Subject: Science
Draw a circle around the letter next to the correct answer.
1. Which statement explains why isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties?
a. They have different numbers of neutrons
b. They have the same number of electrons as protons
c. They have the same number of electrons in the outer shell.
d. They have the same number of protons in the nucleus
2. What is a property of all metals?
a. conduct electricity.
b. hard
c. low melting points
d. react with water
3. In which row are the substances correctly classified?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B
C.
D
4. X and Y are isotopes of the same element. Which statement is correct?
a. X and Y have atoms with different numbers of electron shells
b. X and Y have atoms with the same nucleon number
c. X and Y have atoms with the same number of outer shell electrons.
d. X and Y have different chemical properties
5. Which property is not considered a typical metallic property?
a. good conductor of heat
b. low melting point.
c. malleable (can be hammered into shape)
d. strong
6. Which statement about an ionic compound is not correct?
a. It conducts electricity when dissolved in water
b. It has a high melting point due to strong attractive forces between ions
c. It has a regular lattice of oppositely charged ions in a ‘sea of electrons’.
d. The ionic bonds are formed between metallic and non-metallic elements
7. This table shows the numbers of particles present in the nuclei of four atoms or ions.
Which particles belong to the same element?
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 4
c. 2 and 3.
d. 2 and 4
8. Q+ is an ion of element Q. What has the highest value in the ion?
a. the nucleon number.
b. the number of electrons
c. the number of neutrons
d. the proton number
9. Which statements comparing the properties of electrons, neutrons and protons are correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B.
C
D
10. An isotope of lithium has the symbol 73Li.
What is the arrangement of electrons in one atom of this isotope of lithium?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.
B
C
D
11. Which statement about a neutron is not correct?
a. It can be present in different numbers in atoms of the same element
b. It has no electrical charge
c. It is always found in the nucleus of an atom
d. It weighs much less than a proton.
12. Which element has the atomic structure shown?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Al
P.
S
Si
13. Which statement about element X is correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.
An atom of X contains 13 protons and 13 neutrons
An atom of X contains 27 protons and 13 electrons
X forms an ion by gaining electrons
X is placed in Group III of the Periodic Table.
14. The diagram below shows an electrical cable. Which statement about the substances used is correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The coating is plastic because it conducts electricity well
The core is copper because it conducts electricity well.
The core is copper because it is cheap and strong
The core is iron because it is cheap and strong
15. Which statement describes the structure of copper?
a. It has a lattice of negative ions in a ‘sea of electrons’
b. It has a lattice of negative ions in a ‘sea of protons’
c. It has a lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’.
d. It has a lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea of protons’
16. Diamond and silicon(IV) oxide both have giant structures. Which statements are correct?
1- Both substances are compounds.
2- There are strong covalent bonds in diamond.
3- Silicon(IV) oxide is bonded ionically.
4- Both substances have very high melting points.
a.
b.
c.
d.
1 and 2
2 and 3
2 and 4.
3 and 4
17. Which statement about metals is correct?
a. Layers of positive ions can slide over each other making metals malleable.
b. Metallic bonding consists of a lattice of negative ions in a sea of delocalized electrons
c. Metallic bonding consists of a lattice of positive ions in a sea of delocalized negative ions
d. Metals conduct electricity because positive ions are free to move
18. Which element does not form a stable ion with same electronic structure as argon?
a. Aluminum.
b. chlorine
c. phosphorus
d. potassium
19. Which statement describes metallic bonding?
a. The attraction between a lattice of negative ions and delocalized protons
b. The attraction between a lattice of positive ions and delocalized electrons.
c. The attraction between delocalized protons and electrons
d. The attraction between oppositely charged ions
20. Which dot-and-cross diagram shows the outer shell electron arrangement in a molecule of carbon dioxide?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B
C.
D
21. Which molecule contains only single covalent bonds?
a. Cl2.
b. CO2
c. N2
d. O2
22. Which structure represents the sodium chloride lattice?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B.
C
D
23. The table shows the electronic structure of four atoms. Which two atoms combine to form a covalent compound?
a.
b.
c.
d.
