?Bile acids are excreted into the intestine where they become bile salts due to:
A. The acidic environment of the stomach
B. Alkaline hydrolysis
C. Formation of esters
D. Formation of amides due to the relatively high temperature and low rate of flow
E. The alkaline environment within the intestine
ANSWER: E
Patient on a vegetarian diet has negative nitric balance, hyperproteinemia, affection of colloid-osmotic pressure and
water-salt metabolism at normal function of gastro-intestinal tract. It may be caused by:
A. Monotonous carbohydrate nutrition
B. Lack of unsaturated fatty acids
C. Lack of phospholipids in food
D. Lack of vitamins in food
E. Monotonous protein nutrition
ANSWER: E
GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid), which belongs to inhibiting mediators of central nervous system, is a product of
glutamic decarboxylation. What vitamin prescription is appropriate by convulsive state, caused by decrease if GAB
A formation?
A. B1
B. B9
C. B6
D. B2
E. B5
ANSWER: C
Into the hospital was carried 7 year old child in the state of allergic shock, which evolved after wasp's bite. In the blo
od increased concentration of histamine. This amine is formed as a result of such reaction as:
A. Dehydration
B. Deamination
C. Reduction
D. Hydrooxidation
E. Decarboxylation
ANSWER: E
Coenzyme of amino acids decarboxylases is:
A. Thymidine diphosphate
B. Favin adenine dinucleotide
C. Favin mononucleotide
D. HS-CoA
E. PALP
ANSWER: E
The newborn suffers from improper milk digestion due to lower activity of rennin. Rennin acts on casein of milk in
infants in presence of
A. Mg++
B. Zn++
C. Co++
D. Both C and D
E. Ca++
ANSWER: E
The 75 year old man suffers from negative nitrogenous balance due to lack of essential amino acids. The essential a
mino acids
A. Must be supplied in the diet because the organism has lost the capacity to aminate the corresponding ketoacids
B. Are identical in all species studied
C. Are defined as those amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the organism at a rate adequate to meet metab
olic requirements
D. Both B and D
E. Must be supplied in the diet because the human has an impaired ability to synthesize the carbon chain of the corr
esponding ketoacids
ANSWER: E
A lipotropic factor was prescribed for the patient with liter cirrhosis. Which amino acid is a lipotropic factor?
A. Lysine
B. Leucine
C. Methionine
D. Indican
E. Tryptophan
ANSWER: C
The 70 year old woman suffers from negative nitrogenous balance due to lack of essential amino acids. Which amon
g the following is a nutritionally essential amino acid?
A. Alanine
B. Glycine
C. Tyrosine
D. Tryptophan
E. Methionin
ANSWER: D
A cofactor in the conversion of dihydroorotate to orotic acid, catalysed by the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenas
e is
A. FAD
B. FMN
C. NAD
D. NADP
E. PLP
ANSWER: C
The amount of phospholipids in the blood plasma of 45 years old patient is normal. Choose correct result:
A. 1,5-3,6 g/l
B. 2,0-5,0 g/l
C. 1,2-2,5 g/l
D. 0,7-2,0 g/l
E. 7,0-8,0 g/l
ANSWER: A
The biooxidation of xenobiotics takes place due to microsomal oxidation with enzyme cytochrome P-450. What met
al is the obligatory constituent of this enzyme?
A. Fe
B. Zn
C. Na
D. Mg
E. K
ANSWER: A
A laboratory test allows to diagnose an inflammatory process in a liver. The increase of what enzyme in blood will c
onfirm this?
A. LDH 1,2
B. Carbamoyl phosphate ornithine transferase
C. AsAT
D. Creatin phosphokinase
E. Aldolase
ANSWER: B
An update of Fischer's lock and key theory of enzyme specificity view the _______ as the lock and _______ as the k
ey.
A. Enzyme; substrate
B. Substrate; enzyme
C. Enzyme; transition state
D. Transition state; enzyme
E. Substrate; transition state
ANSWER: C
Active holoenzymes are formed from ____________ in the presence of _________.
A. Cofactors; proteins
B. Proteins; cofactors
C. Apoenzymes; cofactors
D. Apoenzymes; proteins
E. Apoenzymes; inactive holoenzymes
ANSWER: C
Which of the following common drugs is not a specific enzyme inhibitor?
A. Methotrexate
B. Penicillin
C. Sulfonilamide
D. Iodine
E. Viagra
ANSWER: C
An allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme usually
A. Binds to the active site.
B. Participates in feedback regulation.
C. Denatures the enzyme.
D. Causes the enzyme to work faster.
E. Is a hydrophobic compound.
ANSWER: B
The mechanism of enzyme action is _____.
A. To create an energy barrier between substrates
B. To lower the energy of the activation of a reaction
C. To change the direction of thermodynamic equilibrium
D. To change endergonic into exergonic reactions
E. To allow substrates to move more freely in solution
ANSWER: A
Why does heating interfere with the activity of an enzyme?
A. It kills the enzyme.
B. It changes the enzyme’s shape.
C. It decreases the energy of substrate molecules.
D. It causes the enzyme denaturated.
E. It decreases the chance that the enzyme will meet a substrate molecule.
ANSWER: D
An enzyme is specific. This means
A. It has a certain amino acid sequence.
B. It is found only in a certain place.
C. It functions only under certain environmental conditions.
D. It speeds up a particular chemical reaction.
E. It occurs in only one type of cell.
ANSWER: E
Which of the following coenzymes forms a Schiff’s base during catalysis?
A. NADH
B. Thiamin pyrophosphate
C. Lipoamide
D. Pyridoxal phosphate
E. Coenzyme A
ANSWER: D
Which of the following reversible inhibitors alter an enzyme’s function by increasing the Vmax of the enzyme?
A. Competitive inhibitor
B. Non-competitive inhibitor
C. Uncompetitive inhibitor
D. None of the above
E. Over-competitive inhibitor
ANSWER: D
R-CH2OH + O2 > R-CHO + H2O2 which of the following types of enzymes catalyzes this reaction
A. Dehydrogenase
B. Oxidase
C. Peroxidase
D. Aldolase
E. Catalase
ANSWER: C
Cortisol is produced by the:
A. Adrenal cortex
B. Adrenal medulla
C. Pancreas
D. Thyroid gland
E. Salivary gland
ANSWER: A
Diabetes insipidus results from a lack of:
A. Glucagon
B. Aldosterone
C. Calcitonin
D. Antidiuretic hormone
E. Insulin
ANSWER: D
During emergencies, the "fight-or-flight" response
A. Decrease the heartrate
B. Is caused by hormone secretions in the adrenal medulla
C. Is stimulated by cortisol
D. Is the result of aldosterone causing faster blood flow
E. Is ingibitad by cortisol
ANSWER: B
Effective hyperthyroidism on thyroxine (T4) metabolic clearance:
A. Increased
B. Decreased
C. No change
D. C and B
E. Only B
ANSWER: A
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroid hormones are examples of
A. Proteins.
B. Glycoproteins
C. Polypeptides.
D. Amino acid derivatives.
E. Steroids.
ANSWER: D
Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and glucocorticoids are all examples of
A. Proteins
B. Glycoproteins
C. Polypeptides
D. Amino acid derivatives
E. Steroids
ANSWER: E
Excessive production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland
A. Is called hypothyroidism
B. Can cause nervousness, irregular heartbeat, and weight loss
C. Can cause stunted growth and retardation in children
D. Can cause a goiter
E. Can cause riskets
ANSWER: B
Functions of parathormone:
A. Promotes deposition of calcium in bones and decreases Ca in blood
B. Promotes resorption of calcium from bones and increases in blood
C. Stimulates reabsorption of phosphorus in kidney
D. Stimulates reabsorbtion of sodium in kidney
E. Inhibits reabsorption of sodium in kidney
ANSWER: B
Hormone associated with diuresis:
A. Oxytocin
B. Vasopressin
C. Both oxytocine and vasopresine
D. Neither oxytocine nor vasopressin
E. Somatotropic hormone
ANSWER: B
Which of the following is not an amino acid?
A. Glutamic acid
B. Aspartic acid
C. Glutamine
D. Leucine
E. Palmitic acid
ANSWER: E
What type of covalent bonds link the amino acids in a protein?
A. Hydrogen bonds
B. Ionic bonds
C. Glycosidic bonds
D. Ester bonds
E. Peptide bonds
ANSWER: E
Into the hospital was carried 37 year old man with symptoms of achylia gastrica. Achylia gastrica is said to be when
absence of
A. Pepsin only
B. HCl only
C. Bile
D. Bilirubin
E. Both pepsin and HCl
ANSWER: E
The newborn suffers from improper milk digestion due to lower activity of rennin. Rennin acts on casein of milk in
infants in presence of
A. Mg++
B. Zn++
C. Co++
D. Fe++
E. Ca++
ANSWER: E
The 75 year old man suffers from negative nitrogenous balance due to lack of essential amino acids. The essential a
mino acids
A. Must be supplied in the diet because the organism has lost the capacity to aminate the corresponding ketoacids
B. Are identical in all species studied
C. Are defined as those amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the organism at a rate adequate to meet metab
olic requirements
D. Both B and D
E. Must be supplied in the diet because the human has an impaired ability to synthesize the carbon chain of the corr
esponding ketoacids
ANSWER: E
A lipotropic factor was prescribed for the patient with liter cirrhosis. Which amino acid is a lipotropic factor?
A. Lysine
B. Leucine
C. Tryptophan
D. All of these
E. Methionine
ANSWER: E
The 70 year old woman suffers from negative nitrogenous balance due to lack of essential amino acids. Which amon
g the following is a nutritionally essential amino acid?
A. Alanine
B. Glycine
C. Tyrosine
D. Both A and D
E. Tryptophan
ANSWER: E
A 60 year old patient has hyperplasia of G-cells of antral part of stomach. What changes in gastric juice are most pos
sible at this pathology?
A. Hypochlorhydria
B. Achlorhydria
C. Achylia
D. Presence of lactic acid
E. Hyperchlorhydria
ANSWER: E
The amount of total acidity in gastric juice of a patient is normal. Which of the listed numbers is true in this case?
A. 30-40 mM/l
B. 20-30 mM/l
C. 30-50 mM/l
D. 20-40 mM/l
E. 40-60 mM/l
ANSWER: E
Urine transparency is one of the parameters, evaluated by the analysis. Presence of what substance causes turbidity o
f alkaline urine?
A. calcium phosphate
B. magnesium sulfate
C. ammonium acids
D. uric acid salts
E. chloride salts
ANSWER: A
52-years old patient for few days suffered from pain in the right hypogastrium after having of fatty meal. It was obse
rved sclera and skin yellowing, acholic stool, dark-colored urine. Diagnosis is obstructive jaundice. Presence of whic
h substanse in the urine caused its dark colour?
A. bilirubinglucoronid
B. ketone bodies
C. urobilin
D. stercobilin
E. glucose
ANSWER: A
A 2 years old child showed the symptoms of psychomotor development inhibition, thin hair. Laboratory tests: increa
sed amount of ammonia and arginino succinate in blood and urine. What enzyme deficiensy in liver causes argininos
uccinic acidemia?
A. argininosuccinatliase
B. ornithyn carbamoil transferase
C. arginase
D. glutaminase
E. xanthine oxidase
ANSWER: A
A 45 years old patient suffers from pain in lumbar department of the back and its limited mobility. It is takes place d
arkening of urine with air. What inherited disease has the patient?
A. Phenylketonuria
B. Galactosemia
C. Alkaptonuria
D. Cystinosis
E. Syndrome of Fankoni
ANSWER: C
A 6 years old child suffers from glomerulonephritis. Which of the below mentioned indexes prove it?
A. proteinuria
B. phosphaturia
C. glycosuria
D. ketonuria
E. creatinuria
ANSWER: A
VLDL remnant may be converted into
A. VLDL
B. LDL
C. HDL
D. Chylomicrons
E. Cholesterol
ANSWER: B
Pancreatic lipase converts triacylglycerols into
A. 2, 3-Diacylglycerol
B. 1-Monoacylglycerol
C. 2-Monoacylglycerol
D. 3-Monoacylglycerol
E. 5-Monoacylglycerol
ANSWER: C
Lipoprotiens may be identified more accurately by means of
A. Electrophoresis
B. Ultra centrifugation
C. Centrifugation
D. Immunoelectrophoresis
E. Only C and B
ANSWER: A
Ketone bodies are formed in
A. Kidney
B. Liver
C. Heart
D. Intestines
E. Muscles
ANSWER: B
The ‘Committed step’ in the biosynthesis of cholesterol from acetyl CoA is
A. Formation of acetoacetyl CoA from acetyl CoA
B. Formation of mevalonate from HMG CoA
C. Formation of HMG CoA from acetyl CoA and acetoacetyl CoA
D. Formation of squalene by squalene synthetase
E. None of these
ANSWER: C
Antioxidant have the ability to:
A. Level the processes of free-radical oxidation of lipids
B. Depress beta-oxidation of fatty acids
C. Activate fat decomposition
D. Activate the processes of peroxidation
E. Depress ketogenesis
ANSWER: A
Enzyme lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) performs the following function:
A. Removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues and its transportation to the liver
B. Formation of chylomicrons
C. Formation of alpha-lipoproteins
D. Resynthesis of lipids
E. Formation of cell membranes structure
ANSWER: A
The oxidation of glycerol in aerobic conditions to CO2 and H2O causes the formation of :
A. 9 ATP molucules
B. 1 ATP molucules
C. 3 ATP molucules
D. 22 ATP molucules
E. 15 ATP molucules
ANSWER: D
The normal amount of cholesterol in blood plasma is:
A. 3-5 mmol/l
B. 10-15 mmol/l
C. 20-25 mmol/l
D. 1-3 mmol/l
E. 5-7 mmol/l
ANSWER: A
The function of pentose-phosphate cycle in the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol is the following:
A. Main energy source
B. Source of acetyl-CoA
C. Source of malonyl-CoA
D. Source of NADPH2
E. Source of NAPH2
ANSWER: D
The cyclization of squalene causes the formation of:
A. Lanosterol
B. beta-oxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA
C. Phosphomevalonate
D. Acetoacetyl-CoA
E. Cholesterol
ANSWER: A
Cholesterol performs in the organism the following functions, except:
A. Is a part of cell membranes
B. Substratum for bile acids synthesis
C. Substratum for D vitamin synthesis
D. Is a source of energy
E. Substratum for steroid hormones synthesis
ANSWER: D
In the process of ketogenesis and cholesterol genesis is formed general metabolite. Name it:
A. Mevalonic acid
B. Malonyl KoA
C. Succinil KoA
D. beta-oxy-beta-methyl-glutaryl CoA
E. beta-oxy-beta-citryl-glutaryl CoA
ANSWER: D
Free fatty acids are transported with the help of:
A. Albumins
B. Chylomicrons
C. alpha-lipoproteins
D. Pre-beta-lipoproteins
E. beta- lipoproteins
ANSWER: A
Products of beta-oxidation of palmitoyl CoA include:
A. Propionyl CoA, NADH and FADH2.
B. Acetyl CoA, NADPH and FAD.
C. Acetyl CoA, FADH2 and NADH.
D. Propionyl CoA, NADH and acetyl CoA.
E. Pyruvate and lactate
ANSWER: C
Lipolysis is accelerated by:
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Water
D. Testosterone
E. Sucrose
ANSWER: B
Atherosclerosis and coronary heart diseases are associated with the diet:
A. High in total fat and saturated fat
B. Low in protein
C. High in protein
D. High in carbohydrate
E. High in vitamins
ANSWER: A
All the following statements about ketone bodies are true except
A. Their synthesis increases in diabetes mellitus
B. They are synthesized in mitchondria
C. They can deplete the alkali reserve
D. They can be oxidized in the liver
E. None of these
ANSWER: D
Galactosemia has been revealed in a child. Concentration of glucose in the blood has not considerably changed. Wha
t enzyme deficiency caused this illness?
A. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase
B. Amylo-1,6-glucosidase
C. Phosphoglucomutase
D. Galactokinase
E. Hexokinase
ANSWER: A
A 2-year-old child experienced convulsions because of lowering calcium ions concentration in the blood plasma. Fu
nction of what structure is decreased?
A. Parathyroid glands
B. Hypophysis
C. Adrenal cortex
D. Pineal gland
E. Thymus
ANSWER: A
In case of enterobiasis acrihine - the structural analogue of vitamin B2 - is administered. The synthesis disorder of w
hich enzymes does this medicine cause in microorganisms?
A. FAD-dependent dehydrogenases
B. Cytochromeoxidases
C. Peptidases
D. NAD-dependet dehydrogenases
E. Aminotransferases
ANSWER: A
The conjugated protein necessarily contains special component as a non-protein part. Choose the substance that can’
t carry out this function:
A. HNO3
B. АТP
C. Thiamine pyrophosphate
D. AMP
E. Glucose
ANSWER: A
Succinate dehydrogenase catalyses the dehydrogenation of succinate. Malonic acid is used to interrupt the action of t
his enzyme. Choose the inhibition type:
A. Competitive
B. Allosteric
C. Non-competitive
D. Limited proteolysis
E. Dephosphorylation
ANSWER: A
Pyruvate concentration in the patient’s urine has increased 10 times from normal amount. What vitamin deficiency c
an be the reason of this change:
A. Vitamin B1
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin A
D. Vitamin E
E. VitaminB6
ANSWER: A
Hydroxylation of endogenous substrates and xenobiotics requires a donor of protons. Which of the following vitami
ns can play this role?
A. Vitamin C
B. Vitamin P
C. Vitamin B6
D. Vitamin E
E. Vitamin A
ANSWER: A
A doctor administered Allopurinol to a 26-year-old young man with the symptoms of gout. What pharmacological a
ction of Allopurinol ensures therapeutical effect?
A. By inhibiting uric acid synthesis
B. By increasing uric acid excretion
C. By inhibiting leucocyte migration intothe joint
D. By general anti-inflammatory effect
E. By general analgetic effect
ANSWER: A
The gluconeogenesis is activated in the liver after intensive physical trainings What substance is utilized in gluconeo
genesis first of all in this case:
A. Lactate
B. Pyruvate
C. Glucose
D. Glutamate
E. Alanine
ANSWER: A
Some diseases reveal symptoms of aldosteronism with hypertension and edema due to sodium retention in the organ
ism. What organ of the internal secretion is affected on aldosteronism?
A. Adrenal glands
B. Testicle
C. Ovaries
D. Pancreas
E. Hypophysis
ANSWER: A
There is an inhibited coagulation in the patients with bile ducts obstruction, bleeding due to the low level of absorbti
on of a vitamin. What vitamin is in deficiency?
A. К
B. А
C. Е
D. Carotene
E. F
ANSWER: A
A worker has decreased buffer capacity of blood due to exhausting muscular work The influx of what acid substance
in the blood can cause this symptom?
