PATH 370 Weekly Topic Outline This outline is designed to help you focus on topics in preparation for your weekly quizzes Week 1 Chapter 1 ● ● ● ● ● ● Tertiary prevention examples like counseling on medications. Latent vs. Prodromal in an example Endemic definition Subclinical definition Etiology topic in an example Primary prevention example like vaccinations Chapter 2 ● ● ● ● Allostasis definition Hormones secreted during the stress response Selye’s three phases of stress Sympathetic nervous system mediated by norepinephrine Chapter 4 ● ● ● ● Know types of intracellular accumulations Know cellular adaptation types and definition Know types of necrosis Apoptosis definition Chapter 7 ● ● ● ● Side effects of chemotherapy include anemia, nausea, bleeding, and infections ● Tumor marker functions: produced by normal cells, help determine cancer origin, help identify progression of cancer, and include prostatic-specific antigen Cancer terminology: oma, carcinoma, and sarcoma Grading vs. Staging Deficits in immune system function in cancer: chemotherapy, cancer cells, cancer metastasis to bone marrow, and malnutrition Week 2 Chapter 10 ● Know all hypersensitivity types Chapter 11 ● ● Know all information on the following: ALL, CML, Multiple Myeloma, Hairy Cell Leukemia Autologous vs. Allogenic Bone Marrow Transplant Chapter 13 ● ● Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by recipient antibodies Red blood cells have no cytoplasmic organelles ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Iron deficiency has low MCHC, MCH, and MCV ● Know functions of the circulatory system Carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream as bicarbonate ion Bilirubin can detect excessive red blood cell lysis Kidneys produce erythropoietin Iron is necessary for red blood cell production Vitamin K deficiency: normal bleeding time, normal platelet count, increased PT and INR Aplastic Anemia leads to pancytopenia Pernicious anemia is caused by intrinsic factor Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency anemia occurs when exposed to certain drugs Chapter 14 ● ● Hemophilia: prolonged bleeding time, prolonged aPTT, normal platelet count ● ● ● ● ● ● Vitamin K deficiency: normal bleeding time, normal platelet count, increased PT and INR Vitamin K deficiency in newborns present with melena, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria. Know Blood Coagulation Assessment: PT/INR, aPTT, Bleeding time Aspirin can prolong bleeding time Chemotherapy can cause thrombocytopenia Know DIC Dysfunction of the liver can lead to clotting factor deficiency Chapter 15 ● ● ● ● Venous vs. Arterial occlusion Thrombosis vs. Embolism Peripheral edema is a result of venous thrombosis Atherosclerosis ● DVT vs. Varicose Veins Week 3 Chapter 16 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Define primary and secondary hypertension Hypertensive urgency vs. emergency (crisis) Symptoms of hypotension End organ damage of hypertension Understand how modifiable risk factors are the first and most important intervention in managing hypertension (case scenario question) Know Blood Pressure Classification ranges (normal, pre-hypertension, Stage 1, Stage 2) The importance of sodium in hypertension The action of an ACE inhibitors Complications of orthostatic hypotension Chapter 18 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Pulmonary stenosis The correlation of LDL levels and coronary artery disease Stable angina vs. Unstable angina Complications of Acute coronary syndrome Diagnostic tests and findings to detect Myocardial Infarction (MI) Rheumatic heart disease Describe the different congenital heart defects (Example: patent ductus ateriosus) Chapter 19 ● ● ● ● Symptoms of right and left sided heart failure Know the term paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Reduced cardiac output in heart failure Complications of dysrhythmias Chapter 20 ● ● ● ● ● Signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock Risk factors and pathogenesis of anaphylactic shock Define sepsis and septic shock Types of obstructive shock Cardiogenic shock Week 4 Chapter 22 ● Dry cough is a common sign of viral pneumonia ● Immunosuppression is a risk factor for active pulmonary TB ● Productive cough and parenchymal infiltrates on x-ray are signs/symptoms of bacterial pneumonia ● Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the organism that causes TB ● Ghon tubercle is a x-ray finding in TB ● IgE is associated with inhaled allergens in asthma ● Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction are associated with allergic form of asthma ● Lack of alpha anti-trypsin in emphysema can lead to alveolar destruction ● Hypersecretion of mucus in chronic bronchitis is a result of recurrent infection. ● All obstructive pulmonary disorders are characterized by resistance to airflow. ● Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic asthma ● COPD leads to barrel chest due to air trapping ● Emphysema has a destruction