W and X
W and Y
X and Y.
X and Z
24. Which statement describes the attractive forces between molecules (intermolecular forces)?
a. They are strong covalent bonds which hold molecules together
b. They are strong ionic bonds with hold molecules together
c. They are weak forces formed between covalently-bonded molecules.
d. They are weak forces which hold ions together in a lattice
25. Metals consist of a lattice of positive ions in a 'sea of electrons.'
Why is aluminium malleable?
a. Its ions are attracted to the 'sea of electrons'
b. Its ions are tightly packed together
c. Its ions repel each other
d. Its layers of ions can slide over each other.
26. Which statement about bonding is not correct?
a. Carbon can form four single covalent bonds
b. Chlorine atoms react to gain a noble gas electronic structure
c. Covalent bonding involves losing and gaining electrons.
d. Hydrogen molecules have the formula H2
27. In which compounds are pairs of electrons shared between atoms?
1 methane
2 lead bromide
3 sodium chloride
a. 1 only.
b. 2 only
c. 1 and 3
d. 1, 2 and 3
28. Carbon has three isotopes, 12C, 13C and 14C.
Why do all three isotopes have the same chemical properties?
a. They all have the same atomic mass
b. They all have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.
c. They all have the same number of electron shells
d. They all have the same number of nucleons
29. The electronic structures of atoms X and Y are shown. X and Y form a covalent compound. What is its formula?
a.
b.
c.
d.
XY5
XY3
XY
X3Y.
30. Element X has six electrons in its outer shell. How could the element react?
a.
b.
c.
d.
by gaining two electrons to form a positive ion
by losing six electrons to form a negative ion
by sharing two electrons with two electrons from another element to form two covalent bonds.
by sharing two electrons with two electrons from another element to form four covalent bonds
31. For which substance is the type of bonding not correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B
C
D.
32. Which statement about the bonding in a molecule of water is not correct?
a. Both hydrogen and oxygen have a noble gas configuration of electrons
b. Each hydrogen shares its one electron with oxygen
c. Oxygen shares one of its own electrons with each hydrogen
d. Oxygen shares two of its own electrons with each hydrogen.
33. A(n)______________ is a simple, pure substance that cannot be broken down further into a more simpler kind of
substance.
a. compound
b. element.
c. mixture
d. substance
34. Which property of elements increases across a period of the Periodic Table?
a. tendency to form positive ions
b. number of outer shell electrons.
c. number of electron shells
d. metallic character
35. Calcium, on the left of Period 4 of the Periodic Table, is more metallic than bromine on the right of this period. Why
is this? Calcium has_________________.
a. fewer electrons
b. fewer protons
c. fewer full shells of electrons
d. fewer outer shell electrons.
36. What is the total number of electrons in one molecule of ammonia, NH3?
a. 6
b. 8
c. 10.
d. 11
37. Which element is a metalloid?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Titanium
Selenium
Potassium
Polonium.
38. All of the following would classify an element as a metal except?
a. Dull.
b. Luster
c. Malleable
d. Hard
39. A student is given a sample of an unknown substance. He is asked to determine if it is classified as a metal, a
metalloid, or a nonmetal. He discovered that the unknown element conducted some heat and electricity, had a
shiny luster, and broke easily. This element is most likely a
a. metal
b. nonmetal
c. metalloid.
d. cannot be determined
40. If a material can easily be drawn into the shape of a wire, it is
a. Ductile.
b. Magnetic
c. Malleable
d. Reactive
41. Which element is least likely to conduct heat and electricity?
a.
b.
c.
d.
O.
Si
Po
Ca
42. This type of element loses its valence electrons easily.
a. metal.
b. nonmetal
c. metalloid
43. Why do metals conduct electricity so well?
a. have a shared "sea of electrons" to carry the current.
b. electrons are stuck in place so they can pass the current
c. metals do not conduct electricity
d. they transfer electrons from one atom to another
44. If an atom has 7 protons and 7 electrons what charge will it have?
a. -2
b. -1
c. 0.
d. +2
45. Predict the bond that will form between Be and F.
a. Ionic.
b. Covalent
46. Predict the bond that will form between Se and Cl.
a. Ionic
b. Covalent.