A. Lactate
B. Pyruvate
C. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
D. alfa-ketoglutarate
E. 3-phosphoglycerate
ANSWER: A
Substitution of the glutamic acid on valine was revealed while examining initial molecular structure. For what inheri
ted pathology is this symptom typical?
A. Sickle-cell anemia
B. Thalassemia
C. Minkowsky-Shauffard disease
D. Favism
E. Hemoglobinosis
ANSWER: A
Marked increase of activity of МВ-forms of CPK (creatinephosphokinase) and LDH-1 was revealed by examination
of the patient’s blood. What is the most probable pathology?
A. Miocardial infarction
B. Hepatitis
C. Rheumatism
D. Pancreatitis
E. Cholecystitis
ANSWER: A
A 19-year-old female suffers from tachycardia in rest condition, weight loss, excessive sweating, exophtalmos and i
rritability. What hormone would you expect to find elevated in her serum?
A. Thyroxine
B. Cortisol
C. Mineralocorticoids
D. ACTH
E. Insulin
ANSWER: A
A patient with the symptoms of acute alcoholic poisoning was brought to the hospital. What carbohydrates metaboli
sm changes are typical for this condition?
A. The gluconeogenesis velocity in liver is decreased
B. The gluconeogenesis is increased in liver
C. The breakage of glycogen is increased in liver
D. The anaerobic glucose metabolism predominates in muscles
E. The anaerobic breakage of glucose isincreased in muscles
ANSWER: A
Chronic glomerulonephritis was diagnosed in a 34-year-old patient 3 years ago. Edema has developed within the last
6 monthes. What caused the edema?
A. Proteinuria
B. Hyperproduction of vasopressin
C. Liver disfunction of protein formation
D. Hyperosmolarity of plasma
E. Hyperaldosteronism
ANSWER: A
Patient with diabetes mellitus experienced loss of consciousness and convulsions after an injection of insulin. What
might be the result of biochemical blood analysis for concentration of sugar?
A. 1,5 mmol/L
B. 8,0 mmol/L
C. 10,0 mmol/L
D. 3,3 mmol/L
E. 5,5 mmol/L
ANSWER: A
A 63-year-old woman developed symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Their increase of which blood values indicators
could be the most significant in proving the diagnosis?
A. Glycosaminoglycans
B. Lipoproteids
C. Acid phosphatase
D. General cholesterol
E. R-glycosidase
ANSWER: A
A 2-year-old child has got intestinal dysbacteriosis, which results in hemorrhagic syndrome. What is the most likely
cause of hemorrhage of the child?
A. Vitamin K insufficiency
B. Activation of tissue thromboplastin
C. PP hypovitaminosis
D. Fibrinogen deficiency
E. E Hypocalcemia
ANSWER: A
RNA-polymerase B(II) is blocked due to amanitine poisoning (poison of death-cup). It disturbs:
A. Synthesis of m-RNA
B. Synthesis of t-RNA
C. Reverse transcription
D. Primers synthesis
E. Maturation of m-RNA
ANSWER: A
Intake of oral contraceptives containing sex hormones inhibits secretion of the hypophysiae hormones. Secretion of
which of the indicated hormones is inhibited while taking oral contraceptives with sex hormones?
A. Follicle-stimulating
B. Vasopressin
C. Thyrotropic
D. Somatotropic
E. Oxytocin
ANSWER: A
The preventive radioprotector was given to a worker of a nuclear power station. What mechanism from the below m
entioned is considered to be the main mechanism of radioprotection?
A. Inhibition of free radicals formation
B. Prevention of tissue’s hypoxia
C. Activation of oxidation reactions
D. Increasing of tissue blood supply
E. Increasing of respiration
ANSWER: A
In course of metabolic process active forms of oxygen including superoxide anion radical are formed in the human b
ody. By means of what enzyme is this anion inactivated?
A. Superoxide dismutase
B. Catalase
C. Peroxidase
D. Glutathioneperoxidase
E. Glutathionereductase
ANSWER: A
A 37-year-old man was admitted to the surgical department with the symptoms of acute pancreatitis: vomiting, diarr
hea, bradycardia, hypotention, weakness, dehydration of the organism. What medicine should be used first of all?
A. Contrycal
B. No-spa
C. Platyphylline
D. Etaperazine
E. Ephedrine
ANSWER: A
A person has reduced diuresis, hypernatremia, hypokalemia. Hypersecretion of what hormone can cause such chang
es?
A. Aldosterone
B. Vasopressin
C. Auricular sodiumuretic factor
D. Adrenalin
E. Parathormone
ANSWER: A
A 42-year-old man suffering from gout has increased level of urinary acid in blood. Allopurinol was prescribed to d
ecrease the level of urinary acid. Competitive inhibitor of what enzyme is allopurinol?
A. Xanthine oxidase
B. Adenosine deaminase
C. Adenine phosphoribosiltransferase
D. Hypoxanthine phosphoribosi-ltransferase
E. Guanine deaminase
ANSWER: A
A patient with serious damage of muscular tissue was admitted to the traumatological department. What biochemica
l urine index will be increased in this case?
A. Creatinine
B. Common lipids
C. Glucose
D. Mineral salts
E. Uric acid
ANSWER: A
A 44-year-old woman complains of common weakness, heart pain, considerable increase of body weigt. Objectively
: moon-like face, hirsutism, AP-165/100 mm Hg, height - 164 cm, wei-ght - 103 kg; fat is mostly accumulated in the
region of neck, upper shoulder girdle, stomach. What is the main pathogenetic mechanism of obesity?
A. Increased production of glucocorticoids
B. Decreased production of thyroidal hormones
C. Increased production of insulin
D. Decreased production of glucagon
E. Increased production of mineralocorticoids
ANSWER: A
After a serious viral infection a 3-year-old child has repeated vomiting, loss of consciousness, convulsions. Examina
tion revealed hyperammoniemia. What may have caused changes of biochemical blood indices of this child?
A. Disorder of ammonia neutralization in ornithinic cycle
B. Activated processes of aminoacidsdecarboxylation
C. Disorder of biogenic amines neutrali-zation
D. Increased purtefaction of proteins in intestines
E. Inhibited activity of transamination enzymes
ANSWER: A
Patient with abscess of the cut wound applied to the traumatological department. In order to clean the wound from th
e pus doctor washed it with 3% hydrogen peroxide. Foam was absent. What caused the absence of the drug activity?
A. Inherited insufficiency of catalase
B. Low concentration H2O2
C. Inherited insufficiency of erythrocyte phosphatdehydrogenase
D. Shallow wound
E. Pus in the wound
ANSWER: A
A 58-year-old patient with acute cardiac insufficiency has decreased volume of daily urine - oliguria. What is the
mechanism of this phenomenon?
A. Decreased glomerular filtration
B. Decreased number of functioning glomerules
C. Drop of oncotic blood pressure
D. Rise of hydrostatic blood pressure in capillars
E. Reduced permeamility of renalfilter
ANSWER: A
A 2-year-old child has got intestinal dysbacteriosis, which resultsed in hemorrhagic syndrome. What is the most like
ly cause of hemorrhage of the child?
A. Vitamin K deficiency
B. Activation of tissue thromboplastin
C. PP hypovitaminosis
D. Fibrinogen deficiency
E. Hypocalcemia
ANSWER: A
A 1-year-old child with symptoms of muscle involvement was admitted to the hospital. Examination revealed carniti
ne deficiency in his muscles. What process disturbance is the biochemical basis of this pathology?
A. Transporting of fatty acids to mitochodrions
B. Regulation of Ca2+ level in mitochondrions
C. Substrate phosphorylation
D. Lactic acid utilization
E. Actin and myosin synthesis
ANSWER: A
Diabetes mellitus causes ketosis as a result of activated oxidation of fatty acids. What disorders of acid-base equilibr
ium may be caused by excessive accumulation of ketone bodies in blood?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alcalosis
C. Any changes woun’t happen
D. Respiratory acidosis
E. Respiratory alcalosis
ANSWER: A
A patient is ill with diabetes mellitus that is accompanied by hyperglycemia of over 7,2 millimole/l on an empty sto
mach. The level of what blood plasma protein allows to estimate the glycemia rate retrospectively (4-8 weeks before
examination)?
A. Glycated hemoglobin
B. Albumin
C. Fibrinogen
D. C-reactive protein
E. Ceruloplasmin
ANSWER: A
A 4 y.o. child with signs of durative proteinic starvation was admitted to the hospital. The signs were as follows: gro
wth inhibition, anemia, edemata, mental deficiency. Choose a cause of edemata development:
A. Reduced synthesis of albumins
B. Reduced synthesis of globulins
C. Reduced synthesis of hemoglobin
D. Reduced synthesis of lipoproteins
E. Reduced synthesis of glycoproteins
ANSWER: A
A patient presents high activity of LDH1,2, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase. In what organ (orga
ns) is the development of a pathological process the most probable?
A. In the heart muscle (initial stage of myocardium infarction)
B. In skeletal muscles (dystrophy, atrophy)
C. In kidneys and adrenals
D. In connective tissue
E. In liver and kidneys
ANSWER: A
12 hours after an accute attack of retrosternal pain a patient presented a jump of aspartate aminotransferase activity i
n blood serum. What pathology is this deviation typical for?
A. Myocardium infarction
B. Viral hepatitis
C. Collagenosis
D. Diabetes mellitus
E. Diabetes insipidus
ANSWER: A
A 30 y.o. woman had been ill for a year when she felt pain in the area of joints for the first time, they got swollen an
d skin above them became reddened. Provisional diagnosis is rheumatoid arthritis. One of the most probable causes
of this disease is a structure alteration of a connective tissue protein:
A. Collagen
B. Mucin
C. Myosin
D. Ovoalbumin
E. Troponin
ANSWER: A
A patient was delivered to the hospital by an emergency team. Objectively: grave condition, unconscious, adynamy.
Cutaneous surfaces are dry, eyes are sunken, face is cyanotic. There is tachycardia and smell of acetone from the mo
uth. Analysis results: blood glucose - 20,1 micromole/l (standard is 3,3-5,5 mi-cromole/l), urine glucose - 3,5% (stan
dard is - 0). What is the most probable di-agnosis?
A. Hyperglycemic coma
B. Hypoglycemic coma
C. Acute heart failure
D. Acute alcoholic intoxication
E. Anaphylactic shock
ANSWER: A
A woman who has been keeping to a clean-rice diet for a long time was diagnosed with polyneuritis (beri-beri). Wha
t vitamin deficit results in development of this disease?
A. Thiamine
B. Ascorbic acid
C. Pyridoxine
D. Folic acid
E. Riboflavin
ANSWER: A
Removal of gall bladder of a patient has disturbed processes of Ca absorption through the intestinal wall. What vita
min will stimulate this process?
A. D3
B. PP
C. C
D. B12
E. K
ANSWER: A
A patient complains of frequent diarrheas, especially after consumption of fattening food, and of body weight loss. L
aboratory examination revealed steatorrhea; hypocholic feces. What can be the cause of this condition?
A. Obturation of biliary tracts
B. Mucous membrane inflammation of small intestine
C. Lack of pancreatic lipase
D. Lack of pancreatic phospholipase
E. Unbalanced diet
ANSWER: A
Examination of a man who hadn’t been consuming fats but had been getting enough carbohydrates and proteins for
a long time revealed dermatitis, poor wound healing, vision impairment. What is the probable cause of metabolic dis
order?
A. Lack of linoleic acid, vitamins A, D, E,K
B. Lack of palmitic acid
C. Lack of vitamins P P ,H
D. Low caloric value of diet
ANSWER: A
An experimental animal has been given excessive amount of carbon-labeled glucose for a week. What compound ca
n the label be found in?
A. Palmitic acid
B. Methionine
C. Vitamin A
D. Choline
E. Arachidonic acid
ANSWER: A
Examination of a patient with frequent hemorrhages from internals and mucous membranes revealed proline and lysi
ne being a part of collagene fibers. What vitamin absence caused disturbance of their hydroxylation?
A. Vitamin C
B. Vitamin K
C. VitaminA
D. Thiamine
E. Vitamin E
ANSWER: A
A 2 y.o. child has convulsions as a result of lowered concentration of calcium ions in blood plasma. It is caused by r
educed function of:
A. Parathyroid glands
B. Hypophysis
C. Adrenal cortex
D. Pineal gland
E. Thymus
ANSWER: A
A patient was diagnosed with active focal pulmonary tuberculosis. What drug should be prescribed in the first place
?
A. Isoniazid
B. Sulfalen
C. Cyclocerine
D. Ethionamide
E. Ethoxide
ANSWER: A
A patient has a disturbed absorbtion of fat hydrolysates. It might have been caused by a deficit in the small intestine
cavity:
A. Of bile acids
B. Of bile pigments
C. Of lipolytic enzymes
D. Of sodium ions
E. Of liposoluble vitamins
ANSWER: A
Glutamate decarboxylation results in formation of inhibitory transmitter in CNS. Name it:
A. GABA
B. Glutathione
C. Histamine
D. Serotonin
E. Asparagine
ANSWER: A
In course of histidine catabolism a biogenic amin is formed that has powerful vasodilatating effect. Name it:
A. Histamine
B. Serotonin
C. Dioxyphenylalanine
D. Noradrenalin
E. Dopamine
ANSWER: A
Utilization of arachidonic acid via cyclooxigenase pathway results in formation of some bioactive substances. Name
them:
A. Prostaglandins
B. Thyroxine
C. Biogenic amins
D. Somatomedins
E. Insulin-like growth factors
ANSWER: A
A patient diagnosed with carcinoid of bowels was admitted to the hospital. Analysis revealed high production of ser
otonin. It is known that this substance is formed of tryptophane aminooacid. What biochemical mechanism underlies
this process?
A. Decarboxylation
B. Desamination
C. Microsomal oxydation
D. Transamination
E. Formation of paired compounds
ANSWER: A
A child’s blood presents high content of galactose, glucose concentration is low. There are such presentations as cata
ract, mental deficiency, adipose degeneration of liver. What disease is it?
A. Galactosemia
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Lactosemia
D. Steroid diabetes
E. Fructosemia
ANSWER: A
Vitamin A deficit results in the impairment of twilight vision. Name the cells that have the above-mentioned photore
ceptor function
A. Rod receptor cell
B. Horizontal neurocytes
C. Cone receptor cells
D. Bipolar neurons
E. Ganglion neurocytes
ANSWER: A
A patient who had been working hard under conditions of elevated temperature of the environment, has now a chang
ed quantity of blood plasma proteins. What penomenon is the case?
A. Relative hyperproteinemia
B. Absolute hyperproteinemia
C. Absolute hypoproteinemia
D. Disproteinemia
E. Paraproteinemia
ANSWER: A
Researchers isolated 5 isoenzymic forms of lactate dehydrogenase from the human blood serum and studied their pr
operties. What property indicates that the isoenzymic forms were isolated from the same enzyme?
A. Catalyzation of the same reaction
B. The same molecular weight
C. The same physicochemical properties
D. Tissue localization
E. The same electrophoretic mobility
ANSWER: A
A patient has low rate of magnesium ions that are necessary for affixion of ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum.
It is known that it causes disturbanceof protein biosynthesis. At what stage is protein biosynthesis impaired?
A. Translation
B. Transcription
C. Replication
D. Amino acid activation
E. Termination
ANSWER: A
Labelled amino acids alanine and tryptophane were injected to a mouse in order to study localization of protein synt
hesis in its cells. The labelled amino acids will be accumulated near the following organellas:
A. Ribosomes
B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C. Cell centre
D. Lysosomes
E. Golgi apparatus
ANSWER: A
A patient has yellow skin colour, dark urine, dark-yellow feces. What substance will have strengthened concentratio
n in the blood serum?
A. Unconjugated bilirubin
B. Conjugated bilirubin
C. Mesobilirubin
D. Verdoglobin
E. Biliverdin
ANSWER: A
A patient consulted a doctor about symmetric dermatitis of open skin areas. It was found out that the patient lived m
ostly on cereals and ate too little meat, milk and eggs. What vitamin deficiency is the most evident?
A. Nicotinamide
B. Calciferol
C. Folic acid
D. Biotin
E. Tocopherol
ANSWER: A
A 38 year old patient suffers from rheumatism in its active phase. What laboratory characteristic of blood serum is o
f diagnostic importance in case of this pathology?
A. C-reactive protein
B. Uric acid
C. Urea
D. Creatinine
E. Transferrin
ANSWER: A
A 62 year woman complains of frequent pain attacks in the area of her chest and backbone, rib fractures. Her doctor
suspected myeloma (plasmocytoma). What of the following laboratory characteristics will be of the greatest diagnos
tic importance?
A. Paraproteinemia
B. Hyperalbuminemia
C. Proteinuria
D. Hypoglobulinemia
E. Hypoproteinemia
ANSWER: A
A 65 year old man suffering from gout complains of kidney pain. Ultrasound examination revealed renal calculi. Th
e most probable cause of calculi formation is the strengthened concentration of the following substance:
A. Uric acid
B. Cholesterol
C. Bilirubin
D. Urea
E. Cystine
ANSWER: A
Parents of a 10 year old boy consulted a doctor about extension of hair-covering, growth of beard and moustache, lo
w voice. Intensified secretion of which hormone must be assumed?
A. Of testosterone
B. Of somatotropin
C. Of oestrogen
D. Of progesterone
E. Of cortisol
ANSWER: A
An animal with aortic valve insufficiency got hypertrophy of its left heart ventricle. Some of its parts have local cont
ractures. What substance accumulated in the myocardiocytes caused these contractures?
A. Calcium
B. Potassium
C. Lactic acid
D. Carbon dioxide
E. Sodium
ANSWER: A
A girl is diagnosed with adrenogenital syndrome (pseudohermaphroditism). This pathology was caused by hypersecr
etion of the following adrenal hormone:
A. Androgen
B. Estrogen
C. Aldosterone
D. Cortisol
E. Adrenalin
ANSWER: A
A concentrated solution of sodium chloride was intravenously injected to an animal. This caused decreased reabsorp
tion of sodium ions in the renal tubules. It is the result of the following changes of hormonal secretion:
A. Aldosterone reduction
B. Aldosterone increase
C. Vasopressin reduction
D. Vasopressin increase
E. Reduction of atrial natriuretic factor
ANSWER: A
Myocyte cytoplasm contains a big number of dissolved metabolites of glucose oxidation. Name one of them that tur
ns directly into a lactate:
A. Pyruvate
B. Oxaloacetate
C. Glycerophosphate
D. Glucose 6-phosphate
E. Fructose 6-phosphate
ANSWER: A
A patient has a decreased vasopressin synthesis that causes polyuria and as a result of it evident organism dehydratat
ion. What is the mechanism of polyuria development?
