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Module Five
Navigating Roadways
1
Module Five – Part 2
Navigating Roadways
Topic 1 Intersections Pages 31-32
Topic 2 Curves – Page 33
Topic 3 Hills and Mountains
Passing and Lane Changes – Teacher handout
2
What do you see at this intersection?
3
One out of three fatal crashes
occurs at intersections due to:
Drivers fail to search and identify a safe path of travel when
approaching an intersection
Drivers don’t identify or understand the risks
Drivers fail to develop good driving habits to effectively
manage the risks
4
Crossroad – Four-way intersection
T Intersection - one road ends where
the other road crosses
Y Intersection – you must bear either
right or left ahead
5
Roundabout – a circular
intersection in which entering
traffic must yield right of way
Railroad Crossing – road
intersects with a railroad crossing
6
Two-way road crossing two-way road
One-way road crossing one-way road
One-way road crossing two-way road
One-way road merges with multi-lane road
7
If possible, begin searching 20-30 seconds
ahead of the intersection
Using an orderly visual search pattern
Identify the type of intersection
Identify open, closed and changing zones
Identify the best lane and lane position
Determine if the intersection is controlled or
uncontrolled
8
Intersection flow is regulated by STOP signs,
YIELD signs or traffic SIGNALS
9
There are No Signs or Traffic Lights Traffic Light
is Malfunctioning
The first vehicle that arrives at the intersection
may proceed first if the other yields right of
way
If two vehicles arrive at the same time, the
driver on the left must yield to the driver on
the right
10
When you can see the
intersection, begin SEARCHING
for the
Type of intersection
Intersection controls
Risks or problems in your
intended path of travel
Also monitor the areas to the
rear
11
During your Search you
identified potential risks, and
you must now Evaluate your
options on how to handle:
Traffic Controls
Stop sign, yield sign, traffic
light
No traffic controls
Open, closed or changing path
of travel
Cross traffic
12
You have Searched, and Evaluated
and determined the best course of
action. You must now EXECUTE in
Time
Position vehicle in proper lane
Obey traffic controls and prepare to
yield if necessary
Search and monitor space as you
carefully proceed through the
intersection
13
Time Needed to Execute
If proceeding straight across a
30-feet wide, 2-lane roadway
from a stop you need a 4-second
gap
If turning right and blending into
the traffic flow you need a 6second gap
If turning left and blending into
the flow of traffic, you need an
8- second gap
14
Vehicles traveling 30 mph, are traveling at
approximately 45 feet per second
To safely cross the intersection, the
Vehicles from the right must be at least 270 feet away
To safely turn right and blend into traffic, the
Vehicles approaching from the left must be 360 feet away
To safely turn left and blend into traffic, the
Vehicles approaching from the right must be 495 feet away
15
Select the best lane at least a
block ahead
Center lane(s) – safest when
traveling straight through
Right lane is used when
turning right - cross traffic,
turning right on red will enter this
lane
Left lane is used to turn left - yield to
oncoming traffic
16
Vehicles turning right on red
Permitted throughout the United States
unless you see these signs
Why? Right turn on red law saves gas!
The law requires drivers to STOP, (wheels
motionless) before making the right on
red- not a “rolling” stop!
17
Look for clues:
Driver is looking to the left or right
Vehicle positioned on the
left side of the lane
Front wheels are turning
left or right
Pedestrian standing at curb
18
Right-of-way rules not followed
Failure to signal
Failure to search intersections
Failure to stop on red before
turning right
Turning too wide and crossing
into adjacent lane
19
Shared lanes help keep traffic
moving by giving drivers turning
left a designated shared lane in
the center of the roadway
20
Use shared lanes to start and
complete left turns
21
Crossing traffic entering a shared lane from a driveway
Move all the way into the
lane to avoid blocking
through traffic lane
Stop in the shared lane and
wait to merge safely with
traffic
Is the black truck allowed to stop in
the shared lane and wait for traffic
to the right to clear?
22
Look for other drivers
using the shared lane
You can only travel 150
feet in a shared lane
Collisions do occur in
shared lanes!
23
A circular intersection controlled
by yield signs
Entries and exits into and out of
the circle can be at multiple
locations
By yielding at the entry, rather
than stopping and waiting for a
green light or stopping at a stop
sign, significantly reduces delays
24
Fewer points of conflict
The data shows a
90% reduction in fatal crashes
75% reduction in injury crashes
Reduces delays and keeps traffic
moving
Reduction in pollution and fuel use
25
Module Five
Navigating Roadways
26
Curvy roads present a high risk
There are many line-of-sight and/or path-of-travel restrictions
(trees, hills, etc.)
Blind Curve
Only a portion of the corner is visible; the rest is hidden
S-Curve
A curve in one direction with a second curve in the
opposite direction
S Curve
Crowned Roadways
Most roadways are higher in the middle and slope to
the outside for better drainage
If a road curves to the left on a crowned roadway,
what happens to the weight of the vehicle?
Banked Curve
The outside of the curve is higher than the
inside
How does a banked curve help vehicles stay
on the road when navigating the curve?
Banked Curve
Uphill: acceleration is needed to maintain speed
Downhill: vehicles will naturally pick up speed
Why do vehicles “slow down” going uphill and
“speed up” coming downhill?