47. The bond that will form between Sr and S.
a. Ionic.
b. Covalent
48. Which diagram does not show the outer shell electrons in the molecule correctly?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B
C
D.
49. Element X is shiny and can be formed into a sheet by hammering.
Which row correctly describes the properties of element X?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B.
C
D
50. Silicon(IV) oxide is a covalently bonded compound.
Which statements are correct?
1 Silicon atoms form four single bonds in silicon(IV) oxide.
2 Oxygen atoms form two double bonds in silicon(IV) oxide.
3 Silicon(IV) oxide has a high melting point.
4 Silicon(IV) oxide contains one silicon atom and four oxygen atoms.
a.
b.
c.
d.
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only.
2 and 3 only
3 and 4 only
51. Which statement about elements in Group VIII of the Periodic Table is correct?
a. They all have a full outer shell of electrons.
b. They all react with Group I elements to form ionic compounds
c. They are all diatomic molecules
d. They are all liquids at room temperature
52. Two isotopes of hydrogen are shown below .
Which diagram shows the arrangement of particles in the two isotopes?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B.
C
D
53. The table shows the structure of different atoms and ions.
What are the values of W, X, Y and Z?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D.
54. Element X has a nucleon (mass) number of 19 and a proton (atomic) number of 9.
To which group in the Periodic Table does it belong?
a. I
b. III
c. VII.
d. 0
55. The diagram shows the positions of elements P, Q, R, S and T in the Periodic Table.
These letters are not the chemical symbols for the elements.
Which statement about the properties of these elements is correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.
P reacts more vigorously with water than does Q
P, Q and R are all metals.
T exists as diatomic molecules
T is more reactive than S
56. Where in the Periodic Table is the metallic character of the elements greatest?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.
B
C
D
57. Two statements about argon are given.
1- Argon has a full outer shell of electrons.
2- Argon is very reactive and is used in lamps.
Which is correct?
a. Both statements are correct and statement 2 explains statement 1
b. Both statements are correct but statement 2 does not explain statement 1
c. Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.
d. Statement 2 is correct but statement 1 is incorrect
58. An atom of element Q contains 19 electrons, 19 protons and 20 neutrons.
What is Q?
a. calcium
b. potassium.
c. strontium
d. yttrium
59. Lithium is in Group I of the Periodic Table. Nitrogen is in Group V of the Periodic Table.
Lithium reacts with nitrogen to form the ionic compound lithium nitride.
What happens to the electrons when lithium atoms and nitrogen atoms form ions?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.
B
C
D
60. Rubidium is a Group I metal.
Which statement about rubidium is not correct?
a. It has a higher melting point than lithium.
b. It has one electron in its outer shell
c. It reacts vigorously with water
d. It reacts with chlorine to form rubidium chloride, RbCl
61. The table shows the atomic structure of four atoms.
Which atom is not a metal?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.
B
C
D
62. Potassium, K, forms a compound with fluorine, F.
Which statements about this compound are correct?
1- The compound is ionic.
2- The formula of the compound is KF.
3- The compound is soluble in water.
a.
b.
c.
d.
1, 2 and 3.
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
63. Which statement about the elements in Group I is correct?
a. Hydrogen is evolved when they react with water.
b. Ions of Group I elements have a –1 charge
c. Sodium is more reactive than potassium
d. Solid sodium is a poor electrical conductor
64. Two statements about noble gases are given.
1- Noble gases are reactive, monatomic gases.
2- Noble gases all have full outer shells of electrons.
Which is correct?
a. Both statements are correct and statement 2 explains statement 1
b. Both statements are correct but statement 2 does not explain statement 1
c. Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect
d. Statement 2 is correct but statement 1 is incorrect.