A. Reduced tubular reabsorption of water
B. Reduced tubular reabsorption ofN aions
C. Reduced tubular reabsorption ofprotein
D. Reduced glucose reabsorption
E. Acceleration of glomerularfiltration
ANSWER: A
A patient is 44 years old. Laboratory examination of his blood revealed that content of proteins in plasma was 40 g/l.
What influence will be exerted on the transcapillary water exchange?
A. Filtration will be increased, reabsorption - decreased
B. Both filtration and reabsorption will be increased
C. Both filtration and reabsorption will be decreased
D. Filtration will be decreased, reabsorption - increased
E. Exchange will stay unchanged
ANSWER: A
Examination of a man who had been working hard under higher temperature of the environment revealed abnormal
quantity of blood plasma proteins. What phenomenon is the case?
A. Relative hyperproteinemia
B. Absolute hyperproteinemia
C. Absolute hypoproteinemia
D. Dysproteinemia
E. Paraproteinemia
ANSWER: A
A patient ill with essential hypertension was recommended a drug that prevents thrombosis. It is to be taken parenter
ally. What drug is it?
A. Heparin
B. Amben
C. Protamine sulfate
D. Neodicumarin
E. Syncumar
ANSWER: A
A doctor examined a child and revealed symptoms of rachitis. Development of this desease was caused by deficienc
y of the following compound:
A. 1,25 - dichydroxycholecalciferol
B. Biotin
C. Tocopherol
D. Naphtaquinone
E. Retinol
ANSWER: A
It was found out that some compounds, for instance fungi toxins and some antibiotics can inhibit activity of RN A-p
olymerase. What process will bedisturbed in a cell in case of inhibition of this enzyme?
A. Transcription
B. Processing
C. Replication
D. Translation
E. Reparation
ANSWER: A
A 16 year old boy after an illness has diminished function of protein synthesis in liver as a result of vitamin K defici
ency. It will cause disturbance of:
A. Blood coagulation
B. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
C. Anticoagulant generation
D. Erythropoietin secretion
E. Osmotic blood pressure
ANSWER: A
During starvation muscle proteins break up into free amino acids. These compounds will be the most probably invol
ved into the following process:
A. Gluconeogenesis in liver
B. Gluconeogenesis in muscles
C. Synthesis of higher fatty acids
D. Glycogenolysis
E. Decarboxylation
ANSWER: A
A patient had hemorrhagic stroke. Blood examination revealed strengthened kinin concentration.The patient was pre
scribed contrical. It was administered in order to inhibit the following proteinase:
A. Kallikrein
B. Pepsin
C. Trypsin
D. Chemotrypsin
E. Collagenase
ANSWER: A
An oncological patient was prescribed methotrexate. With the lapse of time target cells of the tumour lost susceptibil
ity to this drug. There is change of gene expression of the folowing enzyme:
A. Dehydrofolate reductase
B. Thiaminase
C. Deaminase
D. Folate oxidase
E. Folate decarboxylase
ANSWER: A
A 62-year-old female patient has developed a cataract (lenticular opacity) secondary to the diabetes mellitus. What t
ype of protein modification is observed in case of diabetic cataract?
A. Glycosylation
B. Phosphorylation
C. ADP-ribosylation
D. Methylation
E. Limited proteolysis
ANSWER: A
Examination of a 27-year-old patient revealed pathological changes in liver and brain. Blood plasma analysis reveal
ed an abrupt decrease in the copper concentrati-on, urine analysis revealed an increased copper concentration. The p
atient was diagnosed with Wilson’s degeneration. To confirm the diagnosis it is necessary to study the activity of the
following enzyme in blood serum:
A. Ceruloplasmin
B. Carbonic anhydrase
C. Xanthine oxidase
D. Leucine aminopeptidase
E. Alcohol dehydrogenase
ANSWER: A
A patient complains about dyspnea provoked by the physical activity. Clinical examination revealed anaemia and pr
esence of the paraprotein in the zone of gamma-globulins. To con?rm the myeloma diagnosis it is necessary to deter
mine the following index in the patient’s urine:
A. Bence Jones protein
B. Bilirubin
C. Haemoglobin
D. Ceruloplasmin
E. Antitrypsin
ANSWER: A
A 46-year-old patient suffering from the diffuse toxic goiter underwent resecti-on of the thyroid gland. After the sur
gery the patient presents with appetite loss, dyspepsia, increased neuromuscular excitement. The body weight remai
ned unchanged. Body temperature is normal. Which of the following has caused such a condition in this patient?
A. Reduced production of parathormone
B. Increased production of thyroxin
C. Increased production of calcitonin
D. Increased production of thyroliberin
E. Reduced production of thyroxin
ANSWER: A
A 1,5-year-old child presents with both mental and physical lag, decolorizing of skin and hair, decrease in catechola
mine concentration in blood. When a few drops of 5% solution of trichloroacetic iron had been added to the child’s
urine it turned olive green. Such alteration are typical for the following pathology of the amino acid metabolism:
A. Phenylketonuria
B. Alkaptonuria
C. Tyrosinosis
D. Albinism
E. Xanthinuria
ANSWER: A
The greater amount of nitrogen is excreted from the organism in form of urea. Inhibition of urea synthesis and accu
mulation of ammonia in blood and tissues are induced by the decreased activity of the following liver enzyme:
A. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
B. Aspartate aminotransferase
C. Urease
D. Amylase
E. Pepsin
ANSWER: A
Products of some proteins hydrolysis and modification are the biologically active substances called hormones. Lipot
ropin, corticotropin, melanotropin and endorphins are synthesized in the hypophysis of the following protein:
A. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
B. Neuroalbumin
C. Neurostromin
D. Neuroglobulin
E. Thyreoglobulin
ANSWER: A
A 48-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital with complaints about weakness, irritability, sleep disturbance. O
bjectively: skin and scleras are of yellow colour. In blood: increased concentration of total bilirubin with prevailing
direct bilirubin. The feces are acholic. The urine is dark (contains bile pigments). What type of jaundice is it?
A. Mechanic
B. Haemolytic
C. Parenchymatous
D. Gilbert’s syndrome
E. Crigler-Najjar syndrome
ANSWER: A
Two weeks after lacunar tonsillitis a 20-year-old man started complaining about general weakness, lower eyelid ede
mata. After examination the patient was diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis. What are the most likely patholog
ical changes in the urine formula?
A. Proteinuria
B. Cylindruria
C. Presence of fresh erythrocytes
D. Pyuria
E. Natriuria
ANSWER: A
A patient with android-type obesity had been suffering from arterial hypertension, hyperglycemia, glycosuria for a l
ong time and died from the cerebral haemorrhage. Pathologic examination revealed pituitary basophil adenoma, adre
nal cortex hyperplasia. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Itsenko-Cushing’s syndrome
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Acromegalia
D. Pituitary nanism
E. Adiposogenital dystrophy
ANSWER: A
A girl has been diagnosed with adrenogenital syndrome (pseudohermaphro ditism). This pathology is caused by
hypersecretion of the following adrenal
A. Androgens
B. Estrogens
C. Mineralocorticoids
D. Glucocorticoids
E. Catecholamines
ANSWER: A
You are studying functioning of a bacteria operon. The operator genehas been released from the repressor gene. Im
mediately after this the following process will start in the cell:
A. Transcription
B. Translation
C. Replication
D. Processing
E. Repression
ANSWER: A
While determining power inputs of a patient’s organism it was established that the respiratory coeficient equaled 1,0
. This means that in the cells of the patient the following substances are mainly oxidized:
A. Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Fats
D. Proteins and carbohydrates
E. Carbohydrates and fats
ANSWER: A
After a sprint an untrained person develops muscle hypoxia. This leads to the accumulation of the following metabol
ite in muscles:
A. Lactate
B. Ketone bodies
C. Acetyl CoA
D. Glucose 6-phosphate
E. Oxaloacetate
ANSWER: A
Cytoplasm of the myocytes contains a lot of dissolved metabolites resulting from glucose oxidation. Name the meta
bolite that turns directly into lactate:
A. Pyruvate
B. Oxaloacetate
C. Glycerophosphate
D. Glucose-6-phosphate
E. Fructose-6-phosphate
ANSWER: A
Vitamin B1 deficiency causes disturbance of oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutaric acid. This leads to the i
mpaired synthesis of the following coenzyme:
A. Thiamine pyrophosphate
B. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
C. Flavine adenine dinucleotide
D. Lipoic acid
E. Coenzyme A
ANSWER: A
A 32-year-old patient consulted a doctor about the absence of lactation after parturition. Such disorder might be expl
ained by the defcit of the following hormone:
A. Prolactin
B. Somatotropin
C. Vasopressin
D. Thyrocalcitonin
E. Glucagon
ANSWER: A
A patient presents with icteritiousness of skin, scleras and mucous membranes. Blood plasma the total bilirubin is in
creased, stercobilin is increased in feces, urobilin is increased in urine. What type of jaundice is it?
A. Haemolytic
B. Gilbert’s disease
C. Parenchymatous
D. Obturational
E. Cholestatic
ANSWER: A
A 58-year-old patient suffers from the cerebral atherosclerosis. Examination revealed hyperlipoidemia. What class o
f lipoproteins will most probably show increase in concentration in this patient’s blood serum?
A. Low-density lipoproteins
B. High-density lipoproteins
C. Fatty acid complexes with albumins
D. Chylomicrons
E. Cholesterol
ANSWER: A
A newborn develops dyspepsia after the milk feeding. When the milk is substituted by the glucose solution the dysp
epsia symptoms disappear. The newborn has the subnormal activity of the following enzyme:
A. Lactase
B. Invertase
C. Maltase
D. Amylase
E. Isomaltase
ANSWER: A
In newborn child was found to have reduced intensity of sucking, frequent vomiting, hypotonia. Urine and blood ex
hibit increased concentration of citrulliIn ne. What metabolic process is disturbed?
A. Ornithinic cycle
B. Tricarboxylic acid cycle
C. Glycolysis
D. Glyconeogenesis
E. Cori cycle
ANSWER: A
Blood of a 12 year old boy presents low concentration of uric acid and accumulation of xanthine and hypoxanthine.
This child has genetic defect of the following enzyme:
A. Xanthine oxidase
B. Arginase
C. Urease
D. Ornithine carbamoyltransferase
E. Glycerylkinase
ANSWER: A
A full-term newborn child has yellowish skin and mucous membranes. This mi-ght be probably caused by temporar
y deficiency of the following enzyme:
A. UDP glucoronyltransferase
B. Uridine transferase
C. Heme synthetase
D. Heme oxygenase
E. Biliverdin reductase
ANSWER: A
A patient ill with neurodermatitis has been taking prednisolone for a long time. Examination revealed high rate of su
gar in his blood. This complication is caused by the drug influence upon the following link of carbohydrate metaboli
sm:
A. Gluconeogenesis activation
B. Glycogenogenesis activation
C. Intensification of glucose absorption inthe bowels
D. Inhibition of glycogen synthesis
E. Activation of insulin decomposition
ANSWER: A
Labelled amino acids alanine and tryptophane were injected to a mouse in order to study localization of protein synt
hesis in its cells. The labelled amino acids will be accumulated near the following organellas:
A. Ribosomes
B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C. Cell centre
D. Lysosomes
E. Golgi apparatus
ANSWER: A
Examination of a patient revealed typical presentations of collagenosis. This pathology is characterized by increase
of the following urine index:
A. Hydroxyproline
B. Arginine
C. Glucose
D. Mineral salts
E. Ammonium salts
ANSWER: A
Untrained people often have muscle pain after sprints as a result of lactate accumulation. This might be caused by in
tensification of the following biochemical process:
A. Glycolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Pentose phosphate pathway
D. Lipogenesis
E. Glycogenesis
ANSWER: A
A 48 year old patient complained about intense pain, slight swelling and reddening of skin over the joints, temperatu
re rise up to 38oC. Blood analysis revealed high concentration of urates. This condition might be caused by disturbe
d metabolism of:
A. Purins
B. Collagen
C. Cholesterol
D. Pyrimidines
E. Carbohydrates
ANSWER: A
An experimantal animal that was kept on protein-free diet developed fatty liver infiltration, in particular as a result o
f deficiency of methylating agents. This is caused by disturbed generation of the following metabolite:
A. Choline
B. DOPA
C. Cholesterol
D. Acetoacetate
E. Linoleic acid
ANSWER: A
A 46 year old woman suffering from chololithiasis developed jaundice. Her urine became dark-yellow and feces bec
ame colourless. Blood serum will have the highest concentration of the following substance:
A. Conjugated bilirubin
B. Unconjugated bilirubin
C. Biliverdin
D. Mesobilirubin
E. Urobilinogen
ANSWER: A
According to the model of double DNA helix that was suggested by Watson and Creek, it was established that one o
f chains would not be lost during replication and the second chain would be synthesi-ed complementary to the first o
ne. What way of replication is it?
A. Semiconservative
B. Analogous
C. Identical
D. Dispersed
E. Conservative
ANSWER: A
Vitamin A together with specific cytoreceptors penetrates through the nuclear membranes, induces transcription pro
cesses that stimulate growth and differentiation of cells. This biologicalfunction is realized by the following form of
vitamin A:
A. Trans-retinoic acid
B. Trans-retinal
C. Cis-retinal
D. Retinol
E. Carotin
ANSWER: A
A newborn child suffers from milk curdling in stomach, this means that soluble milk proteins (caseins) transform to
insoluble proteins (paracaseins) by means of calcium ions and a certain enzyme. What enzyme takes part in this proc
ess?
A. Renin
B. Pepsin
C. Gastrin
D. Secretin
E. Lipase
ANSWER: A
Atria of an experimental animal were superdistended by blood that resulted in decreased reabsorption of Na+ and w
ater in renal tubules. This can be explained by the influence of the following factor upon kidneys:
A. Natriuretic hormone
B. Aldosterone
C. Renin
D. Angiotensin
E. Vasopressin
ANSWER: A
People adapted to high external temperatures have such pecularity: profuse sweating isn’t accompanied by loss of la
rge volumes of sodium chloride. This is caused by the effect of the followi-ng hormone upon the perspiratory glands
:
A. Aldosterone
B. Vasopressin
C. Cortisol
D. Tgyroxin
E. Natriuretic
ANSWER: A
Emotional stress causes activation of hormon-sensitive triglyceride lipase in the adipocytes. What secondary mediat
or takes part in this process?
A. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
B. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
C. Adenosine monophosphate
D. Diacylglycerol
E. Ions of Mg 2+
ANSWER: A
A patient has a decreased vasopressin synthesis that causes polyuria and as a result of it evident organism dehydratat
ion. What is the mechanism of polyuria development?
A. Reduced tubular reabsorption of water
B. Reduced tubular reabsorption ofN aions
C. Reduced tubular reabsorption ofprotein
D. Reduced glucose reabsorption
E. Acceleration of glomerularfiltration
ANSWER: A
A 35 year old man consulted a dentist about reduced density of dental tissue, high fragility of teeth during eating soli
d food. This patient suffers the most probably from the deficiency of the following mineral element:
A. Calcium
B. Potassium
C. Sodium
D. Magnesium
E. Iron
ANSWER: A
A patient is 44 years old. Laboratory examination of his blood revealed that content of proteins in plasma was 40 g/l.
What influence will be exerted on the transcapillary water exchange?
A. Filtration will be increased, reabsorption - decreased
B. Both filtration and reabsorption will be increased
C. Both filtration and reabsorption will be decreased
D. Filtration will be decreased, reabsorpti-on - increased
E. Exchange will stay unchanged
ANSWER: A
A 64 year old woman has impairment of twilight vision (hemeralopy). What vitamin should be recommended in the
first place?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B2
C. Vitamin E
D. Vitamin C
E. Vitamin B6
ANSWER: A
A patient was stung by a bee. Examination revealed that his left hand was hot, pink, edematic, there was a big red bli
ster on the site of sting. What is the leading mechanism of edema development?
A. Increased vessel permeability
B. Reduced vesselfilling
C. Injury of vessels caused by the sting
D. Drop of oncotic pressure in tissue
E. Drop of osmotic pressure in tissue
ANSWER: A
A patient complained about diziness, memory impairment, periodical convulsions. It was revealed that these change
s were caused by a product of decarboxylation of glutamic acid. Name this product:
A. GABA
B. Pyridoxal phosphate
C. TDP
D. ATP
E. THFA
ANSWER: A
When blood circulation in the damaged tissue is restored, then lactate accumulation comes to a stop and glucose con
sumption decelerates. These metabolic changes are caused by activation of the following process:
A. Aerobic glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Lipolysis
D. Gluconeogenesis
E. Glycogen biosynthesis
ANSWER: A
Patients who suffer from severe diabetes and don’t receive insulin have metabolic acidosis. This is caused by increas
ed concentration of the following metabolites:
A. Ketone bodies
B. Fatty acids
C. Unsaturated fatty acids
D. Triacylglycerols
E. Cholesterol
ANSWER: A
A 4 year old child with hereditary renal lesion has signs of rickets, vitamin D concentration in blood is normal. What
is the most probable cause of rickets development?
A. Impaired synthesis of calcitriol
B. Increased excretion of calcium
C. Hyperfunction of parathyroid glands
D. Hypofunction of parathyroid glands
E. Lack of calcium in food
ANSWER: A
Cardinal symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism are osteoporosis and renal lesion along with development of uro
lithiasis. What substance makes up the basis of these calculi in this disease?
A. Calcium phosphate
B. Uric acid
C. Cystine
D. Bilirubin
E. Cholesterol
ANSWER: A
Study of conversion of a food colouring agent revealed that neutralization of this xenobiotic takes place only in one
phase - microsomal oxydation. Name a component of this phase:
A. Cytochrome Р-450
B. Cytochrome B
C. Cytochrome C
D. Cytochrome A
E. Cytochrome oxidase
ANSWER: A
A 46-year-old female patient hasa continuous history of progressive muscular (Duchenne’s) dystrophy. Which blood
enzyme changes will be of diagnostic value in this case?
A. Creatine phosphokinase
B. Lactate dehydrogenase
C. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Glutamate dehydrogenase
E. Adenylate cyclase
ANSWER: A
A 10-year-old girl has a history of repeated acute respiratory viral infection. After recovering she presents with multi
ple petechial hemorrhages on the sites of friction from clothing rubbing the skin. What kind of hypovitaminosis has t
his girl?
A. C
B. B6
C. B1
D. A
E. B2
ANSWER: A
The minute blood volume in a patient with transplanted heart has increased as a result of physical activity. What reg
ulative mechanism is responsible for these changes?
A. Catecholamines
B. Sympathetic unconditioned reflexes
C. Parasympathetic unconditioned reflexes
D. Sympathetic conditioned reflexes
E. Parasympathetic conditioned reflexes
ANSWER: A
A patient has pellagra. Interrogation revealed that he had lived mostly on maize for a long time and eaten little meat.