to the alveolar walls due to the release of proteolytic enzymes from immune cells ● Chronic bronchitis leads to cor pulmonale due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance ● Bronchoconstriction, bronchial mucosal edema, hypersecretion of mucus, and hypoxemia are associated with acute asthma attack ● Chronic inflammatory disorder, airway responsiveness, genetic susceptibility, and airway remodeling are all characteristics of asthma ● Use of accessory muscles, expiratory wheezing, coughing, and feeling of chest tightness are all part of an acute asthma episode ● Status asthmaticus is a life-threatening complication of asthma ● Thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy are all parts of airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis ● Productive cough is seen in patients with chronic bronchitis Chapter 23 ● Hypoxemia is the hallmark for acute respiratory distress syndrome ● Tracheal shift and respiratory distress are a sign for pneumothorax ● Inhalation of organic substances are a cause of Hypersensitivity pneumonitis ● Pneumothorax and ARDS are types of restrictive respiratory disorders ● Air that enters the pleural space during inspiration but is unable to exit during expiration leads to tension pneumothorax ● Loss of alveolar walls, immunological in nature, and “honeycomb” appearance on x-ray are all part of interstitial lung disease ● Presence of CD4+ cells, non-productive cough, granulomas, fatigue, weight loss, and fever are all common characteristics of sarcoidosis ● Dyspnea, diminished breath sounds, and tracheal shift are clinical manifestations of pleural effusion Chapter 24 ● Antacids being a risk factor for hypophosphatemia ● Hyperparathyroidism is a risk factor for hypercalcemia ● Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia both increase neuromuscular excitability. ● Diarrhea can cause metabolic acidosis ● Confusion is a sign of hypernatremia ● Muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias are manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia ● Chronic alcoholism is a cause for hypomagnesemia ● Decreased urine output is a symptom of clinical dehydration ● Decreased antidiuretic hormone can cause hypernatremia ● Confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures are clinical manifestations of hyponatremia Chapter 25 ● The relationship of metabolic alkalosis and hypokalemia ● The respiratory system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. Hypoventilation is the compensatory mechanism for hypoventilation. ● Hyperventilation can cause respiratory alkalosis ● Headache is an early sign of metabolic acidosis ● Respiratory acidosis includes an increase in carbonic acid ● Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis is shown by elevated bicarbonate ion concentration. ● Hypoventilation can lead to respiratory acidosis ● Kidneys are not able to excrete carbonic acid Week 5 The midterm exam will consist of a comprehensive exam from Weeks 1-4 which includes Chapters 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, and 25. The above topics can be used to study for the midterm exam. Week 6 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Chapter 27 Know the signs and symptoms of ureteral (kidney)stones Know the common composition of renal calculi Know Polycystic Kidney disease Glomerulonephritis Signs and symptoms of renal cancer Uric acid crystals in renal calculi from gouty arthritis Know acute and chronic pyelonephritis Chapter 28 ● Understand the different phases of acute tubular necrosis ● Understand the process of anemia and renal osteodystrophy in end-stage chronic renal disease ● Know the causes of chronic kidney disease ● The secondary conditions associated with end stage chronic renal disease ● Know the different phases of acute kidney injury ● Ischemia leads to acute tubular necrosis ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Chapter 29 Hematuria is the most frequent and initial symptom of bladder cancer Vesicoureteral reflux can lead to recurrent cystitis E.coli is the cause for majority of urinary tract infections Sexually active women are more prone to urinary tract infections Ureterocele is a cystic dilation of the ureter Smoking is a risk factor for bladder cancer Know the difference between stress and urge incontinence Know characteristics of cystitis Chapter 31 ● Cryptorchidism poses a risk for testicular cancer ● Know testicular torsion ● Signs and symptoms of prostatic enlargement (BPH) ● ● ● ● ● ● Chapter 33 Define the different menstrual disorders Know the different pregnancy related disorders Understand uterine prolapse Define endometriosis Define leiomyomas Vulvovaginitis is commonly caused by candida albicans Week 7 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Chapter 36 Gastroesophageal varices will present with a history of alcoholism with hematemesis and profound anemia Esophageal varices are associated with portal hypertension Dumping syndrome is seen