65. Copper is a transition element used to make saucepans.
Which property is not correct for copper?
a. good conductor of heat
b. insoluble in water
c. low melting point.
d. malleable (can be hammered into shape)
66. The diagram represents the general structure of a solid Z.
What is Z?
a. aluminium.
b. iodine
c. silicon dioxide
d. sulfur
67. Which statements about isotopes of the same element are correct?
1- They are atoms which have the same chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons
in their outer shell.
2- They are atoms which have the same number of electrons and neutrons but different numbers of protons.
3- They are atoms which have the same number of electrons and protons but different numbers of neutrons.
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3.
c. 2 only
d. 3 only
68. The diagram shows some properties that substances may have.
To which labelled part of the diagram does 235U belong?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B
C
D.
69. Which substance exists as a lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’?
a. liquid potassium chloride
b. solid graphite
c. solid magnesium.
d. solid silicon(IV) oxide
70. Iodine, I, has a lower relative atomic mass than tellurium, Te, but is placed after it in the Periodic Table.
Which statement explains why iodine is placed after tellurium in the Periodic Table?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Iodine has fewer neutrons than tellurium
Iodine has fewer protons than tellurium
Iodine has more neutrons than tellurium
Iodine has more protons than tellurium.
71. Substance Q has a high melting point and conducts electricity both when molten and when dissolved in water.
What is Q?
a. calcium chloride.
b. diamond
c. iron
d. silver chloride
72. Elements X and Y form an ionic compound, XY.
In which group of the Periodic Table is X found and how is the bond between X and Y formed?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B.
C
D
73. Which statement about the Periodic Table is not correct?
a. It can be used to find the atomic number of an element
b. It can be used to find the physical state of an element.
c. It can be used to find the symbol of an element
d. It can be used to predict the properties of an element
74. Ionic bonds are formed when elements from Group I and Group VII react together.
Which statement about ions or ionic compounds is not correct?
a. Electrons from one atom are transferred to another atom to form ions
b. Group VII atoms gain electrons to form ions
c. Negative ions are formed when atoms lose electrons.
d. Molten ionic compounds conduct electricity
75. Which statement about the structure and properties of silicon(IV) oxide is not correct?
a. It has a giant structure similar to that of diamond
b. It has a high melting point due to the strong attractive force between molecules.
c. There are strong covalent bonds between silicon and oxygen
d. There are no free electrons, so silicon(IV) oxide does not conduct electricity
76. In which atom is the number of protons equal to the number of neutrons?
a. 40Ar
b. 19F
c. 23Na
d. 16O.
77. The positions of two elements, P and Q, in the Periodic Table are shown.
P and Q react together to form a compound.
What is the formula of the compound?
a. QP.
b. Q2P
c. Q7P
d. QP7
78. Which statement describes isotopes?
a. Isotopes of the same element have different electron arrangements
b. Isotopes of the same element have different nuclear charges
c. Isotopes of the same element have nuclei with masses that are the same
d. Isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons.
79. Substance X conducts electricity.
What is X?
a. a typical covalent compound in the liquid state
b. a typical covalent compound in the solid state
c. a typical ionic compound in the liquid state.
d. a typical ionic compound in the solid state
80. Which statement describes the elements in Group I?
a. They all form ions by gaining electrons
b. They all form ions with the same charge.
c. They have different numbers of electrons in their outer shells
d. They all have the same number of electron shells
81. Which statement about the isotopes of an element is correct?
a. Their physical properties are different because they have different proton numbers
b. Their atomic masses are different because they have different numbers of electron shells
c. They have the same chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shells.
d. They have the same physical properties because they have the same number of neutrons in their nuclei
82. Which statement describes the lattice structure of a metal?
a. The lattice consists of alternating positive ions and negative ions
b. The lattice consists of neutral atoms arranged in layers
c. The lattice consists of positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’.
d. The lattice consists of neutral atoms in a ‘sea of electrons’
83. Iron can react with sulfur to form two ionic compounds.
The iron is present as Fe2+ in one compound and as Fe3+ in the other compound.