This disease had been caused by the deficit of the following substance in the maize:
A. Tryptophan
B. Tyrosine
C. Proline
D. Alanine
E. Histidine
ANSWER: A
?For the treatment of icterus, barbiturates that induce the synthesis of UDP-glucuronyltransferase are prescribed. Th
e curavite effect of barbiturates is conditioned by the formation of:
A. Direct (conjugation) bilirubin
B. Indirect (conjugation) bilirubin
C. Biliverdin
D. Protoporphyrin
E. Heme
ANSWER: A
The inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes were recommended for a patient. For what purpose necessary to apply such pr
eparations:
A. To avoid autolysis of pancreas.
B. To promote autolysis of pancreas.
C. To promote a hepatotoxity.
D. To reduce a hepatotoxity.
E. Stomach demage
ANSWER: A
At a heart attack in blood of a patient were found out increase of enzymes activity. Choose these enzymes:
A. Creatin kinase, AsAT
B. Mono amino oxidase
C. Cytochrome oxidase, AlAT
D. Carbonic anhydrase
E. Lactate dehydrogenase
ANSWER: A
Blood test for a patient is discovered: the concentration of albumin makes 20 g/l, increasing activity of lactat dehydr
ogenase (LDG5) The disease of what organ is correspond to this index?
A. Liver
B. Kidney
C. Heart
D. Pancreas
E. Lung
ANSWER: A
Vomiting, diarrhea after consuming milk, enlargement of the liver, jaundice, cirrhosis, cataracts, retardation of the
mental development, elevated blood-galactose level, absence of the galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase in red b
lood cells are the symptoms of:
A. Lactose intolerance;
B. Hypolactasia;
C. Galactosemia;
D. All of the above.
E. Diabetes mellitus
ANSWER: C
A patient with complains on constant thirst visited a doctor. Hyperglycemia, polyuria and increased amount of 17-ke
tosteroid in the blood were found. What disease is the most possible?
A. Insulin-dependent diabetes
B. Steroid diabetes
C. Myxedema
D. I type glycogenolysis
E. Addison's disease
ANSWER: B
In the blood of a patient is decreased amount of phospholipids, increased concentration of cholesterol, observed the s
ymptoms of prostaglandin lack. What can cause such events?
A. limited usage of carbohydrates
B. limited usage of polyunsaturated fatty acids
C. D hypovitaminosis
D. excess of lipids in food
E. excess of carbohydrates in food
ANSWER: B
After having fatty food the patient had nausea and steatorrhea. The cause of this condition can be:
A. amylase insufficiency
B. increase of lipase excretion
C. trypsin synthesis malfunction
D. lack of bile acids
E. increased acidity of gastric juice
ANSWER: D
For the patient was prescribed bile preparation for improvement of fatty food digestion. Which components of the pr
eparation participate in fat emulsification?
A. bile acid salt
B. fatty acids
C. cholesterol and it's esters
D. bilirubin monoglucuronides
E. diglycerides
ANSWER: A
Old-time physicians often diagnosed illness on the basis of the odor of patients. Untreated diabetics sometimes have
breath with a "fruity" odor due to the presence of a volatile ketone body. Which one?
A. beta-Hydroxybutyric acid
B. Pyruvic acid
C. Stearic acid
D. Acetoacetic acid
E. Acetone
ANSWER: E
The observation of a patient showed high amount of cholesterol in beta-lipoprotein fraction. This can result in:
A. Ischemic heart disease
B. Hypovitaminosis
C. Ketonemia
D. Steatorrhea
E. Fatty liver degeneration
ANSWER: A
The observation of a patient showed symptoms of B5 hypovitaminosis. It causes all below mentioned disorders of li
pids metabolism except:
A. Cholesterol and fatty acids synthesis
B. Ketone bodies oxidation
C. Transportat of fatty acids to mitochondria
D. Glycerol oxidation
E. Fatty acids oxidation
ANSWER: C
The patient suffers from hypertension, atherosclerotic vessels affection. What lipid usage he needs to decrease in the
diet :
A. Cholesterol
B. Oleic acid
C. Lecithin
D. Mono oleate glyceride
E. Phosphatidyl serine
ANSWER: A
Patient has ketonemia and ketonuria, amount of glucose in blood 9,5 mM/l, cholesterol - 4,5 mM/l. What disease co
uld cause this state?
A. Dabetes mellitus
B. Crbohydrates deficit in nutrition
C. Aherosclerosis
D. Ecessive usage of fats
E. Liver disease
ANSWER: A
Patient with enterocolitis has affected protein digestion. What mechanism of amino acids absorption is affected?
A. Pinocytosis
B. Primary active transport
C. Simple diffusion
D. Secondary sodium-dependent transport
E. Phagocytosis
ANSWER: D
Patient has positive nitric balance. The reason of this can be:
A. Starvation
B. Tuberculosis
C. Pregnancy
D. Malignant neoplasms
E. AIDS
ANSWER: C
By decarboxylation of histidine in an organism of 9 year old child in the state of allergic shock is (are) formed:
A. Tyramine
B. Histamine
C. Putrescine
D. Cadaverine
E. Serotonine
ANSWER: B
Into the hospital was carried 7 year old child in the state of allergic shock, which evolved after wasp's bite. In the blo
od increased concentration of histamine. This amine is formed as a result of such reaction as:
A. Dehydration
B. Deamination
C. Reduction
D. Decarboxylation
E. Hydrooxidation
ANSWER: D
Into the hospital was carried 37 year old man with symptoms of achylia gastrica. Achylia gastrica is said to be when
absence of
A. Pepsin only
B. Both - pepsin and HCl
C. HCl only
D. Bile
E. Lipase only
ANSWER: B
The total acidity in gastric juice of a 40 year old patient is high. Which of the listed numbers is true in this case?
A. 30-40 mM/l
B. 60-80 mM/l
C. 20-30 mM/l
D. 30-50 mM/l
E. 20-40 mM/l
ANSWER: B
A patient has such sympthoms as hyperglycaemia, glucosuria, increased urine density, thirst, acidosis. What from be
low mentioned disorders can result in such state?
A. Insufficiency of insulin
B. Hyperproduction of insulin
C. Insufficiency of vasopressin
D. Hyperproduction of glucocorticoids
E. Insufficiency of glucagon
ANSWER: A
A patient has such sympthoms as polyuria, decreased urine density, thirst. What from below mentioned disorders ca
n result in such state?
A. Insufficiency of insulin
B. Hyperproduction of insulin
C. Insufficiency of vasopressin
D. Hyperproduction of glucocorticoids
E. Insufficiency of glucagon
ANSWER: C
The patient with diabetes mellitus has hypoglycemic coma. The reasons for this can be:
A. overdosage of insulin
B. starvation
C. dehydration of the organism
D. pancreatic islet adenoma
E. Addison's disease
ANSWER: A
At a biochemical inspection of a patient were found a hyperglycemia, glucosuria, high urine’s density, in blood foun
d - enhanceable amount of glucocorticoids. At the same time in blood and urine found excess of 17 – ketosteroids.
What type of diabetes developed:
A. Steroid diabetes
B. Diabetes Mellitus, the I type
C. Diabetes Mellitus , the II type
D. Kidney diabetes
E. Hepatic diabetes
ANSWER: A
In the urine of a patient with liver disease is absent urobilinogen. It is connected with the affection of:
A. stercobilin formation
B. direct bilirubin formation
C. kidneys function
D. transformation of bilirubin in the intestine
E. bile passage to the intestine
ANSWER: B
For 18 years old patient with acute toxic hepatitis in the blood serum will be enhanceable level of:
A. Alaninaminotransferase
B. Creatin kinase
C. Asidic phosphatase
D. D-amylase
E. Lactate dehydrogenase-1 (LDH1)
ANSWER: A
The observation of a patient showed high amount of cholesterol in beta-lipoprotein fraction. This can result in:
A. Hypovitaminosis
B. Ketonemia
C. Steatorrhea
D. Fatty liver degeneration
E. Ischemic heart disease
ANSWER: E
After observation of a patient with diabetes mellitus ketonemia and ketonuria were established. Which of the below
-mentioned substances is the precussor of ketone bodies?
A. Oxaloacetate
B. alpha-ketoglutarate
C. Cholesterol
D. Unsaturated fatty acids
E. Acetyl-CoA
ANSWER: E
Women of 45 years after long starvation has hyperketonemia. Where in cells the synthesis of ketone bodies occures?
A. Cytoplasm of hepatocytes
B. Mitochindria of cardiomyocytes
C. Nucleus of cardiomyocytes
D. Cytoplasm of adipocytes
E. Mitochondria of hepatocytes
ANSWER: E
Patient has ketonemia and ketonuria, amount of glucose in blood 3,5 mM/l, cholesterol – 4,5 mM/l. What disease co
uld cause this state?
A. Crbohydrates deficit in nutrition
B. Aherosclerosis
C. Ecessive usage of fats
D. Liver disease
E. Diabetes mellitus
ANSWER: E
Name laboratory tests which might be conducted for the patients to prove suspicion about an acute pancreatitis:
A. Total blood test
B. Activity of LDH
C. Activity of AlAT
D. Activity of amylase in urine and blood
E. A level of sugar in blood
ANSWER: D
In blood of patient were found out the increase of LDH 4,5, AlAT, carbamoyl ornithine transferase activity. In whic
h organ is it possible development of pathological process?
A. In a liver (hepatitis is possible)
B. In a cardiac muscle (the heart attack of myocardium is possible)
C. In skeletal muscles
D. In kidneys
E. In connective tissue
ANSWER: A
For the treatment of viral infections such enzyme preparation is used:
A. Plasmin
B. Collagenase
C. Lysozyme
D. Hyaluronidase
E. DNA-ase, RNA-ase.
ANSWER: E
At a blood test was found that activity of catalase is 5 units. It may be a symptom of:
A. Hypoxia
B. Acidosis
C. Anemia
D. Starvations
E. Diabetes mellitus
ANSWER: C
The defect of what enzyme results in disorders of decomposition of lactose at the inherited disorders of enzymes sy
nthesis in a human organism:
A. Amylase
B. Maltase
C. Sucrase
D. Lactase
E. Peptidase
ANSWER: D
What pathology is developed in the absence of phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase?
A. Phenylketonuria.
B. Alkaptonuria
C. Galactosemia.
D. Hyperglycemia.
E. Achilia
ANSWER: A
For treatment of many diseases cocarboxylase (thiaminpyrophosphate) is used for providing of energy for cells. Ch
oose what metabolic process is activated in this case?
A. oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
B. deamination of glutamate
C. decarboxylation of histidine
D. transamination of aspartate
E. substrate level phosphorylation
ANSWER: A
During wet beriberi (thiamin deficiency), peripheral vessels dilate and heart muscles loose their contractility. Some
people think this is a result of a failure of the TCA cycle. Evidence for this is an increase in the
A. Rate of production of succinate
B. Rate of production of NADH
C. Concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate
D. Production of ATP
E. Production of FADH2
ANSWER: C
A patient was diagnosed with beri-beri disease (thiamin deficiency). Activity of which enzyme is inhibited in an org
anism of the patient?
A. Fumarase
B. Citrate synthase
C. Malate dehydrogenase
D. Succinate dehydrogenase
E. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
ANSWER: E
The accumulation of pyruvate in blood, decrease of activity of transketolase of red blood cells takes place in organis
m of a 46 years old chronic alcoholic. Insufficiency of coenzyme form of which vitamin causes such changes?
A. Thiamine diphosphate
B. Carboxybiotin
C. Metylcobalamin
D. Phosphopyridoxal
E. Tetrahydrofolate
ANSWER: A
Biochemical blood analysis of a 32 year old patient, who starved for 3 days, showed that the glucose level in blood i
s normal. What process provides the normal glucose level in the blood after 3-4 days of starvation?
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycolysis
C. Pentose-phosphate pathway
D. Krebs cycle
E. Glycogen synthesis
ANSWER: A
8 month old child has vomiting and diarrhea after having fruit juice. There is an increased level of fructose in the blo
od. This is connected with the lack of the enzyme:
A. Fructokinase
B. Ketose-1-phosphate aldolase
C. Isomerase
D. Triosephosphate isomerase
E. Phosphorylase
ANSWER: A
A patient is found to be deficient in the enzymes galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. Specifically due to this d
eficiency what might a doctor recommend ?
A. avoid all strenuous exercise
B. eat a fat-free diet
C. increase intake of vitamin C
D. avoid ingestion of milk and milk products
E. eat a fat-rich diet.
ANSWER: D
The patient complains for undue fatiguability after working day, constant thirst. A doctor suspected diabetes mellitus
. Choose blood glucose concentration, which proves the diagnosis:
A. 8,5 mmol/l
B. 2 mmol/l
C. 4,5 mmol/l
D. 5 mmol/l
E. 3,3 mmol/l
ANSWER: A
An infant was delivered to the hospital with the following symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea, growth and development
malfunction, cataract, mental retardation. A galactosemia was diagnosed. The deficit of which enzyme occurs?
A. Hexose-6-phosphatase
B. Galactose-1-phosphate uridiltransferase
C. Uridine diphosphate-glucose-4-epimerase
D. Uridine diphosphate-glucose-pyrophosphorylase
E. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
ANSWER: B
Which of the statements regarding enzymes is false?
A. Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts
B. Enzymes are specific
C. Enzymes provide activation energy for reactions
D. Enzyme activity can be regulated
E. Enzymes may be used many times for a specific reaction
ANSWER: C
In the human organism single-electron reduction of molecular oxygen superoxide, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen p
eroxide, which have high reactionalability. A hydrogen peroxide can be inactivated in an organism by:
A. Ceruloplasmin
B. Catalase
C. Glutathione reductase
D. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
E. Superoxide dismutase
ANSWER: B
A patient has a general tooth pain, bleeding of gums, depolamerisation of proteoglycans and destruction of odontobl
asts and ostepblasts, loosen of teeth. Reason of such state is hypovitaminoses of:
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin E
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin B6
E. Vitamin D
ANSWER: C
To the cosmetologist a patient appealed with a request to deprive him tattoo on a shoulder. What matter which is con
tained in connective tissue does limit distribution of paint and does possible such type of “painting”?
A. Elastin
B. Heparin
C. Fibrinogen
D. Hyaluronic acid
E. Gamma-globulin
ANSWER: A
A patient have the frequent bleeding from internalss, mucus shells. Analysis found out insufficiency of hydroxyproli
ne and hydroxilisine in composition of collagen tissue. Deficiency of what vitamin broken the processes of hydroxyl
ating of adopted amino acids in the organism of patient?
A. Vitaminu H
B. Vitaminu C
C. Vitaminu PP
D. Vitaminu A
E. Vitaminu K
ANSWER: B
For patients with collagenose takes a place the process destruction of connective tissue. It is confirmed an increase i
n blood:
A. Activity of isoenzymes of LDG
B. Activity of transaminase
C. Contents of urates
D. Contents of creatin and creatinine
E. Contents of hydroxyproline and oxylisine
ANSWER: E
In blood of patient found out the increase activity of LDG4, LDG5,creatinkinase. In which organ of patient the most
reliable development of pathological process?
A. Kidney
B. Skeletal muscles
C. Heart
D. Pancreas
E. Lungs
ANSWER: C
For sportsmen after the physical loading the process of gluconeogenesis is activated after some time. Specify, what s
ubstrate is used in this process:
A. Lactat
B. Valine
C. Leucine
D. Isoleucine
E. Phenylalanine
ANSWER: A
In a hospital put got patient which have previous diagnosis – progressive muscular dystrophy. The presence of what
substance in urine can confirm this diagnosis?
A. Creatin
B. Creatine phosphate
C. Creatinine
D. Protein
E. Hydroxyproline
ANSWER: A
For a patient which suffers on chronic kidney insufficiency, developed osteoporosis. Violation of what process is pr
incipal reason development of osteoporosis?
A. Hydroxylating of proline
B. Hydroxylating of lysine
C. Carboxylation of glutamate
D. Formation of 1,25(ОН)2 D3
E. Hydroxylating of cortisol
ANSWER: D
A doctor with the purpose of conformation diagnosis sent a patient with the early stage of muscular dystrophy in a bi
ochemical laboratory for the leadthrough of blood test. Growth activity of what enzyme can be observed in this patie
nt?
A. Creatinkinase
B. Alaninaminotransferase
C. Colagenase
D. Gialuronidase
E. Glutaminases
ANSWER: A
It is known that possibilities of sportsman run on short or long distances determines by correlation of red and white
muscular fibres, to what is related different speed breaking up of ATP. Which component of muscles does carry out
this process?
A. Troponin
B. Miosin
C. Creatin
D. Aktin
E. Carnosine
ANSWER: B
To the patient with the torn tendon muscle of foot a doctor in a holiatry appointed ascorbic acid which will be instru
mental in formation of mature collagen by hydroxylating of some amino acids. Which amino acids do test such chan
ges?
A. Proline, lysine
B. Phenilalanine, glycine
C. Valine, leucine
D. Tryptophane, treonine
E. Histidin, arginine
ANSWER: A
Patient has progressive myodystrophy. Name the figure of urine nitrogen metabolism, characteristic for this state.
A. Creatine
B. Ammonium salts
C. Creatinine
D. Uric acid
E. Urea
ANSWER: C
Patient has muscle atony. Name the muscle tissue enzyme, which activity can be decreased by this state:
A. A-glutamine transferase
B. Amylase
C. Transketolase
D. Creatine phosphokinase
E. Catalase
ANSWER: D
To the traumatology was delivered a patient with muscle tissue crush. What figure of blood plasma will be increased
?
A. Creatinine
B. Glucose
C. Mineral salts
D. Uric acid
E. Urea
ANSWER: A
Patient complains for pain in joints. By sight can be seen edemas and reddening in the joints area. What enzyme acti
vity to be investigated to draw out a diagnosis?
A. Hyaluronidase
B. Creatine kinase
C. Alkaline phosphatase
D. Acidic phosphatase
E. Urease
ANSWER: B
A woman of 30 years has disease for about a year, when she first felt pain in the joints region, intumescence, skin re
ddening. Probable diagnosis is pseudorheumatism. One of the possible reasons of this disease is the change in the str
ucture of connective tissue protein:
A. Mucin
B. Ovoalbumin
C. Troponin
D. Colagene
E. Myosin
ANSWER: D
At a sprint the untrained people have a muscle pain as a result of piling up of lactat. With strengthening of what bioc
hemical process can it be constrained in organism?
A. Glycogenolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Pentosophosphate cycle
D. Lipogeneses
E. Glycogeneses
ANSWER: A
For the increase of results to sportsman recommended to accept preparation which contains carnitin. Which process i
n a most measure activated by carnitin?
A. Synthesis of steroids hormones
B. Synthesis of ketone bodies
C. Synthesis of lipids
D. Tissue respiration
E. Transport of fatty acids in mithohondria
ANSWER: E
For dissolving of scars, hematomas and the easier transport of medications in tissues such enzyme is used:
A. Trypsin
B. Ribonuclease
C. Hyaluronidase
D. Plasmin
E. Pepsin
ANSWER: C
A newborn suffers from convulsions. It is discovered that a reason of disease is a defect of pyridine dependent enzy
me which forms GABA in a brain. Name this enzyme.
A. Glutamate decarboxylase
B. Amino transferase
C. Cistathion synthase
D. Kinurinase
E. Ribonuclease
ANSWER: A
Which cofactor has the following properties: a) forms Schiff base, b) its precursor is absorb dietarily as Vitamin B6,
c) is required in a number of reactions in aminoacid metabolism.
A. Thiamin pyrophosphate
B. Biotin
C. Lipoamide
D. Pyridoxal phosphate
E. Nicotinamid
ANSWER: D
The conversion of glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate is the first step in
A. Glycolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Glycogenolysis
D. Glycogenesis
E. Pentose-phosphate shunt
ANSWER: C
The enzyme found only in the liver that removes phosphate groups and can, thus, release free glucose for distributio
n around the body by the blood is
A. Glycogen synthetase
B. Glucose-6-phosphatase
C. Glycogen phosphorylase
D. Glucose isomerase
E. Catalase
ANSWER: C
In the alcoholic fermentation of glucose by yeast, thiamine pyrophosphate is a coenzyme required by:
A. Aldolase.
B. Hexokinase.
C. Lactate dehydrogenase.
D. Pyruvate decarboxylase.
E. Transaldolase.
ANSWER: D
Which of the following compounds cannot serve as the starting material for the synthesis of glucose via gluconeoge
nesis?
A. Acetate
B. Glycerol
C. Lactate
D. Oxaloacetate
E. alfa-ketoglutarate
ANSWER: A
The Pasteur Effect is:
A. The accelerating of glycolysis in the presence of oxygen;
B. The slowing of glycolysis in the presence of oxygen;
C. The slowing of glycolysis in the absence of oxygen;
D. The accelerating of glycolysis in the presence of 2,6-bisphosphate.
E. The accelerating of glycolysis.
ANSWER: B
The main precursors for the glucose synthesis in gluconeogenesis are:
A. Lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and cholesterol;
B. Lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and amino acids;
C. Lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and glycogen;
D. Cholesterol, fatty acids, glycerol and amino acids.
E. The accelerating of glycolysis
ANSWER: B
Which of the following is not regulated in glycolysis?
A. Pyruvate kinase
B. Phosphoglycerate kinase
C. Hexokinase
D. PFK-1
E. ATP
ANSWER: B
Maple syrup urine diseases is an inborn error of metabolism of
A. Sulphur-containing amino acids
B. Aromatic amino acids
C. Branched chain amino acids
D. Dicarboxylic amino acids
E. Carboxilic amino acids
ANSWER: C
Kwashiorkor occurs when the diet is severely deficient in
A. Iron
B. Calories
C. Proteins
D. Essential fatty acids
E. Ca++
ANSWER: C
A dietary deficiency of tryptophan and nicotinate leads to
A. Beri Beri
B. Xerophthalmia
C. Anemia
D. Pellegra
E. Rickets
ANSWER: D
A 54 years-old man at the short starvation after the consumption of carbohydrate meal, hexosis in a liver transform i
nto glucose-6-phosphate, which can feel farther transformations, except:
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Pentosophosphate cycle
C. Synthesis of glycogen
D. Glycolysis
E. Synthesis of fatty acids
ANSWER: A
At complete starvation during 12-24 ours maintenance of glucose level in blood of healthy man in norm is supported
within the limits mainly to:
A. Gluconeogenesis from amino acids
B. Gluconeogenesis from lactat
C. Breaking up of glycogen in muscles
D. Breaking up of glycogen in a liver
E. Transformation of proteins on glucose
ANSWER: D
A 26 years-old women on 2-7 days of complete starvation maintenance of glucose in blood of healthy man is suppor
ted within the limits of norm to due to:
A. Gluconeogenesis from lactat and pyruvat
B. Breaking up to glucose of glycogen of liver
C. Gluconeogenesis from amino acids and glycerin
D. Breaking up to glucose of glycogen of muscles
E. Converting into glucose of fatty acids
ANSWER: C
For a patient with surplus formation of ketone bodies in liver, which shows hyperketonemia, ketonuria and smell of
acetone is named - ketosis. He is in such cases, except:
A. Starvation
B. Diabetes Mellitus
C. Diabetes insipidus
D. Surplus use of alcohol
E. In pregnant woman at protracted vomiting
ANSWER: C
A 26 years-old women complain the lowering concentration of urea in blood on such conditions, except:
A. Defeat of liver by a pathological process
B. Insufficiency one of enzymes which form urea
C. Acidosis
D. Protein starvation
E. Surplus using of proteins
ANSWER: E
After blood transfusion in a patient a skin and mucus shells yellow colour, increase the level of direct and nondirect
bilirubin in blood, maintenance of urobiline in urine increase, in feces – appear level of stercobilin. Which type of ja
undice does it testify?
A. Inherited jaundice
B. Hemolitic jaundice
C. Obstructive jaundice
D. Hepatic jaundice
E. Jaundice of new-born
ANSWER: B
In a patient increased rotting of proteins in an intestine. How are the toxic products of this process harmless?
A. Hydrolysis
B. Isomerisation
C. Solvatacion
D. Partial proteolisis
E. Conugation with sulphuric and glucuronic acids
ANSWER: E
For a child which borned 2 days ago, observe the yellowing colour of skin and mucus shells. Reason of such state ca
n be a lack of enzyme:
A. UDP-glyucuroniltransferase
B. Sulphontransferase
C. Hemshyntetase
D. Hemoxigenase
E. Biliverdinreductase
ANSWER: A
At the inspection of blood of patient found out the considerable increase level isoenzyme LDG5 and activity of AlA
T. Do supposition about possible disease:
A. Heart attack of myocardium
B. Hepatitis
C. Rheumatism
D. Pancreatitis
E. Gout
ANSWER: B
At the inspection of patient found out stagnation of bile and stone in a gall-bladder. Name the basic component of st
ones which appeared in this state:
A. Protein
B. Cholesterol
C. Triglycerides
D. Direct bilirubin
E. Mineral salts
ANSWER: B
A patient appealed to the hospital with complaints about a general weakness, aching stomach-aches, bad appetite, ye
llowing skin. In the blood serum of patient 77,3 mkM/l of general bilirubin and 70,7 mkM/l conjugated. Which most
credible pathology for a patient?
A. Mechanical jaundice
B. Sharp hepatitis
C. Cirrhosis of liver
D. Hemolitic jaundice
E. Hepaticjaundice
ANSWER: A
To the patient with suspicion pathology of liver with diagnostic purpose appoint research of such biochemical index
es, except:
A. Proteins fractions of blood, AlAT/AsAT
B. Alkaline phosphatase, arginase
C. Laktatdegidrogenaze, urea
D. Protrombin, ceruloplasmin
E. Cholesterol, triacylglicerol
ANSWER: E
In the girl of 23 years, exhausted starvation, more reliable in liver increases:
A. Synthesis of triacylglicerol
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Synthesis of cholesterol
D. Formation of uric acid
E. Formation of conjugativebilirubin
ANSWER: B
For youth 18 years with sharp toxic hepatitis in the blood serum will be enhanceable level:
A. Alaninaminotransferase
B. Creatinkinase
C. Alkilane phosphatase
D. D-amilase
E. Laktatdehydrogenase-1 (LDG1)
ANSWER: A
For youth 16 years diagnosed the deficit of UDP-glyucuroniltransferase. Laboratory determined a hyperbilirubinemi
a, predefined mainly an increase in blood concentration of:
A. Direct bilirubin
B. Undirect bilirubin
C. Urobilin
D. Biliverdin
E. Transferrin
ANSWER: B
For a patient 27 years found out the pathological changes of liver and brain. In blood plasma decrease, and in urine
– increases maintenance of copper. Diagnosed - Vilson disease. Activity of what enzyme does need investigate in bl
ood plasma for conformation of diagnosis?
A. Xantinoxidase
B. Carboangidrase
C. Ceruloplasmin
D. Leycinaminopeptidase
E. Alkogoldehydrogenase
ANSWER: C
For a patient increase in the blood plasma conjugated (direct) bilirubin is set at a simultaneous increase unconjugate
d (undirect) and decrease in fecees and urine of stercobilinogen. What type of jaundice does it testify?
A. Obstractive
B. Hepatic
C. Hemolitic
D. Jilbert disease
E. Jaundice is absent
ANSWER: A
Vilson disease found (hepatocerebral dystrophy) in blood lowering maintenance of ceruloplasmin. Violation of whi
ch processes it can cause?
A. Complex formation of amino acids with copper
B. Disintegration of tissue proteins
C. Decarboxilation of amino acids
D. Intensification synthesis of urea
E. Intensification synthesis of uric acid
ANSWER: A
For a patient which use a dicoumarol, found the decreasing level of protrombin from a 0,15 g/l to 0,05g/l, necessity f
or a hemopexis – formation of blood clot. It took a place as a result:
A. Insufficiency of vitamin K
B. Insufficiency of vitamin B2
C. Insufficiency of vitamin C
D. Lowering concentration of calcium in blood
E. Lowering maintenance of globulins
ANSWER: A
Hepatic detoxification of natural metabolites and xenobiotics in the patients liver is broken. Name the cytochrome, t
he activity of which is presumably decreased:
A. Cytochrom c1
B. Cytochrome oxidase
C. Hemoglobin
D. Cytochrom b
E. Cytochrom P450
ANSWER: E
A patient has yellow coloring of the skin, dark urine and yellow –colored feces. The increase concentration of what s
ubstance will be observed in the blood serum?
A. Conjugation bilirubin
B. Non-conjugation bilirubin
C. Mesobilirubin
D. Verdoglobin
E. Biliverdin
ANSWER: B
A 16-year patient is diagnosed with hereditary deficiency of UDP-glucuronyltransferase. Laboratory investigation sh
owed hyperbilirubinemia conditioned mainly by the increase of concentration of….. in the blood.
A. Urobilinogen
B. Direct bilirubin
C. Indirect bilirubin
D. Stercobilinogen
E. Biliverdin
ANSWER: C
A patient with complaints of general weakness, stomachache and bad appetite was admitted to a clinic. A doctor sus
pected icterus. In the blood serum the total bilirubin content is 77>3 mM/l, the direct bilirubin content is 70,76 mM/l
. What type of icterus is the most credible in this case?
A. Mechanical icterus
B. Acute hepatitis
C. Liver cirrhosis
D. Hepatic icterus
E. Hemolitic icterus
ANSWER: A
Yellowish skin and mucous membranes of a patient are observed after blood transfusion. There also increased levels
of total and indirect bilirubin in the blood, urobilin in the urine and stercobilin in the feces. What type of icterus is o
bserved in this case?
A. Icterus of newborn
B. Inherited icterus
C. Posthepatic icterus
D. Hepatic icterus
E. Hemolytic icterus
ANSWER: E
A woman with chronic hepatitis complains of sensitivily to barbiturates which she tolerated before without of the liv
er is damaged?
A. Excretory
B. Disintoxification
C. Hemodinamic
D. Hemopoetic
E. Cytophagus
ANSWER: B
A 35-year-old developed immune hemolytic anemia. The level of what substance increase in the serum of blood to t
he utmost?
A. Mesobilinogen
B. Direct bilirubin
C. Stercobilinogen
D. Indirect bilirubin
E. Protoporphyrin
ANSWER: D
Nitrogen is essential for living organisms to make:
A. Lipids.
B. Proteins.
C. Carbohydrates.
D. Sulfates.
E. Benzene rings.
ANSWER: B
Which of the following would most likely act as an inhibitor of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle?
A. A high concentration of ATP
B. A high concentration of AMP
C. A low concentration of FAD
D. A high concentration of NAD
E. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
ANSWER: A
What is/are true regarding the urea cycle?
A. It plays an important role in nitrogen metabolism
B. It has a role in both the catabolism and anabolism of amino acids
C. It is linked to the citric acid cycle
D. Produce energy
E. It is linked to the gluconeogenesis
ANSWER: C
Exopeptidases are:
A. Pepsin, trypsin
B. Elastase, colagenase
C. Carboxypeptidases, aminopeptidases
D. Chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases
E. Aminopeptidases, elastase
ANSWER: C
To endopeptidases belong all below-mentioned ferments, but:
A. Pepsin
B. Elastase
C. Carboxypeptidase
D. Chemotrypsin
E. Trypsin
ANSWER: C
Negative nitrogenous balance is observed in all listed cases, but:
A. Kidney disease
B. Domination of animal proteins in food
C. Domination of vegetable proteins in food
D. In old years
E. By pancreatitis
ANSWER: D
Name the matter in the urine, which is a test of intensivity of protein putrefaction processes in the intestine:
A. Urates
B. Urea
C. Creatinine
D. Indican
E. Lactic acid
ANSWER: D
Patient has positive nitric balance. The reason of this can be:
A. Starvation
B. Tuberculosis
C. Pregnancy
D. Malignant neoplasms
E. AIDS
ANSWER: C
What is the main transportation form of ammonia from the majority of peripheral tissues to the liver?
A. Urea
B. Aminosuccinamic
C. Citrulline
D. Ornithine
E. Glutamine
ANSWER: E
What major way of ammonia deactivation, which formed in the organism as a result of deamination reactions?
A. Glutamine synthesis
B. Ammonium salts synthesis
C. Urea synthesis
D. Uric acid synthesis
E. Aminosuccinamic synthesis
ANSWER: C
Patient has the diagnosis “malignant carcinoid”, amount of serotonine in blood increased greatly. Name amino acid,
able to form the given biogenic amine:
A. Alanine
B. 5-oxytryptophane
C. Leucine
D. Threonine
E. Methionine
ANSWER: B
Into the hospital was carried 7 years old child in the state of allergic shock, which evolved after wasp's bite. In the bl
ood increased concentration of histamine. This amine is formed as a result of reaction of:
A. Dehydration
B. Deamination
C. Reduction
D. Decarboxylation
E. Hydrooxidation
ANSWER: D
The enzyme which the key regulatory step in glycogen biosynthesis is
A. Glycogen synthase
B. Glycogenin
C. Branching enzyme
D. Phosphoglucomutase
E. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
ANSWER: A
The interconversion of which pair of substrates is used as a regulatory point in gluconeogenesis?
A. Lactate and pyruvate
B. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
C. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and fructose 6-phosphate
D. Phosphoenolpyruvate and 2-phosphoglycerate
E. Ammonia and urea
ANSWER: C
The pentose phosphate pathway has two primary products. They are _________.
A. ATP and NADPH
B. Oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA
C. Sorbitol and fructose
D. Ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH
E. Glucose and galactose
ANSWER: D
Protein kinase A, which stimulates glycogen degradation, is activated directly by
A. Glucagon
B. Insulin
C. Epinephrine
D. Cyclic AMP
E. Adrenergic receptors
ANSWER: D
Gluconeogenesis uses the same enzymatic reaction of glycolysis except for
A. Pyruvate kinase
B. 4 irreversible reactions in glycolysis
C. 3 irreversible reactions in glycolysis
D. 2 irreversible reactions in glycolysis
E. 1 irreversible reactions in glycolysis
ANSWER: B
At the subcellular level, where do the reactions of gluconeogenesis occur?
A. Al in the cytosol
B. Al in the mitochondria
C. In the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum
D. In the cytosol and the mitochondra
E. In the plasma membrane
ANSWER: D
Pentoses, which are formed in pentose-phosphate cycle are used for the following processes, except:
A. Glycogen synthesis
B. Coenzyme synthesis
C. Nucleic acid synthesis
D. ATP synthesis
E. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate synthesis
ANSWER: A
A 62 yaears old woman with diabetes mellitus has cataract (lenticular opacity) by. What is the reason?
A. Ketogenesis
B. Lipolysis
C. Protein proteolysis
D. Protein glycosylation
E. Gluconeogenesis
ANSWER: D
A woman of 58 years is hard condition. Consciousness is blear, skin is dry, eyes are sunken, cyanosis, the smell of r
otting apples from the mouth. Blood glucose - 15,1 mmol/l, urine glucose 3,5%. What is the most real reason for suc
h condition?
A. Uremic coma
B. Hypovalemic coma
C. Anaphylactic shock
D. Hyperglycemic coma
E. Hypoglycemic coma
ANSWER: D
I type glycogenosis (hepatorenal glycogenosis) is connected with the deficit of glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver, k
idney and intestines mucous tunic. Which of the mentioned symptoms is not characteristic for this disease?
A. Hyperglycemia
B. Hypoglycemia
C. Hyperazotemia
D. Lipemia
E. Ketonuria
ANSWER: C
The concentration of glucose in the blood of a patient is 4,5 mmol/l, glucose appears in urine. The possible reason fo
r this condition:
A. Thyroid gland hyperfunctioning
B. Acromegaly
C. Glycogenosis
D. Kidney disease
E. Stress
ANSWER: D
8 month old child has vomiting and diarrhea after having fruit juice. There is an increased level of fructose in the blo
od. This is conneceted with the lack of the enzyme:
A. Fructokinase
B. Ketose-1-phosphate aldolase
C. Isomerase
D. Triosephosphate isomerase
E. Phosphorylase
ANSWER: A
Biochemical blood analysis of a 1-year old child showed hypoglycemia. After injection of epinephrine hyperglycem
ia did not appear. During clinical inspection were observed growth inhibition, spasms, increase of liver and kidney.
Lack or excess of which enzyme causes such pathology?
A. Lack of muscle phosphorylase
B. Excess of glucose-6-phosphatase
C. Lack of liver phosphorylase
D. Excess of muscle phosphorylase
E. Lack of glucokinase
ANSWER: B
Select the correct class of enzyme for this reaction. Polypeptide + H2O > Amino acids
A. Oxidoreductase
B. Transferase
C. Hydrolase
D. Lyase
E. Ligase
ANSWER: C
What is the area of an enzyme called where the chemical reactions occur?
A. The Cytoplasm
B. The Active Site
C. The Catalyst
D. The Nucleus
E. A substrate
ANSWER: B
What enzymes are located in the ribosomes?
A. Ligases.
B. Oxido-reductases.
C. Transferases.
D. Isomerases.
E. Hydrolases.
ANSWER: A
The citric acid cycle is the _________________________________________.
A. final common pathway for the catabolism of fuel molecules — carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids;
B. the anabolic pathway in which macromolecules are synthesized from monomers;
C. the biochemical pathway in which glucose is oxidized to acetyl CoA;
D. the biochemical pathway in which glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate components.
E. final common pathway for the catabolism of carbohydrates;
ANSWER: A
NADH ____________ Krebs cycle and ATP _______________ it.
A. activates; activates;
B. activates; inhibits;
C. inhibits; activates;
D. inhibits; inhibits;
E. stoped Krebs cycle.
ANSWER: D
The citric acid cycle oxidizes pyruvate and some of the pathway intermediates are starting materials for many biosyn
thetic pathways. This means the citric acid cycle is a/an ______________.
A. amplifying pathway
B. strictly catabolic pathway
C. anaerobic pathway
D. amphibolic pathway
E. amfifilic pathway
ANSWER: D
In eukaryotes the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are found in the _________.
A. cytosol
B. mitochondria
C. nucleus
D. endoplasmic reticulum
E. ribosoms
ANSWER: B
The step at which acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle is classified as a ___________ reaction.
A. condensation
B. substrate-level phosphorylation
C. decarboxylation
D. dehydrogenation
E. oxidative phosphorylation
ANSWER: A
Which enzyme catalyzes a metabolically irreversible reaction?
A. aconitase
B. isocitrate dehydrogenase
C. fumarase
D. malate dehydrogenase
E. succinate dehydrogenase
ANSWER: B
Which term most precisely describes the general process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?
A. Anabolism
B. Catalysis
C. Catabolism
D. Dehydration
E. Metabolism
ANSWER: C
The flow of material through a reaction pathway usually depends on ________________.
A. Control at several steps in the pathway
B. Control of the first step of the pathway
C. Covalent modification of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction
D. Feed-forward activation
E. Control of the second step of the pathway
ANSWER: A
Compounds like succinate, fumarate and а-ketoglutarate have a catalytic effect on the consumption of oxygen in a c
ell suspension. The rate of oxygen consumption is far more than that required for their own oxidation. This is eviden
ce that ________.
A. they are intermediates in glycolysis
B. they act as enzymes to cause the oxidation of other compounds
C. they are involved in a cyclic pathway
D. they must be cofactors for enzymes that are oxidoreductases
E. they act as proteins
ANSWER: C
In blood and urine of a patient an increase value of pyruvic and ketoglutaric acids takes place. The deficiency of wh
ich coenzyme causes these changes?
A. Pyridoxal phosphate
B. Thiamin pyrophosphate
C. Flavin mononucleotide
D. Biotin
E. Ubiquinon
ANSWER: B
The high toxity of ammonia for the neurons of CNS is predetermined by inhibition of TCA and, as a result, decline
of the tissue respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, ketonemia. The reason is a binding of ammonia to the following
component(s) of cycle:
A. alfa - ketoglutarate
B. Isocitrate
C. Succinate
D. Fumarate
E. Oxaloacetate
ANSWER: A
The transfer of free energy from catabolic pathways to anabolic pathways is best called
A. Feedback regulation
B. Bioenergetics
C. Cooperativity
D. Energy coupling
E. Entropy
ANSWER: D
An electron transferred in a biological system is usually
A. Boosted to a higher light energy state
B. Converted into other chemical compounds
C. Accompanied by a proton
D. Given off as radiant energy
E. Lost to the system as heat
ANSWER: B
In oxidative respiration, energy is harvested from glucose molecules in a sequence of four major pathways. Which o
f the following is not one of these four pathways?
A. Krebs cycle
B. Glycolysis
C. Electron transfer through the transport chain
D. Beta oxidation
E. Pyruvate oxidation
ANSWER: D
Which of the following takes place during oxidative phosphorilation in mitochondria
A. Protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space
B. Protons are translocated from the intermembrane space to the matrix
C. Electrons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space
D. Electrons are pumped from the intermembrane space to the matrix
E. NADP is pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space
ANSWER: B
Which of the following statements are true about oxidative phosphorylation?
A. Electron transport provides energy to pump protons into the intermembrane space.
B. An electrochemical gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
C. Potassium and sodium ions form an ionic gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
D. Cooper and sulfate ions form an ionic gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
E. It needs ATP
ANSWER: B
A woman of 58 years is in hard condition. Consciousness is blear, skin is dry, eyes are sunken, cyanosis, the smell o
f aceton with breathing. Blood glucose - 15,1mmol/l, urine glucose 3,5%. What is the most real reason for such cond
ition?
A. Hypoglycemic coma
B. Uremic coma
C. Hypovolemic coma
D. Anaphylactic shock
E. Hyperglycemic coma
ANSWER: E
In the blood of the patient the amount of glucose on the empty stomach is 5,6 mmol/l, in an hour after sugary loadin
g – 13,8 mmol/l, in two hours – 9,5 mmol/l. Such indexes are specific for:
A. Healthy adult
B. Patient with thyrotoxicosis
C. Patient with hidden form of diabetes mellitus
D. Patient with Cushing syndrome
E. Patient with acromegaly
ANSWER: C
Sucrase hydrolyses sucrose into:
A. glucose and galactose;
B. glucose and glucose;
C. glucose and fructose;
D. glucose and mannose.
E. glucose and maltose.
ANSWER: C
Which metabolites link pentose phosphate pathway with glycolysis?
A. 3-phosphoglyserate, 2-phosphoglycerate;
B. phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate
C. fructose 1,6-biphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate;
D. fructose 6-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate.
E. lactate, pyruvate.
ANSWER: D
Which is a reasonable concentration for glucose in the blood?
A. 0.5 mM
B. 5 mM
C. 50 mM
D. 5 M
E. 3.5 M
ANSWER: B
Converting of glucose into lactic acid consists of eleven reactions. Several of reactions as activators need ions:
A. Zn2+
B. Ca2+
C. ClD. Na+
E. Mg2+
ANSWER: E
What enzyme transformes glucose in a liver into glucose-6-phosphate?
A. Phosphoglucomutase
B. Phosphatase
C. Hexokinase
D. Fructokinase
E. Glucose isomerase
ANSWER: C
A patient has inhibited oxidative pyruvate decarboxylation. How many ATP molecules less will an organism receiv
e at the oxidation of a single glucose molecule?
A. 38 ATP molecules per each glucose molecule
B. 36 ATP molecules per each glucose molecule
C. 2 ATP molecules per each glucose molecule
D. there will be no ATP deficiency because less synthesis is compensated by intensive fat decomposition
E. 12 ATP molecules per each glucose molecule
ANSWER: A
People, who for a long time were in a state of hypodynamia after intensive physical activity have strong pain in mus
cles. What is the most probable reason of this pain?
A. increased concentration of lactic acid in muscles
B. increased decomposition of muscle proteins
C. concentration of creatine in the muscles
D. increased muscle stimulation
E. increase of ADP in the muscles
ANSWER: A
A 46 years old woman appealed to the doctor with complains about pain in an epigastrium after fatty meal. Doctor s
uspected acute pancreatitis. Content of what substances in blood increased at this pathology?
A. Glucose
B. Aspartate amino transferase
C. Alanine amino transferase
D. Amylase
E. Calcium
ANSWER: D
In addition to energy (ATP), what is (are) the final product(s) of aerobic respiration?
A. O2 and CO2
B. CO2 and H2O
C. O2 and H2O
D. CO2 only
E. O2 only
ANSWER: B
The two glycolytic intermediates that directly link glucose metabolism to the metabolism of triglycerides, and thereb
y linking carbohydrate to fat metabolism are
A. Pyruvic acid and phosphoglyceraldehyde
B. Acetyl CoA and pyruvic acid
C. Phosphoglyceraldehyde and acetyl CoA
D. Glucose and pyruvic
E. Gslactose and lactate
ANSWER: C
Transfer of high-energy phosphates and/or electrons between carbohydrate intermediates and other compounds (e.g.
ATP, NADH) occurs in the reactions catalyzed by all of the following enzymes except:
A. Hexokinase
B. Phospho hexose isomerase
C. Phosphofructokinase-1
D. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
E. Phosphoglycerate kinase
ANSWER: B
In humans, gluconeogenesis:
A. Helps to increase blood glucose during starvation.
B. Is used to convert fatty acids into glucose.
C. Is stimulated by the hormone insulin.
D. Requires the enzyme hexokinase.
E. Produces more ATP than it consumes.
ANSWER: A
The 4 rate limiting enzymes of gluconeogenesis are
A. Glucokinase, Pyruvate carboxylaephosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase
B. Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase, fructose1,6diphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphata
se
C. Pyruvate kinase, pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase
D. Phosphofructokinase, pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase and fructose 1, 6 diphosphata
se
E. Pyruvate carboxylaephosphoenol, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase.
ANSWER: B
For glycogenesis, Glucose should be converted to
A. Glucuronic acid
B. Pyruvic acid
C. UDP glucose
D. Sorbitol
E. Galactose
ANSWER: C
Many people who are lactose intolerant can eat yogurt, which is prepared from milk curdled by bacteria, with no pro
blems. Why is this possible?
A. It is not possible (the statement in the question is not true); if one is lactose intolerant, it is a genetic defect and c
annot be altered
B. The bacteria convert all the lactose (milk sugar) to glucose
C. The bacteria convert all the lactose (milk sugar) to fructose
D. The bacteria convert all the lactose (milk sugar) to galactose
E. The bacteria convert the disaccharide lactose into its component monosaccharides, glucose and galactose; these r
esulting monosaccharides can be tolerated
ANSWER: E
The enzymes of glycolysis are located in the:
A. Mitochondrion
B. Nucleus
C. Cytoplasm
D. Lysosomes
E. Interstitial fluid
ANSWER: C
Glycerol is converted to ___________ when it is used for gluconeogenesis.
A. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
B. Phosphoenolpyruvate
C. Oxaloacetate
D. 3-phosphoglycerate
E. Oxalosuccinate
ANSWER: D
Which substance causes muscles to ache during strenuous exercise?
A. Pyruvic acid
B. Lactose dehydrogenase
C. Lactate ion
D. Lactic acid
E. Lactase
ANSWER: D
The patient L., 46 years, complains on the dry mouth, thirst, often urination, general weakness. Biochemical blood i
nvestigation showed hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia. In the urine: glucose, ketone bodies. Possible diagnosis is:
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Aimentary hyperglycemia
C. Acute pancreatitis
D. Diabetes insipidus
E. Ischemic heart disease
ANSWER: A
The patient with diabetes mellitus has hypoglycemic coma. The reasons for this can be:
A. Overdosage of insulin
B. Starvation
C. Dehydration of the organism
D. Hyperproduction of epinephrine
E. Addison's disease
ANSWER: A
The metabolic function of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
A. Act as a source of ADP biosynthesis.
B. Generate NADPH and pentoses for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and nucleic acids.
C. Participate in oxidation-reduction reactions during the formation of H2O.
D. Provide intermediates for the citric acid cycle.
E. Synthesize phosphorus pentoxide.
ANSWER: B
In a eukaryotic cell, the enzymes of glycolysis are located in the:
A. Plasma membrane.
B. Inner mitochondrial membrane.
C. Cytosol.
D. Mitochondrial matrix.
E. Intermembrane space.
ANSWER: C
A man after 1,5litres blood loss has suddenly reduced diuresis. The increased secretion of what hormone caused suc
h diuresis alteration?
A. Corticotropin
B. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
C. Parathormone
D. Cortisol
E. Vasopressin
ANSWER: E
A patient has such sympthoms as polyuria, decreased urine density, thirst. What from below mentioned disorders ca
n result in such state?
A. Insufficiency of insulin
B. Hyperproduction of insulin
C. Insufficiency of vasopressin
D. Hyperproduction of glucocorticoids
E. Insufficiency of glucagon
ANSWER: C
A patient, which visited a doctor, has increased level of glucose in blood and urine. Diabetes mellitus is suspected.
What changes in lipid metabolism causes this disease?
A. hyperketonemia
B. hypercholesterolemia
C. hypoketonemia, ketonuria
D. hyperphospholipidemia, hyperketonemia
E. hypophospholipidemia ,hypoketonemia
ANSWER: C
What is the polysome?
A. Conglomerate containing few ribosomes
B. A few mRNA, that combined with one ribosome
C. Many ribosomes that accommodate on one matrix RNA
D. A few tRNA transporting one amino acid to ribosome
E. A few amino acids which are transported by one tRNA to ribosome
ANSWER: C
Which of the following features is common to both DNA replication and transcription?
A. Nucleotides are added to the 5' end of the newly synthesized strand
B. A sugar-phosphate bond is formed between the 3' hydroxyl and the 5' phosphate
C. Deoxyribonucleotides are incorporated into the growing sequence
D. Both RNA and DNA polymerase require oligonucleotide priming
E. Both RNA and DNA polymerase initiate at promoter sequences
ANSWER: B
With few exceptions, all nucleic of eukaryotes contain
A. Genes to specify the portion of the organism in which they are found
B. All the information needed for growing the whole organism
C. All of the chromosomes except sex chromosomes which are restricted to sex organs
D. Single stranded DNA
E. Only euchromatin except in the case of the Y-chromosome
ANSWER: D
A patient, which visited a doctor, has increased level of glucose in blood and urine. Diabetes mellitus is suspected.
What changes in lipid metabolism causes this disease?
A. hyperketonemia
B. hypercholesterolemia
C. hypoketonemia, ketonuria
D. hyperphospholipidemia, hyperketonemia
E. hypophospholipidemia ,hypoketonemia
ANSWER: C
Choose from the below mentioned effects of insulin:
A. Represses oxidization of glucose in glycolysis, represses a PPP, activates glycogen synthase (synthesis of glyco
gen)
B. Activates oxidization of glucose in glycolysis, represses a PPP, represses glycogen synthase (synthesis of glycog
en)
C. Represses oxidization of glucose in glycolysis, activates a PPP, represses glycogen synthase (synthesis of glyco
gen)
D. Activates oxidization of glucose in glycolysis, activates a PPP, activates glycogen synthase (synthesis of glycog
en)
E. Represses oxidization of glucose in glycolysis, inhibites PPP, represses glycogen synthase (synthesis of glycoge
n)
ANSWER: D
During stress there takes place a rapid output of glucose into blood with the purpose of providing of organism energ
y. It takes a place due to:
A. Increased secrection epinephrine which splits a glycogen in a liver and muscles
B. Increased secrection of thyroxine, which promotes absorption of glucose in an intestine
C. Increased secrection of glucocorticoids which activate formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate components
D. Increased secrection of epinephrine which activates a gluconeogenesis
E. To the increased secrection of epinephrine which promotes absorption of glucose in an intestine
ANSWER: A
How does insulin influence on a protein metabolism?
A. Promotes permeability of membranes for amino acid, activates the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, repre
sses a gluconeogenesis
B. Reduces permeability of membranes for amino acid, represses the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, repres
ses a gluconeogenesis
C. Reduces permeability of membranes for amino acid, represses the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, activat
es a gluconeogenesis
D. Promotes permeability of membranes for amino acid, represses the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, activ
ates a gluconeogenesis
E. Promotes permeability of membranes for amino acid, activates the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, activa
tes a gluconeogenesis
ANSWER: A
In diabetes mellitus the tissues of organism have heavy deficit of oxidative substratum, as they can not assimilate glu
cose. Gluconeogenesis increases and ketone bodies become the main substratum for oxidation. What is one of the re
asons for ketonuria by diabetes mellitus?
A. lack of HS-CoA
B. lactate excess
C. lack of oxaloacetate
D. glucose formation
E. polyuria
ANSWER: C
In emotional stress threeacylglycerollipase is activated in adipocytes. Concentration of which secondary messenger i
ncreases?
A. cАМP
B. cGМP
C. AMP
D. Diacylglycerol
E. Ca2+
ANSWER: A
Insulin is secreted by the B-cells of the pancreas into the hepatic portal vein. Which of the following regarding insuli
n synthesis is FALSE:
A. The active form of insulin is composed of two polypeptide chains linked by two interchain disulfide bonds
B. The A-Chain has an intrachain disulfide bond
C. Insulin is synthesized as a preprohormone which is converted to proinsulin
D. Stimulation of Alfa-cells by glucose causes exocytosis of the insulin storage vesicles
E. Cleavage of proinsulin to insulin yields a C-peptide
ANSWER: D
Patient is in condition of constant stress, what caused the violation of lipid metabolism. Characteristic for this condit
ion are the following features, but:
A. hyperglycemia
B. hyperketonemia
C. decrease of total lipids in blood
D. organism emaciation
E. fatty liver degeneration
ANSWER: E
The patient complains for undue fatiguability after working day, constant thirst. A doctor suspected diabetes mellitus
. Choose the blood plasma glucose concentration, which proves the diagnosis:
A. 8,5mmol/l
B. 2 mmol/l
C. 4,5mmol/l
D. 5 mmol/l
E. 3,3mmol/l
ANSWER: A
The patient complains of polyuria. The pathological components in urine are not detected. The deficiency of what ho
rmone can result in such state?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Epinephrine
D. Vasopressin
E. Cortisol
ANSWER: D
This hormone narrows vessels and promotes a blood pressure, increases a pulse, relaxes a smooth muscles of bronch
es and intestine. Choose this hormone:
A. Thyroxine
B. Somatotropic hormone
C. Cortisol
D. Testosteron
E. Epinephrine
ANSWER: E
What are effects of the rennin-angiotensin system action?
A. Vasoconstriction, oppression of secretion of aldosteron
B. Vasoconstriction, stimulation of secretion of aldosteron
C. Relaxion of vessels, oppression of secretion of aldosteron
D. Relaxionof vessels, stimulation of secretion of aldosteron
E. Stimulation of reabsorption of sodium and potassium in kidney tubulis
ANSWER: B
What from next hormones has anabolic effects?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Epinephrine
D. Thyroxine in high concentrations
E. Norepinephrine
ANSWER: A
What is the chemical nature of catecholamins?
A. Proteins
B. Peptids
C. Derivatives of amino acid
D. Steroids
E. Derivatives of arachidonic acid
ANSWER: C
When the blood concentration of insulin is increases, less glucagon is produced and there is a(n)
A. Increases in the activity of adenylatecyclase
B. Increase in the activity of c-AMPphosphodiesterase (3’,5’-phosphodiesterase)
C. Increase in binding of cAMP to the inhibitory subunits of protein kinase A
D. Increase in cAMP
E. Increase in protein kinase A activity
ANSWER: B
Which of the following is not true?
A. Glucagon causes the breakdown of glycogen in liver to yield glucose to the blood
B. Insulin inhibits glycogenolysis in the liver
C. Epinephrine causes the glycogen in liver to be degraded to yield glucose to the blood
D. Insulin causes the transport of glucose into muscle cells
E. Epinephrine inhibits glycolysis of glucose in muscle cells
ANSWER: E
How thyroid hormones affect protein metabolism?
A. In normal concentration stimulate the synthesis of proteins, in increased - decomposition.
B. In a small concentration stimulate decomposition of proteins, in increased their synthesis
C. Stimulate the decomposition of proteins and their transformation into carbohydrates
D. In certain organs stimulate the synthesis of proteins, in other - decomposition
E. Repress desamination and transamination of aminoacids
ANSWER: A
Hypofunction of thyroid gland in adults results in:
A. Cretinism
B. Dwarfing
C. Toxic goiter
D. Mixedema
E. Acromegalia
ANSWER: D
Which effects are specific for the thyroid hormones?
A. Stimulate the synthesis of glycogen, stimulate decomposition of proteins, stimulate the synthesis of lipids
B. Stimulate lipogenesis, promotes the formation of ATP in mithochondria, at large concentrations stimulate the sy
nthesis of proteins
C. Activate lipolysis, activate the synthesis of cholesterol, activate a gluconeogenesis
D. Activate decomposition of proteins and stimulate a basic metabolism, repress decomposition of fats, stimulate th
e synthesis of glycogen in muscles and liver
E. Activate breaking up of glycogen and absorbtion of carbohydrates in intestine, activate lipolysis and oxidation o
f fatty acids, in an increased concentration stimulate the decomposition of proteins
ANSWER: E
Which fatty acid is a precursor in the synthesis of such important compounds as prostaglandins, leucotrienes and thr
omboxanes?
A. Arachidonic
B. Linolic
C. Oleic
D. Stearic
E. Palmitooleic
ANSWER: A
Which of the following effects are caused by calcitonin?
A. Hypocalciemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphaturia
B. Hypercalciemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphaturia
C. Hypocalciemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperphosphaturia
D. Hypercalciemia, hypophosphatemia, hypophosphaturia
E. Hypercalciemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypophosphaturia
ANSWER: A
Which of the following hormones is synthesized in the posterior pituitary?
A. Antidiuretic hormone
B. Melatonin
C. Growth hormone
D. None of the above
E. Somatotropichormon
ANSWER: A
For a patient was found the increase of maintenance of urea and creatinine in blood and diminishing in urine. What a
re possible reasons of such state?
A. Main reason of such state it is disorder of detoxification, transport and excretion of ammonia with urine
B. Main reason is a disease of liver
C. Such state appears at the disease of muscles
D. Diseases which result in insufficiency of kidneys
E. Such state appears as a result of disorder of acid-base balance in an organism
ANSWER: D
For diagnostic of acute inflammatory process in kidneys was conducted a specific test - determination of such substa
nce in urine:
A. Content of lactose
B. Activity of creatinkinase
C. Concentrations of creatin
D. Activity of pepsin
E. Activity of alanine amino peptidase
ANSWER: E
For what disease is the most proper urine with low density?
A. Itchenko - Cushing
B. Addison disease
C. Diabetes insipidus
D. Diabetes mellitus
E. Chronic pyelonephritis
ANSWER: C
Laboratory test of a patient’s urine with intestines dysbacteriosis established the increase of indican. It testifies:
A. kidney disease
B. normal neutralization liver function
C. increased fat hydrolysis
D. liver malfunction
E. vitamins F hypovitaminosis
ANSWER: B
Poliuriya of patients with diabetes insipidus appears as a result:
A. Insufficient level of antidiuretic hormone in blood
B. Insufficient level of insulin in blood
C. Disorders of reabsorption of water in canaliculies as a result of high osmotic pressure of urine
D. Excessive intake of liquid
E. Disorders of reabsorption of water in canaliculies as a result of low osmolality of urine
ANSWER: A
Poliuriya of patients with diabetes mellitus appears as a result:
A. Disorders of reabsorption of water in canaliculies as a result of high osmotic pressure of urine
B. Insufficient level of glucagon in blood
C. Excessive intake of liquid
D. Insufficient level of antidiuretic hormone in blood
E. Disorders of reabsorption of water in canaliculies as a result of low osmolality of urine
ANSWER: A
Syndrome of Lesch-Nyhan – hard hyperuricemia is the genetic deficiency of such enzyme:
A. Xantine oxidase
B. Adenosine deaminase
C. Hypoxanthine oxidase
D. Phosphorylase
E. Hypoxanthine – guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
ANSWER: E
The active form of vitamin D (1,25-dihydrocholecalciferol) maintain in an organism a constant level of:
A. Potassium and phosphorus
B. Calcium and phosphorus
C. Iron and calcium
D. Iron and magnesium
E. Magnesium and manganese
ANSWER: B
What is the basic factor in pathogenesis of edema at an acute nephritis?
A. Decline of glomerular filtration
B. Increase of permeability of capillaries
C. Decline of secretion of ADH
D. Decline of sodium excretion
E. Secondary hyperaldosteronism
ANSWER: A
What is the cause of primary enzymo-pathologies?
A. Liver diseases.
B. Genetic disorders.
C. Trauma.
D. Ischemia.
E. Kidney desease
ANSWER: B
What is the main reason of proteinuria?
A. Increase of permeability of filtration barrier of kidney
B. Decline of permeability of filtration barrier of kidney
C. Increase of osmolality of primary urine
D. Increase of osmolality of the secondary urine
E. Decrease of osmolality of primary urine
ANSWER: A
A rheumaric arthritis is more frequent combined with disease?
A. Galdblader illness
B. Gout
C. Rheumatism
D. Urolithiasis
E. Bronchial asthma
ANSWER: C
A tissue with collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and chondrocytes is
A. Adipose.
B. Blood.
C. Bone.
D. Cartilage.
E. Dense connective tissue.
ANSWER: E
At intensive manual labour quickly diminish supplies of carbonhydratess which are stymulator of gluconeogenesis i
n liver. Which from noted amino acids synthesized in muscles from pyruvic acid, enters liver and here utillized for t
he synthesis of glucose?
A. Valine
B. Isoleucine
C. Alanin
D. Leucin
E. Cystein
ANSWER: C
At parodontose there is destruction of proteins and polysaccharides components of connective tissue. Which from th
e resulted proteins does enter in the complement of connective tissue?
A. Albumin
B. Transferrin
C. Collagen
D. Ceruloplazmin
E. Antitrypsin
ANSWER: C
By cadaveric rigidity muscle rigidity appears, caused by the lack of energy in the ATP form. What stage of elementa
ry tractions acts is blocked by cadaveric rigidity?
A. Separation of myosin head from actin
B. Joining of myosin head to actin
C. Joining of calcium to troponin
D. ATP hydrolysis in the actin center of myosin
E. Separation of troponin from actin
ANSWER: B
By myocardial ischemia the amount of ATP and creatine phosphate is rapidly decreased as a result of oxidative phos
phorylation affection. Among the first symptoms of this state there is:
A. Membrane permeability affection
B. Contractible proteins synthesis
C. Myoglobine synthesis
D. Ribosome malfunction
E. Fatty acids F-oxidation malfunction
ANSWER: C
Cardiac muscle is found in the wall of the
A. Stomach
B. Intestine
C. Urinary bladder
D. Heart
E. Bone
ANSWER: D
Collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers in connective tissues are formed by
A. Phospholipids
B. Carbohydrates
C. Adipose tissue
D. Proteins
E. Vitamins
ANSWER: D
Destruction of thin myofilaments is observed during the research of a striated muscle fiber after the action of hydrol
ytic enzymes. Which structures have been damaged?
A. Actin myofilaments
B. Collagen
C. T-systems
D. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
E. Myosin myofilaments
ANSWER: A
Disorder in the secretory activity of odontoblasts took place during mantle dentin formation in a milk tooth. Formati
on of what fibers will be changed?
A. Elastic
B. Reticular
C. Radial collagen fibers
D. Tangential collagen fibers
E. Nerve
ANSWER: C
During a race long-distance the skeletal musculature of the trained man utillizes glucose with the purpose of receipt
of energy ATP for muscular reduction. Specify the basic process utilization of glucose in these conditions:
A. Glicogenesis
B. Anaerobic glicolysis
C. Aerobic glicolysis
D. Gluconeogenesis
E. Glycogenolysis
ANSWER: B
Feeding must contain calcium, which is necessary for traction triggering by connecting it to the:
A. ATP-ase center of myosin
B. Molecules of globular actin
C. One of troponin subunits
D. Tropomyosin
E. Calmodulin
ANSWER: A
In the process of get olding there is diminishing of elasticity of skin, blood vessels, resiliently elastic properties of ca
rtilages are worsened, reparative ability of connecting tissue goes down. Reason of it can be:
A. Decline amount of proteoglycans
B. Maintenance of collogenfibres grows
C. Increase degree hydratation of proteoglycans
D. Diminishing maintenance of hepatin in muscles
E. Increase of amount of elastin
ANSWER: A
Lipids are:
A. Synthesized by beta-oxidation.
B. Broken down by oxidative deamination.
C. All of the above.
D. None of the above
E. Stored primarily as triglycerides.
ANSWER: E
Beta-oxidation results in the formation of:
A. Pyruvate.
B. Carbon monoxide.
C. Oxaloacetate.
D. None of the above
E. Acetyl-CoA.
ANSWER: E
The correct sequence of events that occurs when fatty acids are used to generate ATP is:
A. Beta-oxidation, electron transport chain, deamination.
B. Electron transport chain, beta-oxidation, glycolysis.
C. Glycolysis, beta-oxidation, TCA cycle.
D. Glycolysis, electron transport chain, deamination
E. Beta-oxidation, TCA cycle, electron transport chain.
ANSWER: E
Fatty acid oxidation occurs mostly within mitochondria, but fatty acids can't easily cross the mitochondrial membran
e. How do they pass?
A. Attached to alcohols
B. As amides of glycine
C. Attached to esters of alcohols
D. As bile acids or salts
E. As esters of carnitine
ANSWER: E
85% of blood cholesterol is produced
A. By the breakdown of worn out RBCs in the spleen
B. By the ingestion of too much chocolate in the diet.
C. From the breakdown of fatty acids in the digestive system.
D. None of the above
E. In the liver.
ANSWER: E
Most products of fat digestion are transported in the lymph as
A. Glycerol.
B. Fatty acids.
C. Cholesterol.
D. HDL
E. Chylomicrons
ANSWER: E
A low density lipoproteins would contain
A. A high protein content.
B. A high cholesterol content
C. A low lipid content.
D. A high lipid content.
E. A high triacylglycerol content.
ANSWER: B
A lipoprotein associated with high risk of coronary atherosclerosis is
A. VLDL
B. IDL
C. HDL
D. None of the above
E. LDL
ANSWER: E
Temperature optimum of enzymes - is:
A. Temperature at which speed of enzymatic reaction is maximal
B. Temperature which causes denaturation of enzymes
C. A velosity of reaction at the temperature 48-560С
D. The best conditions for bringing together of enzyme and substrate
E. Temperature at which metabolic processes are inhibited
ANSWER: A
Active holoenzymes are formed from ____________ in the presence of _________.
A. Cofactors; proteins
B. Proteins; cofactors
C. Apoenzymes; cofactors
D. Apoenzymes; proteins
E. Apoenzymes; inactive holoenzymes
ANSWER: C
During electrophoresis of LDH in blood serum was found out predominance of LDH1 and LDH2 content. Pathology
of what organ does it testify?
A. Lungs
B. Heart
C. Liver
D. Muscles
E. Spleen
ANSWER: B
What from the below mentioned enzymes is a polyenzyme complex?
A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
B. Transketolase
C. Succinate dehydrogenase
D. Aldolase
E. Glucose-6-phosphatase
ANSWER: A
During a gastric secretion proteolytic enzymes are secreted as proenzymes. What enzyme is activated by hydrochlori
c acid:
A. Pepsinogen
B. Trypsinogen
C. Amylase
D. Lipase
E. Chymotrypsinogen
ANSWER: A
According to the international classification there are six classes of enzymes in such order:
A. Oxidoreductases, hydrolyses, ligases, lyases, transferases, isomerases.
B. Transferases, hydrolyses, oxidoreductase, isomerases, lyases, ligases.
C. Hydrolyses, oxidoreductase, transferases, lyases, isomerases, ligases.
D. Oxidoreductase, transferases, hydrolyses, isomerases, ligases, lyases.
E. Oxidoreductase, transferases, hydrolyses, lyases, isomerases, ligases.
ANSWER: E
The laboratory test allows to diagnose myocardium infarction. The increase of what enzyme in blood proves it?
A. LDH4,5
B. Arginase
C. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. AsAT
E. ALAT
ANSWER: D
In an organism was found the lack of iron. It causes the decrease of such enzyme activity:
A. Glutathione peroxidase
B. Carbonic anhydrase
C. Carboxy peptidase
D. Ceruloplasmin
E. Catalase
ANSWER: E
A phenylketonuria appears as a result of innate absence of enzyme:
A. Tyrosine oxidase
B. Phenylalanin-4-hydroxylase
C. Oxidase of gomogentisic acid
D. Amino oxidase
E. Xanthine oxidase
ANSWER: B
In an organism was found the lack of copper. It causes the decrease of such enzyme activity:
A. Cytochrome b
B. Glucose oxidase
C. Catalase
D. Cytochrome oxidase
E. Glutathione peroxidase
ANSWER: D
Enzymes of which class are responsible for transfer of structural fragment from one substrate to other with formatio
n of two products?
A. Oxidoreductases
B. Isomerases
C. Transferases
D. Ligases
E. Hydrolases
ANSWER: C
Phenylketonuria of newborn may be diagnosed after a reaction of urine with:
A. FeCI3
B. CuSO4
C. NaCl
D. Fe+
E. Na3PO4
ANSWER: A
An enzyme that catalyzes conversions of L-sugars to D-sugars is called an
A. Lyase
B. Hydrolase
C. Synthetase
D. Synthase
E. Isomerase
ANSWER: E
Oxidases, peroxidases, oxygenases or reductases are all
A. Lyases
B. Synthases
C. Synthetases
D. Oxidoreductases
E. Hydrolases
ANSWER: D
Pyridoxal phosphate is involved in which type of reaction?
A. oxidation of pyruvate
B. production of new amino acids by transamination
C. phosphate-transfer to produce ATP from ADP
D. the regeneration of methionine from homocysteine
E. none of the above
ANSWER: B
The class of enzymes that split peptide bonds or glycosidic bonds with water is
A. hydrolase
B. lyase
C. transferase
D. isomerase
E. oxidoreductase
ANSWER: A
TPP is a/an _____________ of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase.
A. Cosubstrate
B. Intrinsic factor
C. Metalloenzyme
D. Prosthetic group
E. Coenzyme
ANSWER: E
What component is not included in the structure of holoenzymes?
A. Apoenzyme
B. Coenzyme
C. Cofactor
D. Prostetic group
E. Izoenzyme
ANSWER: E
An inhibitor that changes the overall shape and chemistry of an enzyme is known as a(n)
A. allosteric inhibitor
B. competitive inhibitor
C. stearic inhibitor
D. noncompetitive inhibitor
E. steroid inhibitor.
ANSWER: A
Which of the following enzymes would digest a fat?
A. Sucrase
B. Fatase
C. Protease
D. Lipase
E. amilase
ANSWER: D
Which group of organic compounds includes the enzymes?
A. Proteins
B. Starches
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
E. Nucleic acids
ANSWER: A
Vitamins are essential to the survival of organisms because vitamins usually function as
A. Substrates
B. Nucleic acids
C. Coenzymes
D. Nucleotides
E. Enzymes
ANSWER: C
Which chemical is classified as an enzyme?
A. Galactose
B. Lipid
C. Amilase
D. Manganese dioxide
E. Sucrose
ANSWER: C
There are 4 main functions of Krebs cycle, except:
A. Oxidation of acetic acid into СО2 іН2О
B. Donator of hydrogen atoms for respiratory chain
C. Oxidation of lactate into pyruvate
D. Formation of ATP
E. Supplying substrates for heme synthesis
ANSWER: C
Name the common product of the second stage of catabolism of carbonhydratess, lipids and amino acids.
A. Acetyl-CoA.
B. Pyruvate
C. Citric acid.
D. Acyl-CoA.
E. ATP
ANSWER: A
Central intermediate product of metabolism is:
A. Acetyl-CoA
B. Succinyl-CoA
C. Oxaloacetate
D. Pyruvate
E. Citrate
ANSWER: A
For one turn of Krebs cycle forms ATP (molecules):
A. 38 ATP
B. 12 ATP
C. 15 ATP
D. 1 ATP
E. 15 ATP
ANSWER: D
Cofactors of dehydrogenases are all, except one:
A. NAD+
B. c-AMP
C. NADP+
D. FMN
E. FAD
ANSWER: B
Aerobic oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O results in formation of molecules ATP:
A. 38 ATP
B. 12 ATP
C. 3 ATP
D. 15 ATP
E. 2 ATP
ANSWER: A
Substrates of the respiratory chain are all the below mentioned, except one:
A. Isocitrate
B. Malate
C. C-кеtoglutarate
D. Succinate
E. Lactate
ANSWER: E
The highest phospholipids content is found in
A. Chylomicrons
B. VLDL
C. LDL
D. IDVDL
E. HDL
ANSWER: E
The major lipid in chylomicrons is
A. Phospholipids
B. Cholesterol
C. Free fatty acids
D. Lanosterol
E. Triglycerides
ANSWER: E
Number of carbon atoms in cholesterol is
A. 17
B. 19
C. 30
D. 18
E. 27
ANSWER: E
VLDL remnant may be converted into
A. VLDL
B. HDL
C. Chylomicrons
D. None of the above
E. LDL
ANSWER: E
Pancreatic lipase converts triacylglycerols into
A. 2, 3-Diacylglycerol
B. 1-Monoacylglycerol
C. 3-Monoacylglycerol
D. 5-Monoacylglycerol
E. 2-Monoacylglycerol
ANSWER: E
Lipoprotiens may be identified more accurately by means of
A. Ultra centrifugation
B. Centrifugation
C. Immunoelectrophoresis
D. Filtration
E. Electrophoresis
ANSWER: E
Ketone bodies are formed in
A. Kidney
B. Heart
C. Intestines
D. Muscles
E. Liver
ANSWER: E
Antioxidant have the ability to:
A. Depress beta-oxidation of fatty acids
B. Activate fat decomposition
C. Activate the processes of peroxidation
D. Level the processes of free-radical oxidation of lipids
E. Depress ketogenesis
ANSWER: D
Lipoproteinlipase of tissue capillars is activated by:
A. Bile acids
B. Trypsin
C. Epinephrine
D. Ions of Ca
E. Heparin
ANSWER: E
Enzyme lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) performs the following function:
A. Removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues and its transportation to the liver
B. Formation of chylomicrons
C. Formation of alpha-lipoproteins
D. Resynthesis of lipids
E. Formation of cell membranes structure
ANSWER: A
The oxidation of glycerol in aerobic conditions to CO2 and H2O causes the formation of :
A. 9 ATP molucules
B. 1 ATP molucules
C. 3 ATP molucules
D. 15 ATP molucules
E. 22 ATP molucules
ANSWER: E
The normal amount of cholesterol in blood plasma is:
A. 10-15 mmol/l
B. 20-25 mmol/l
C. 1-3 mmol/l
D. 5-7 mmol/l
E. 3-7 mmol/l
ANSWER: E
The function of pentose-phosphate cycle in the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol is the following:
A. Main energy source
B. Source of NADPH2
C. Source of acetyl-CoA
D. Source of malonyl-CoA
E. Source of NAPH2
ANSWER: B
The cyclization of squalene causes the formation of:
A. beta-oxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA
B. Phosphomevalonate
C. Acetoacetyl-CoA
D. Cholesterol
E. Lanosterol
ANSWER: E
Cholesterol performs in the organism the following functions, but:
A. Is a part of cell membranes
B. Substratum for bile acids synthesis
C. Substratum for D vitamin synthesis
D. Substratum for steroid hormones synthesis
E. Is a source of energy
ANSWER: E
In the process of ketogenesis and cholesterol genesis is formed general metabolite. Name it:
A. Mevalonic acid
B. Malonyl KoA
C. Succinil KoA
D. beta-oxy-beta-citryl-glutaryl CoA
E. beta-oxy-beta-methyl-glutaryl CoA
ANSWER: E
Free fatty acids are transported with the help of:
A. Chylomicrons
B. alpha-lipoproteins
C. Pre-beta-lipoproteins
D. Albumins
E. beta- lipoproteins
ANSWER: D
Which of the following statements regarding the biosynthesis of cholesterol is FALSE?
A. Cholesterol has the same carbon skeleton as its biosynthetic precursor, lanosterol.
B. Cyclization of squalene to cholesterol is initiated by acid-catalyzed ring opening of an epoxide.
C. Cholesterol has three fewer carbon atoms than lanosterol.
D. Only C
E. Cholesterol is derived from the dimerization of farnesyl pyrophosphate in a head-to-head manner.
ANSWER: E
Products of beta-oxidation of palmitoyl CoA include:
A. Propionyl CoA, NADH and FADH2.
B. Acetyl CoA, NADPH and FAD.
C. Propionyl CoA, NADH and acetyl CoA.
D. Acetyl CoA, FADH2 and NADH.
E. Pyruvate and lactate
ANSWER: D
Obesity generally reflects excess intake of energy and is often associated with the development of
A. Nervousness
B. Hepatitis
C. Colon cancer
D. Rickets
E. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
ANSWER: E
Atherosclerosis and coronary heart diseases are associated with the diet:
A. High in total fat and saturated fat
B. Low in protein
C. High in protein
D. High in carbohydrate
E. High in vitamins
ANSWER: B
Which of the following condition is characterized by ketonuria but without glycosuria?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Diabetes insipidus
C. Addison’s disease
D. Pellagra
E. Prolonged starvation
ANSWER: E
Obesity is accumulation of _______ in the body.
A. Water
B. NaCl
C. Proteins
D. Vitamins
E. Fats
ANSWER: E
One of the leading pathogenetic chains in the development of radial pathology is the intensification of free-radical o
xidation processes. What matters are the main source of free radicals formation?
A. Water
B. Carbohydrates
C. Lipids
D. Proteins
E. Metal ions
ANSWER: C
The amount of total lipids in blood – 30 g/l, cholesterol – 9 mmol/l. The blood plasma is alkaline, after blood centrif
ugation on the surface white layer was formed. Amount increase of what transportation forms of lipids in the blood t
akes place in this situation?
A. glycerol
B. alpha-lipoproteins
C. Pre-beta-lipoproteins
D. Albumins
E. chylomicrons
ANSWER: E
Analysis of patient's lipogram showed the increase of some lipoproteins level. Choose the most atherogenic represen
tative of lipoproteins:
A. HDL
B. Chylomicrons
C. LDL
D. VLDL
E. Albumins
ANSWER: C
The observation of a patient showed high amount of cholesterol in beta-lipoprotein fraction. This can result in:
A. Hypovitaminosis
B. Ketonemia
C. Steatorrhea
D. Fatty liver degeneration
E. Ischemic heart disease
ANSWER: E
The observation of a patient showed symptoms of B5 hypovitaminosis. It causes all below mentioned disorders of li
pids metabolism except:
A. Cholesterol and fatty acids synthesis
B. Ketone bodies oxidation
C. Transportat of fatty acids to mitochondria
D. Glycerol oxidation
E. Fatty acids oxidation
ANSWER: C
The patient suffers from hypertension, atherosclerotic vessels affection. What lipid usage he needs to decrease in the
diet:
A. Oleic acid
B. Lecithin
C. Mono oleate glyceride
D. Phosphatidyl serine
E. Cholesterol
ANSWER: E
After observation of a patient with diabetes mellitus ketonemia and ketonuria were established. Which of the below
-mentioned substances is the precussor of ketone bodies?
A. Oxaloacetate
B. alpha-ketoglutarate
C. Cholesterol
D. Unsaturated fatty acids
E. Acetyl-CoA
ANSWER: E
Women of 45 years after long starvation has hyperketonemia. Where in cells the synthesis of ketone bodies occures?
A. Cytoplasm of hepatocytes
B. Mitochindria of cardiomyocytes
C. Nucleus of cardiomyocytes
D. Cytoplasm of adipocytes
E. Mitochondria of hepatocytes
ANSWER: E
Patient has ketonemia and ketonuria, amount of glucose in blood 3,5 mM/l, cholesterol – 4,5 mM/l. What disease co
uld cause this state?
A. Crbohydrates deficit in nutrition
B. Aherosclerosis
C. Ecessive usage of fats
D. Liver disease
E. Dabetes mellitus
ANSWER: E
Worker of dry-cleane factory has fatty liver degeneration. Disorder of what substance synthesis in the liver can caus
e such pathology?
A. Urea
B. Phosphatidic acid
C. Cholic acid
D. Arginin
E. Phosphatidylcholine
ANSWER: E
A 47 year man suffers from insulin-dependent diabetes. What pathway’s disorders causes development of metabolic
acidosis?
A. Ketone bodies synthesis
B. Glycogen decomposition
C. Ketone bodies utilization
D. Glycogen synthesis
E. Oxidative phosphorylation
ANSWER: C
Ketone bodies can be used as the source of energy in the following organ(s) except:
A. In the brain (after a week of fasting it adapts to use it)
B. In the heart
C. Renal cortex
D. Lungs
E. In the liver
ANSWER: E
Splitting off acetyl-CoA in the final reaction of beta-oxidation of fatty acids is performed under effect of enzyme:
A. Dehydrogenase
B. Enolase
C. Hydrase
D. Lipase
E. Thiolase (acetyl-CoA-acyltransferase)
ANSWER: E
Fatty acid oxidation occurs:
A. Within mitochondria of many tissues
B. Within liver parenchyma
C. Only in adipose tissue
D. Only within arterial epithelium
E. Only within venous epithelium
ANSWER: A
For prevention of fatty liver degeneration is recommended to eat cheese. What essential amino acid, necessary for
phospholipids synthesis, is there in cheese?
A. Arginine
B. Proline
C. Valine
D. Lysine
E. Methionine
ANSWER: E
Patient with enterocolitis has affected protein digestion. What mechanism of amino acids absorption is affected?
A. Pinocytosis
B. Primary active transport
C. Simple diffusion
D. Phagocytosis
E. Secondary sodium-dependent transport
ANSWER: E
Patient has positive nitric balance. The reason of this can be:
A. Starvation
B. Tuberculosis
C. Malignant neoplasms
D. AIDS
E. Pregnancy
ANSWER: E
N-end amino acids in the proteins splitt off by:
A. Dipeptidase
B. Carbooxypeptidase
C. Elastase
D. Endopeptidase
E. Aminopeptidase
ANSWER: E
Patient has the diagnosis “malignant carcinoid”, amount of serotonine in blood increased greatly. Name amino acid,
able to form this biogenic amine:
A. Alanine
B. Leucine
C. Threonine
D. Methionine
E. 5-oxytryptophane
ANSWER: E
GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid), which belongs to inhibiting mediators of central nervous system, is a product of
glutamic decarboxylation. What vitamin prescription is appropriate by convulsive state, caused by decrease if GAB
A formation?
A. B1
B. B9
C. B5
D. B2
E. B6
ANSWER: E
By decarboxylation of histidine in an organism of 9 year old child in the state of allergic shock is (are) formed:
A. Tyramine
B. Putrescine
C. Histamine
D. Cadaverine
E. Serotonine
ANSWER: C
Into the hospital was carried 7 year old child in the state of allergic shock, which evolved after wasp's bite. In the blo
od increased concentration of histamine. This amine is formed as a result of such reaction as:
A. Dehydration
B. Deamination
C. Reduction
D. Hydrooxidation
E. Decarboxylation
ANSWER: E
Coenzyme of amino acids decarboxylases is:
A. Thymidine diphosphate
B. Favin adenine dinucleotide
C. Favin mononucleotide
D. HS-CoA
E. PALP
ANSWER: E
Which of the following is not an amino acid?
A. Palmitic acid
B. Aspartic acid
C. Glutamic acid
D. Glutamine
E. Leucine
ANSWER: A
What type of covalent bonds link the amino acids in a protein?
A. Hydrogen bonds
B. Ionic bonds
C. Glycosidic bonds
D. Ester bonds
E. Peptide bonds
ANSWER: E
Into the hospital was carried 37 year old man with symptoms of achylia gastrica. Achylia gastrica is said to be when
absence of
A. Pepsin only
B. HCl only
C. Bile
D. Both pepsin and HCl
E. Trypsin
ANSWER: D
The newborn suffers from improper milk digestion due to lower activity of rennin. Rennin acts on casein of milk in
infants in presence of
A. Mg++
B. Zn++
C. Co++
D. Both C and D
E. Ca++
ANSWER: E
The 75 year old man suffers from negative nitrogenous balance due to lack of essential amino acids. The essential a
mino acids
A. Must be supplied in the diet because the organism has lost the capacity to aminate the corresponding ketoacids
B. Are identical in all species studied
C. Are defined as those amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the organism at a rate adequate to meet metab
olic requirements
D. Must be supplied in the diet because the human has an impaired ability to synthesize the carbon chain of the cor
responding ketoacids
E. Are non-identical in all species studied
ANSWER: D
A lipotropic factor was prescribed for the patient with liter cirrhosis. Which amino acid is a lipotropic factor?
A. Lysine
B. Leucine
C. Tryptophan
D. All of these
E. Methionine
ANSWER: E
The 70 year old woman suffers from negative nitrogenous balance due to lack of essential amino acids. Which amon
g the following is a nutritionally essential amino acid?
A. Alanine
B. Glycine
C. Tyrosine
D. Tryptophan
E. Lysin
ANSWER: D
A 60 year old patient has hyperplasia of G-cells of antral part of stomach. What changes in gastric juice are most pos
sible at this pathology?
A. Hypochlorhydria
B. Achlorhydria
C. Achylia
D. Presence of lactic acid
E. Hyperchlorhydria
ANSWER: E
A burns caused the development of negative nitric balance of a 40 year old patient as the result of increase of:
A. Glycolysis
B. Lipolysis
C. Phosphorolysis
D. Fibrinolysis
E. Proteolysis
ANSWER: E
The action of bile in lipid digestion is to:
A. Chemically degrade triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol
B. Emulsify fats by a detergent action
C. Chemically convert triglycerides to diglycerides
D. Chemically reduce cholesterol esters to cholesterol
E. Syntheses of cholesterol
ANSWER: B
Beta-oxidation results in the formation of:
A. Pyruvate.
B. Carbon monoxide.
C. Oxaloacetate.
D. None of the above
E. Acetyl-CoA.
ANSWER: E
Fatty acid oxidation occurs mostly within mitochondria, but fatty acids can't easily cross the mitochondrial membran
e. How do they pass?
A. Attached to alcohols
B. As amides of glycine
C. As esters of carnitine
D. Attached to esters of alcohols
E. As bile acids or salts
ANSWER: C
Most products of fat digestion are transported in the lymph as
A. Glycerol.
B. Fatty acids.
C. Cholesterol.
D. HDL
E. Chylomicrons
ANSWER: E
A low density lipoproteins would contain
A. A high protein content.
B. A high cholesterol content
C. A low lipid content.
D. A high lipid content.
E. A high triacylglycerol content.
ANSWER: B
The highest phospholipids content is found in
A. Chylomicrons
B. VLDL
C. LDL
D. None of the above
E. HDL
ANSWER: E
The major lipid in chylomicrons is
A. Phospholipids
B. Cholesterol
C. Free fatty acids
D. Lanosterol
E. Triglycerides
ANSWER: E
The lipoprotein richest in cholesterol is
A. hylomicrons
B. VLDL
C. HDL
D. LTDVL
E. LDL
ANSWER: E
Chylomicron remnants are catabolised in
A. Intestine
B. Adipose tissue
C. Liver
D. Lung
E. Liver and intestine
ANSWER: E
Lipoproteinlipase of tissue capillars is activated by:
A. Bile acids
B. Trypsin
C. Epinephrine
D. Ions of Ca
E. Heparin
ANSWER: E
Enzyme lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) performs the following function:
A. Formation of chylomicrons
B. Formation of alpha-lipoproteins
C. Resynthesis of lipids
D. Formation of cell membranes structure
E. Removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues and its transportation to the liver
ANSWER: E
The function of pentose-phosphate cycle in the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol is the following:
A. Main energy source
B. Source of acetyl-CoA
C. Source of NADPH2
D. Source of NAPH2
E. Source of malonyl-CoA
ANSWER: C
Which of the following statements regarding the biosynthesis of cholesterol is FALSE?
A. Cholesterol has the same carbon skeleton as its biosynthetic precursor, lanosterol.
B. Cyclization of squalene to cholesterol is initiated by acid-catalyzed ring opening of an epoxide.
C. Cholesterol has three fewer carbon atoms than lanosterol.
D. Only C
E. Cholesterol is derived from the dimerization of farnesyl pyrophosphate in a head-to-head manner.
ANSWER: E
Products of beta-oxidation of palmitoyl CoA include:
A. Propionyl CoA, NADH and FADH2.
B. Acetyl CoA, NADPH and FAD.
C. Propionyl CoA, NADH and acetyl CoA.
D. Pyruvate and lactate
E. Acetyl CoA, FADH2 and NADH.
ANSWER: E
Lipolysis is accelerated by:
A. Insulin
B. Water
C. Testosterone
D. Sucrose
E. Glucagon
ANSWER: E
Obesity generally reflects excess intake of energy and is often associated with the development of
A. Nervousness
B. Hepatitis
C. Colon cancer
D. Rickets
E. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
ANSWER: E
All the following statements about ketone bodies are true except
A. Their synthesis increases in diabetes mellitus
B. They are synthesized in mitchondria
C. They can be oxidized in the liver
D. They are synthesized in cytoplasm
E. They can deplete the alkali reserve
ANSWER: C
The amount of total lipids in blood – 30 g/l, cholesterol – 9 mmol/l. The blood plasma is alkaline, after blood centrif
ugation on the surface white layer was formed. Amount increase of what transportation forms of lipids in the blood t
akes place in this situation?
A. glycerol
B. alpha-lipoproteins
C. Pre-beta-lipoproteins
D. Albumins
E. chylomicrons
ANSWER: E
What blood index prooves diagnosis atherosclerosis?
A. Increase of low density liporoteins
B. Increase of ketone bodies in blood
C. Increase of high density liporoteins
D. Decrease of phospholipids in blood
E. Increase of total lipids in blood
ANSWER: A
The observation of a patient after effect of radiation showed increased amount of malonic dialdehyde in blood, whic
h proves the activation of lipids peroxidation. What disorders in cell membranes can it cause?
A. Cholesterol oxidation
B. Transport proteins structure
C. Destruction of carbohydrate components
D. Activation of Na+, K+-ATP-ase
E. Decomposition of phospholipids
ANSWER: E
Fatty acid beta-oxidation occurs:
A. Only in adipose tissue
B. Within liver parenchyma
C. Only within arterial epithelium
D. Within mitochondria of many tissues
E. Only within venous epithelium
ANSWER: D
?The total acidity in gastric juice of a 40 year old patient is high. Which of the listed numbers is true in this case?
A. 30-40 mM/l
B. 20-30 mM/l
C. 30-50 mM/l
D. 20-40 mM/l
E. 60-80 mM/l
ANSWER: E
A patient suffers from intensive decay of proteins. Name the compound in the urine, which is a marker of protein pu
trefaction processes in the intestine:
A. Urates
B. Urea
C. Creatinine
D. Lactic acid
E. Indican
ANSWER: E
A burns caused the development of negative nitric balance of a 40 year old patient as the result of increase of:
A. Glycolysis
B. Lipolysis
C. Phosphorolysis
D. Fibrinolysis
E. Proteolysis
ANSWER: E
2, 4-Dioxypyrimidine is
A. Thymine
B. Cystosine
C. Uracil
D. Guanine
E. None of these
ANSWER: C
A cofactor in the conversion of dihydroorotate to orotic acid, catalysed by the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenas
e is
A. FAD
B. FMN
C. NAD
D. NADP
E. PLP
ANSWER: C
A nucleoside consists of
A. Nitrogenous base
B. Purine or pyrimidine base + sugar
C. Purine or pyrimidine base + phosphorous
D. Purine + pyrimidine base + sugar +Phosphorous
E. All of these
ANSWER: B
A substituted pyrimidine base of pharmacological value is
A. 5-Iododeoxyuridine
B. Cytisine arabinoside
C. 5-Fluorouracil
D. All of these
E. None of these
ANSWER: C
Adenine is
A. 6-Amino purine
B. 2-Amino-6-oxypurine
C. 2-Oxy-4-aminopyrimidine
D. 2, 4-Dioxypyrimidine
E. None of these
ANSWER: A
All following are naturally occurring nucleotides except
A. Cyclic AMP
B. ATP
C. DNA
D. Inosine monophosphate
E. GTP
ANSWER: C
All of the following can occur in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome except
A. Gouty arthritis
B. Uric acid stones
C. Retarted growth
D. Self-mutiliating behaviour
E. Severe mental and physical problems
ANSWER: C
All of the following occur in orotic aciduria except
A. Increased synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides
B. Increased excretion of orotic acid in urine
C. Decreased synthesis of cytidine triphosphate
D. Retardation of growth
E. Megaloblastic anemia
ANSWER: A
All of the following statements about allopurinol are true except
A. It is a structural analogue of uric acid
B. It can prevent uric acid stones in the kidneys
C. It increases the urinary excretion of xanthine and hypoxanthine
D. It is a competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase
E. Drug for treatment gout
ANSWER: A
All of the following statements about primary gout are true except
A. Uric acid stones may be formed in kidneys
B. Arthritis of small joints occurs commonly
C. Urinary excretion of urea is decreased
D. It occurs predominantly in males
E. Accumulation of uric acid salts in cartilages, under skin.
ANSWER: C
All the enzymes required for de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides are cytosolic except
A. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
B. Aspartate transcarbamoylase
C. Dihydro-orotase
D. