the:
a. instantaneous field of view and the
working distance
b. thermal resolution and the system
detectivity
c. spectral band width and the working
1.2
distance
31.
According to ASTM E2582-07, the peak
contrast time of a subsurface defect
depends on which of the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
d. system responsivity divided by the
working distance
A.281
depth of the flaw
36.
How does temperature affect the
orientation of the flaw
wavelength of infrared peak emittance of
size of the flaw
depth and size of the flaw
an object?
a. lower temperature objects have
1.2
shorter peak emittance wavelengths
b. higher temperature objects have
32.
For high-speed imaging (in excess of
60 frames per second), which of the
following detector materials is most
appropriate:
a.
b.
c.
d.
shorter peak emittance wavelengths
c. temperature variations do not affect
the wavelength of emitted radiation
d. objects experiencing transient
temperatures will emit longer waves
when they are increasing in
temperature and shorter waves when
PtSi
pyroelectric vidicon
InSb
they are cooling
mercury cadmium telluride
F.6
A.191, 274
37.
33.
A pyroelectric vidicon is a
sensors, which is considered to be the
most accurate sensor?
sensor.
a. RTDs
a. photon
b. thermal
c. bolometer
d. thermal/pressure
:t
Of the following contact temperature
b. thermocouples
c. thermistors
d. liquid in glass thermometers
A.188
qpE
qEE
O(;E
Pn:
POE
q6c:
A.229
08(;
19
20
Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
38.
Which optica1 property changes due to
temperature changes in liquid crystals?
a.
b.
c.
d.
42.
The energy emitted by an object radiates
from a surface layer that is how thick?
a.
b.
c.
d.
absorptivity
reflectivity
transmissivity
emissivity
3t04flm
10 f!m
100 flill
200 to 400 11m
A.119
A.37
39.
When heat is applied to an inspection
43.
What are the two atmospheric gases that
surface for active nondestructive
evaluation of a material, a thermogram
will develop that is a function of the
absorb transmitted radiation over the
wave band of 1 to 15 f!m?
material, the nature of the discontinuity)
the heat intensity and:
a. ozone and carbon dioxide
b. oxygen and ozone
c. water vapor and ozone
a. the time of observation
d. water vapor and carbon dioxide
b, the wave band of the thermal imager
used
c. the responsivity of the thermal
detector
A.180
44.
Minimum resolvable temperature
difference is a subjective measurement
that depends on the infrared imaging
d. surface roughness of the material
system's:
A.37
40.
•
With respect to thermal nondestructive
testing, an empirical rule of thumb says
that the radius of the smallest detectable
discontinuity should be at least
_ _ _ _ as its depth under the surface.
a.
b.
c.
d.
•
thermal sensitivity
spatial resolution
detectivity (D*)
thermal sensitivity and spatial
resolution
A.177
a.
b.
c.
d.
one-quarter as large
one-half as large
as large
as large and preferably two or more
times as large
45.
A.43
41.
What is the term used to describe a
thermal NDT technique where
mechanical vibrations are externally
induced into a structure producing heat
caused by frictiori at discontinuities such
as cracks and delaminations?
a.
b.
c.
d.
You are asked to choose a thermal
imaging camera for a critical inspection
of an aerospace component. If an
anomaly is present it is expected to have a
very subtle signal with an MRTD about
75 mK. Expected surface temperature is
in the vicinity of 350 K. Which of the
following detectors will provide the
greatest thermal contrast?
a. vanadium oxide microbolometer
8 to 12 11m
b. mercury cadmium telluride 8 to
12 flm
c. lead selinide 3 to 5 11m
d. indium antimonide 3.5 to 5 11m
ultrasonic thermography
mechanically induced thermography
frictionally induced thermography
vibrothermography
A.182, 188
A.44-45
Pl:v
POt
962
Q8E
eLt:
Q9E
egt;
•
Level Ill Questions: Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
•
46.
When the radiant emission from a small
opening in an isothermal enclosure. is
An important and critical assumption
when using two-color pyrometers is that
examined, the spectral response is found
to closely approximate that of a:
variables. What are these two variables?
a.
b.
c.
d.