The sulfur ion is present as S2– in both compounds.
What are the formulae of the two compounds?
a. FeS and Fe2S3.
b. FeS and Fe3S2
c. FeS2 and Fe3S2
d. FeS2 and Fe2S3
84. An inert gas R is used to fill weather balloons.
Which descriptions of R are correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B.
C
D
85. X and Y are both atoms.
X and Y have the same chemical properties as each other.
Which row describes the atomic structures of X and Y?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B.
C
D
86. Which statements describe changes that occur from left to right across a period of the Periodic Table?
1- The atomic number of the elements increases.
2- The metallic character of the elements decreases.
3- The physical state of the elements changes from gas to solid.
a. 2 only
b. 1 and 2 only.
c. 1 and 3 only
d. 2 and 3 only
87. In which molecule are all the outer shell electrons involved in covalent bonding?
a. Cl2
b. CH4.
c. HCl
d. NH3
88. The numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons present in the atoms P, Q, R and S are shown.
Which atoms are isotopes of the same element?
a.
b.
c.
d.
P and Q only
Q and R only
R and S only.
P and S only
89. Which element from Period 3 of the Periodic Table has the most metallic character?
a. aluminium
b. magnesium
c. silicon
d. sodium.
90. Part of the Periodic Table is shown.
Which element is used to provide an inert atmosphere?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B
C.
D
91. Some properties of substance X are listed.
1- It conducts electricity when molten.
2- It has a high melting point.
3- It burns in oxygen and the oxide dissolves in water to give a solution with pH 11.
What is X?
a. a covalent compound
b. a macromolecule
c. a metal
d. an ionic compound
92. Two atoms have the same relative atomic mass but different chemical properties.
Which row about the proton and neutron numbers of these atoms is correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.
B
C
D
93. X is a Group I metal.
Y and Z are Group VII elements.
When X reacts with Y a salt is formed. A solution of this salt reacts with Z to form a different salt.
What are X, Y and Z?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B
C
D.
94. Which atom has an equal number of protons, neutrons and electrons?
a. 40Ar
b. 1H
c. 23Na
d. 14N.
95. Calcium phosphate forms when calcium chloride and sodium phosphate solutions react together.
xCaCl 2 + yNa3PO4 → 2Ca3(PO4)2 + 12NaCl
Which values of x and y balance the equation?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B
C
D.
96. Part of the Periodic Table is shown.
Which row describes the properties of X, Y and Z?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B
C.
D
97. Which statement about elements in Group I and Group VII of the Periodic Table is correct?
a. Bromine reacts with potassium chloride to produce chlorine
b. Iodine is a monatomic non-metal
c. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium.
d. Sodium is more reactive with water than potassium
98. The electronic structures of helium, neon and argon are shown.
Which row describes these gases?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B
C
D.
99. The structure of an atom is shown.
Which element is the atom an isotope of?
a.
b.
c.
d.
nitrogen.
oxygen
phosphorus
titanium
100. Symbols representing four particles are shown.
The letters are not the chemical symbols.
Which particles have the same number of neutrons? A W and X2+ B W and Z C X2+ and Y D Y and Z
a.
b.
c.
d.
W and X2+
W and Z.
X2+ and Y
Y and Z
The symbols for two isotopes of chlorine are shown.
1) How do these two isotopes differ in their atomic structure?
.....................................................................................................................................
2) Determine the number of neutrons present in one atom of the isotope Cl.
.....................................................................................................................................
3) Draw the electronic structure of a chlorine atom. Show all shells and all electrons.
Phosphorus has one naturally occurring isotope.
1) Determine the number of neutrons present in one atom of the isotope P.
.....................................................................................................................................
2) How many electrons are there in the outer shell of one phosphorus atom?
.....................................................................................................................................
3) Determine the total number of electrons present in a phosphorus molecule, P4.
.....................................................................................................................................
Sodium is a metal in Group I of the Periodic Table
Describe some physical and chemical properties of sodium. In your answer include:
• any observations about the reactions of sodium.