Sharp Curve
Curve to right followed by curve to left
Winding Road
Road curves right – vehicle’s weight shifts left
Maximum SAFE speed is 25 mph
Entrance
Apex
Approximately the
middle of the curve
Exit
Friction
The resistance to motion between materials moving over one
another
Traction
Friction between tires and the road surface
Keeps vehicle on the road and allows vehicle to respond to acceleration,
braking and steering
Traction is reduced by
speed
centrifugal force
road conditions
worn tires
Vehicle weight shifts
When traction is lost, the vehicle does not respond to driver input
Inertia
An object moving in a straight line will continue in a straight
line unless another force acts on it
Inertia must be overcome to round the curve
Traction is needed to overcome inertia
If a vehicle loses traction in a curve, the vehicle will
continue straight
Inertia and traction are affected by
Road surface, condition of tires, speed, sharpness of curve
Inertia increases with increased speed and sharpness of the
curve
Traction decreases with increased speed, reduction in tire’s
contact with road surface and road surface conditions
Vehicle Weight Transfer
The weight of a vehicle rounding a curve
shifts to the opposite direction of the curve
Rounding a curve to the right will result in the
vehicle’s weight transferring left
The right tires may lose contact with the road
resulting in less traction
Photo courtesy of AAA Foundation
Rounding a curve with too much
speed can result in the vehicle
turning over
Adding weight to the top of a vehicle
also increases the tendency to turn
over as the center of gravity has
been raised
Speed control and smooth,
controlled steering are needed to
maintain control
Vehicle performance in a curve depends upon
Weight of the vehicle
Center of gravity of the vehicle
Speed
Pavement conditions
Tire condition
Driver input
What is the best method of steering through this curve?
Why?
Search the road ahead
•
•
•
•
•
Uphill/downhill?
Blind curve?
Crowned or banked?
Sharpness of curve?
Road surface conditions?
What can you determine as you search the curve ahead?
After Searching
Evaluate your options
Lane position
Visibility
Space management
Speed control
Controlled braking before apex
Accelerate out of the curve
Steering
Push-Pull
Line of sight
Look through the curve
Path of travel
Execute in Time
When approaching a Curve to the
Left
It is generally best to approach the
curve in Lane Position 3, as far away
as possible from oncoming traffic
This position also provides the best
targeting point for your line of sight
Diagram on workbook page 33 #1
Begin in
Lane Position 3
When approaching a Curve to the
RIGHT
An outside road position on
entry to a right curve (Lane
Position 2) allows for a longer
braking distance on entry and a
better chance of establishing a
sightline to the apex and exit of
the curve
Diagram page 33 #2
Begin in Lane Position 2
Hills and Mountains
Applying SEEiT
Search ahead for advisory speed signs, oncoming
traffic, road conditions for traction control, and slow
moving vehicles
Evaluate if the hill has curves and determine the type
of curve for decision-making about speed and lane
positions
Driving Uphill—Speed Control
Extra power may be needed to
maintain uphill speed
Slower moving vehicles should
travel in the right-hand lane
Photo courtesy of AAA Foundation
What is gravity?
How does it affect a vehicle on
hills or mountains?
Descending Hills & Mountains
Gravity will make the vehicle go
faster
Downshift and use the
transmission to reduce speed and
help keep brakes from overheating
and overheating
What are the clues in this scene that
describe the roadway conditions?
Descending
Heavier vehicles will pick up more
speed downhill because of gravity
Check the rear zone for vehicles
that may be having trouble
controlling speed
Turn off the cruise control
What should the pickup truck driver
remember when passing the tanker
truck?
Cresting the Hill
The LOS at a hill crest is very limited
Be prepared for:
Stopped vehicles
Slow moving vehicles
Oncoming vehicle in your lane
Be prepared adjust speed or position to avoid a hazard
What potential hazards could exist on the other side of the hill crest?
Carry Out Your Decision
Adjust speed and/or position if
needed
What would you do if an
approaching vehicle crossed the
center of the road?
Runaway Ramps
Runaway ramps are designed for large trucks that lose
braking control on steep hills
These sections have deep gravel, sand barrels and other
materials to help slow down the runaway vehicle
Pull off the road if you see a runaway truck behind you
Starting on Hills—Automatic Transmission
Some steep hills require using the accelerator and brake
together to keep the vehicle from rolling backward
Maintain brake pressure until ready to move
Use the right foot to accelerate and simultaneously slowly
release the brake
Refer to notes handout
**Use SMOG (signal, mirrors, over shoulder, go)
1. Check traffic ahead, to the sides, and behind
2. Signal
3. Check your mirrors – rear view and side view
4. Make a head check
5. Accelerate smoothly
6. Change lanes smoothly
7. Cancel signal
8. Adjust speed and/or vehicle position to create
space all around your vehicle
1. Check traffic ahead, to the sides, and behind Signal
2. Make a head check
3. Accelerate smoothly
4. Change lanes smoothly
5. Cancel signal
6. Pass and signal to return
7. Check mirrors
8. When both sets of headlights of the vehicle being passed are
visible, return to the lane
9. Cancel signal
10. Adjust speed and/or vehicle position to create space all
around your vehicle
Monitor passing vehicle’s position
Move to lane position 3 to increase space
cushion
Do not increase speed—decelerate if necessary
Once passed, create space ahead and behind
REGULAR SIZED MOTOR VEHICLE
_____ FOOTBALL
FIELDS
At 40 Mph – You would need
5 FOOTBALL FIELDS
TRACTOR TRAILER
_____ FOOTBALL
FIELDS
At 40 Mph – You would need
7.5 FOOTBALL FIELDS
Hills
Railroad crossings
Solid yellow lines
Curves
Intersections
Headlights increase visibility of a vehicle,
passing vehicles, and oncoming vehicles.
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