after gastric bypass surgery Stomatitis may be caused by chemotherapy H. pylori is a cause for chronic gastritis Rupture of esophageal varices has a high mortality rate Necrotizing enterocolitis occurs in premature infants Ulcerative colitis is associated with bloody diarrhea Colon cancer has a warning sign of change in bowel habits Celiac sprue is a malabsorptive disorder from a reaction to gluten containing foods Barrett esophagus is a preneoplastic condition Hiatal hernia will present with heartburn Gastric ulcer can present with epigastric pain relieved by food Appendicitis presents with acute right lower quadrant pain associated with rebound tenderness and systemic signs of inflammation Chapter 37 Gallstones more common in women Untreated acute cholecystitis may lead to gangrene Alcoholism is associated with more than half cases of pancreatitis Chronic cholecystitis can lead to biliary sepsis, calcified gallbladder, and porcelain gallbladder Gallstones are composed of cholesterol ● Elevated serum lipase and amylase levels are associated with pancreatitis ● Chronic pancreatitis may lead to DM ● ● Chapter 38 Hep B is transmitted by exposure to blood or semen Hepatitis will present with an increase in urine bilirubin Acute hepatitis B will present with a positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) Jaundice is a common finding in liver disease Steatohepatitis is an accumulation of fat in the liver cells ● ● ● ● Chapter 40 Excess growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly Diabetes insipidus is a result from inadequate ADH secretion The synthesis of thyroid hormone is inhibited by iodine deficiency A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Chapter 41 Carbohydrate counting, daily exercise, and insulin are therapies for Type I DM Microvascular complications of DM include retinopathy and nephropathy Diabetic neuropathy is due to a decrease in myoinositol transport Type 2 DM is due to insulin resistance and b-cell dysfunction Obesity is a major predictor in Type 2 DM Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia are clinical findings for Type 1 DM Type 1 DM is due to pancreatic b-cell destruction ● Hypoglycemia will present with tremors ● Type 2 DM is associated with nonketotic hyperosmolality ● Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels are the most important in evaluating DM long term Week 8 Chapter 44 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Cerebral aneurysms present with a severe, sudden headache Know the risk factors and symptoms for meningitis Encephalitis is caused by viral infection During acute stroke is important to distinguish between ischemic vs. hemorrhagic Stroke of one side of the cerebral hemisphere will affect the contralateral side Blood pressure is a risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke Cerebral aneurysm results in subarachnoid hemorrhage Acute hypertension is a risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke Chapter 45 ● Parkinson disease is a deficiency of dopamine in substantia nigra ● Parkinson disease will give rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity Chapter 47 ● Pain is a subjective experience difficult to measure objectively. ● One common cause of acute pain is headache ● Migraine will present as severe, pounding headache with nausea and photophobia Chapter 51 ● Multiple myeloma has a common symptom of bone pain ● Lateral curvature, increase in periods of rapid growth, uneven shoulders, scapular prominence, and respiratory complications are all characteristics of scoliosis ● Diabetes, smoking, and poor diet can lead to delayed healing in fracture. ● Paget’s disease is excessive bone resorption followed by excessive formation of fragile bone. ● The most common site for Paget’s disease is the lower spine ● Osteomyelitis is hematogenous ● Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone forming tumor ● Osteomalacia is a bone disorder that comes from insufficient vitamin D in adults. Rickets is the term used for children. ● Early menopause is a risk factor for osteoporosis ● Malunion is a fractured bone that heals with poor alignment ● Know the different types of fractures ● Muscle strains are caused by abnormal contractions ● Osteoporosis can lead to bone fractures ● Know the phases of bone healing Chapter 52 ● Know the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis ● SLE is autoimmune ● SLE has a classic presentation of butterfly rash ● Ankylosing spondylitis has inflammation, stiffness, and fusion of spinal joints ● Gouty arthritis is an inadequate renal excretion of uric acid ● Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic inflammatory condition ● Disturbed uric acid metabolism, crystalline deposits in bony and connective tissue, cardiac involvement, and renal involvement are all characteristics of gout Final Exam The final exam will consist of a comprehensive exam from the entire term. The above topics can be used to study for the final exam.