• at least one word equation.
Bromine has two isotopes.
Define the term isotope.
.....................................................................................................................................
Explain why the two isotopes of bromine have the same chemical properties.
.....................................................................................................................................
The table shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in some atoms and ions.
Complete the table.
Silicon(IV) oxide has a giant structure.
Name the type of bonding in silicon(IV) oxide.
.....................................................................................................................................
Give two physical properties of silicon(IV) oxide.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Calcium phosphate is used in fertilisers. The bonding in calcium phosphate is ionic.
Calcium phosphate contains the phosphate ion, PO43–.
What is ionic bonding?
.....................................................................................................................................
Deduce the formula of calcium phosphate.
.....................................................................................................................................
Give the formula of a compound that contains
1) only boron and oxygen .......................................................................................
2) only lithium and nitrogen ...................................................................................
The table shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in some atoms or ions.
Complete the table. The first line is given as an example.
Gallium is a metallic element in Group III. It has similar properties to aluminium.
1) Describe the structure and bonding in a metallic element. You should include a labelled diagram in your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2) Explain why metallic elements such as gallium are good conductors of electricity.
.............................................................................................................................................
3) Give the formula of:
Gallium(III) chloride .................................
Gallium(III) sulfate ...................................
4) Balance the chemical equation for the reaction between Gallium(III) oxide and dilute nitric acid to form a salt and water.
Ga2O3 + HNO3 → Ga(NO3)3 + H2O
Potassium iodide is an ionic compound.
1) Describe what happens, in terms of electron loss and gain, when a potassium atom reacts with an iodine atom.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2) Describe the structure of solid potassium iodide.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
3) Explain why potassium iodide has a high melting point.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
The diagram shows the electron arrangement in a molecule of ammonia, showing only outer shell electrons.
State the type of bonding in ammonia.
.............................................................
Hydrazine, N2H4, is another compound of nitrogen and hydrogen. Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement
in a molecule of hydrazine, showing only outer shell electrons.
The electronic structures of five atoms, A, B, C, D and E, are shown.
Answer the following questions about these structures.
Each structure may be used once, more than once or not at all.
State which structure, A, B, C, D or E, represents:
1. An atom of a metallic element ………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. An atom with a proton number of 13 ……………………………………………….……………………………………
3. An atom of phosphorus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. An atom with only two shells of electrons …………………………………………………………………..…………
5. An atom which forms a stable ion with a single negative charge ……………………………………………
The electronic structures of five atoms, A, B, C, D and E, are shown.
Answer the following questions about these structures.
Each structure may be used once, more than once or not at all.
State which structure, A, B, C, D or E, represents:
1. An atom in group VIII of the periodic table …………………………………..………………………………………
2. An atom of a reactive non-metal ……………………………………………….…………………………………………
3. An atom with a proton number of 11 ………………………………………………………………..…………………
4. An atom with only three shells of electrons …………………………………………………………………………
5. An atom which forms a stable ion with a single positive charge ……………………………………………
Complete the table to show the number of electrons, neutrons and protons in the nitrogen atom and chromium ion shown.
The electronic structures of five atoms, A, B, C, D and E, are shown.
Answer the following questions about these structures.
Each structure may be used once, more than once or not at all.
State which structure, A, B, C, D or E, represents:
1. An atom with a total of eight electrons …………………………………..………………………………………
2. An atom in group V of the periodic table ……………………………………………….…………………………………………
3. An atom with a complete outer shell of electrons ………………………………………………………………..…………………
4. An atom of a metallic element …………………………………………………………………………
5. An atom which forms a stable ion with a single positive charge ……………………………………………
The table gives some information about four different particles, A, B, C and D.
1) Complete the table. The first row has been done for you.
2) Give two particles from the table which are isotopes of each other.
..............................................................................................................................................
3) Element Z is in the same group of the Periodic Table as A and is less reactive than A.
State the identity of element Z.
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4) C is unreactive.
Use information from the table to explain why.
