1) In 1822, the "Charter of the Siberian Kirghiz" was introduced. Mass land grabbing, bans
on the use of hayfields, logging, use of large water sources, and fishing have sharply
worsened the quality of life of the population of the Middle Zhuz. Punitive expeditions
were difficult for the auls. All this was the reason for the largest uprising that began in
the Middle Zhuz – the Kenesary Kasymov uprising. It had a wide scope and a
pronounced political character - Kazakhs of all three zhuzs participated in it. The number
of rebels reached 20,000 people. In September 1841, Kenesary was elected khan (at the
kurultay). Thus, in 1841, the Kazakh khanate was restored for a short time, with the
exception of areas along the Ishim, Ural, and Irtysh rivers. Kenesary created the khan's
council, organized the diplomatic service, and streamlined the tax system. Kenesary
detachments entered the Kyrgyz lands in 1847. Kenesary was captured near the Chu river
and was soon killed. After the death of Kenesary and the defeat of the Kazakh army in
Kyrgyzstan, almost all the lands of Kazakhstan were under Russian rule, but the Kazakh
resistance continued.
2) In the 60s, the entire territory of Kazakhstan became part of the Russian Empire.
"Regulations on administration in Semirechensk and Syrdarya Regions" was adopted on
11 July 1867, and "Temporary provision on administration in the steppe regions of
Orenburg and West-Siberian General-governorship" on 21 Oct 1868. According to the
reforms, the entire territory of Kazakhstan was divided into 3 General governorates:
Turkestan, Orenburg and West Siberian. The management system in Kazakhstan was
military. Orenburg general-governorate: region of the Ural and Turgay; West-Siberian:
Akmola and Semipalatinsk; Turkestan: Semirechensk and Syrdarya. The most serious
consequence of the reform was the declaration of the land of Kazakhstan as state property
of the Russian Empire. The territorial principle of the administrative structure violated
the traditional land use, duties and taxes became a heavy burden, and local nobles were
deprived of their rights.
The reforms of 1867-1868 also changed the centuries-old judicial system of the steppes.
The authorities retained the Biy and Kazi courts, which were based on Sharia law.
According to the "Regulations", the judicial system consisted of the following levels:
county, regional and supreme courts.
3) Culture developed more intensively in urban and agricultural centers than in nomadic
areas. The southern regions of Kazakhstan were more developed economically and
culturally. This was facilitated by sedentary agriculture and urban life. The Dzungarian
invasions had serious consequences for the Kazakh culture. In the 16th and 17th centuries
began to appear in historical works written in the Kazakh language. A sample of written
literature is "Jami al-tawarikh" written by Kadyrgali Jalairi. The population has officially
adopted the Islamic religion. Islam is widely spread in southern Kazakhstan and Zhetysu.
Famous representatives of Zhyrau poetry of the XVI-XVII centuries were Dospambet,
Margaska, Zhiembet, Akhtamberdy, Shalkiiz and Bukhar-Zhyrau.The dombra was the
most popular among all musical instruments. Kobyz is widely distributed among the
bowed ones. The main type of portable housing of the Kazakhs was a yurt. The main
food was animal products. Kazy, karta, zhaya and shuzhyk were prepared from horse
meat.