50.
a smooth curve exists between two
spectral body
colored body
blackbody
graybody
a.
b.
c.
d.
roughness and color
emissivity and wavelength
emissivity and temperature
spectral translucence and emissivity
A.:l.23
47.
Which type of cryogenic cooling system
for a photovoltaic type detector is
perhaps the best choice for laboratory
operation where reliability, quiet
A.i99
51.
detector (RTD) is:
a. less expensive than a thermocouple
b. more linear than a thermocouple
c. wider temperature range than a
thermocouple
d. less stable than a thermocouple
operation, and low temperature are
required?
a. joule-thompson gas expansion using
argon gas
b. sterling cooler using helium as
coolaot
c. liquid nitrogen in a metal dewar
d. thermoelectric coolers using the
peltier effect
(.
A.229
52.
temperature detector (RTD) is:
Which of following thermal detectors has
the highest detectivity (D*)?
a.
b.
c.
d.
One of the advantages of using
thermocouples for temperature
measurement over a resistance
A.i82
48.
Compared to a thermocouple, an
advantage of a resistance temperature
a.
b.
c.
d.
InSb
HgCdTe
pyro-electric
thermocouples are more rugged
thermocouples are more stable
thermocouples are more accurate
thermocouples are more linear
A.229
microbolometer
53.
A. iSS
One of the advantages of using a
resistance temperature detector (RTD)
over a thermocouple is RTDs:
49.
A material that has a flat spectral
emissivity curve from 3-12 ~m is
considered a:
a.
b ..
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
graybody
colored body
blackbody
spectral body
have a wide temperature range
are self-powered
are more accurate
are more rugged
A.229
54.
A.54. :1.97. 687
The seebeck effect is the basis for what
temperature measurement device?
a. liquid-in-glass thermometers
b. thermocouples
c. thermistors
•
d. resistance temperature detectors
A.23i
qog
B617
B817
OL17
0917
P917
P1717
PS17
21
22
Supplement ioRecotnmendedPractiGe SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Thermal & Infrared Testing Method
55.
You· are asked to choose a surface
temperature measuring device that must
meet the following·criteha: wide
tetnpefature· range; -operate ih a·variety of
environments, simple to install, rugged
and relatively ineXpensive. Which of the
followingdevices·meetsyour
requirenierits the best?
59, You are asked to measure the temperature
.of polyethelene at a temperattire tange
· 80to90°C(l76to194°F),What
waveband and with which filter will you
•
choose to make these temperature
measurements?
a. 3.4 to 5 flill with a 3.45 flm narrow
band pass filter
b. 3.4 to 5 fim with 4.8 flill high pass
filter
c. 8 to 13 flm with 7.9 flill lowpass filter
d. 8 to 13 fllli with a 10.3 flm narrow
band pass filter
a. liquid-in-glass thermometers
b. resistance temperature detectors
c. thermistors
d. thermocouples
A.235
A.292
56.
What material is used as the primary
element in high-accur"acy resistance
60.
thermometers?
When capturing a series of thermal·
images that record a transient thermal
event, such as occurs with pulse heating
a. silVer
of a material to detect subsurface
b. triglycene sulfate
c. nickel
d. platinum
anomalies) most of the rapid Changes in
the thermal evolution curve occUr in the
time interval immediately following
thermal excitation. It is beneficial to view
A.248
the thermal images using what type of
57.
Distinguishing real temperature changes
from apparent temperature changes is one
of the biggest challenges facing infrared
thermographers. Apparent temperature
changes can be caused by differences in
all of the following except:
time scale?
a. linear
b. logarithmic
•
c. exponential
d. statistical
A.363
a.
b.
c.
d.
emissivity
thermal diffusivity
transmissivity
target geometry
A.289
58.
Which spectral range will you choose to
measure the temperature of an object
with a temperature range of 200 to
1000 oc (392 to 1S32 °F), inside a heating
chamber with a glass viewing port?
a. 2to3f1m
b. 4to5rm
c. 6to8f1m
d. 8 to 13 flm
A.291
Q09
QLS
P9S
PSS
qpg
•