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Magnesium, calcium and strontium are Group II elements.
Complete the table to show the arrangement of electrons in a calcium atom.
Describe how the arrangement of electrons in a strontium atom is:
1- similar to the arrangement of electrons in a calcium atom
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2- different from the arrangement of electrons in a calcium atom.
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Magnesium reacts with chlorine to form magnesium chloride, MgCl2. Magnesium chloride is an ionic compound.
Complete the diagrams to show the electronic structures of the ions in magnesium chloride. Show the charges on the ions.
Give three physical properties that are typical of ionic compounds such as MgCl2.
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
3 ..........................................................................................................................................
An isotope of sodium is written as shown.
1) Deduce the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in this isotope of sodium.
number of protons ............. number of electrons ............. number of neutrons
2) Draw the electronic structure of a sodium atom.
3) State the name of the particle which is lost when a sodium atom forms a sodium ion.
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Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of methane, CH4.
Show outer shell electrons only.
A sulfide ion has the symbol shown.
1) How many neutrons are contained in this sulfide ion?
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2) How is a sulfide ion, S2–, formed from a sulfur atom?
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3) Which element forms an ion with a 2+ charge that has the same number of electrons as a S2– ion?
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The figure below shows the bonding of substance C.
1) What is the formula of substance C? Circle the correct answer.
S02
S2O2
S2O
2) When a sulfur atom and an oxygen atom bond to produce substance C, electrons are ……………………………….
(delocalized, shared, transferred). Choose the correct answer.
3) What is the type of bonding in substance C? ……………………………….
The figure below shows the outer electrons in an atom of the Group 1 element potassium and in an atom of the Group 6
element sulfur.
Potassium forms an ionic compound with sulfur.
Describe what happens when two atoms of potassium react with one atom of sulfur.
Give your answer in terms of electron transfer.
Give the formula of the ions formed.
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Draw one line from each preperty to the explanation of property.
Explain how a covalent bond holds two atoms together.
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Explain why sodium chloride solution conducts electricity.
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Explain how electricity is conducted in a metal.
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Covalent compounds such as hydrogen sulfide have low melting points and do not conduct electricity when molten.
Draw one line from each property to the explanation of the property.
Magnesium exists as three isotopes,
1) State, in terms of the total numbers of electrons, neutrons and protons, one difference and two similarities between
these magnesium isotopes.
difference ...................................................................................................................................
similarity 1 ..................................................................................................................................
similarity 2 ..................................................................................................................................
2) All isotopes of magnesium react with dilute hydrochloric acid to make hydrogen and a salt.
a. Why do all isotopes of magnesium react in the same way?
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b. Write a chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid.
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3) Magnesium is a metal.
Describe the structure and bonding of metals. Include a labelled diagram in your answer.
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4) Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form the ionic compound magnesium oxide.
Complete the dot-and-cross diagrams to show the electronic structures of the ions in magnesium oxide.
Show the charges on the ions.
5) Magnesium oxide melts at 2853 °C.
a. Why does magnesium oxide have a high melting point?
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b. Explain why molten magnesium oxide can conduct electricity.
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In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where
appropriate.
Explain why chlorine (Cl2) is a gas at room temperature, but sodium chloride (NaCl) is a solid at room temperature.
Include a description of the bonding and structure of chlorine and sodium chloride in your answer.
The table below gives some information about the electrical conductivity and the likely bonding in substances N, P and Q.
Complete the table by inserting the missing information in the spaces numbered I, II and III.
Substance
Likely type of
bonding present
Electrical Conductivity
Solid
molten
N
Metallic
I …………………………
Conducts
P
II …………………………………..
Does not conduct
Conducts
Q
III ………………………………….
Does not conduct
Does not conduct
Why are ionic compounds brittle?
A sample of xenon has Ar = 131.31. The sample consists of four isotopes. The abundances of three of the isotopes are
shown in Table 3. The data for one of the isotopes, mXe, is missing.
Use the data to calculate the abundance of isotope mXe and calculate m, the mass number of mXe. Show your working.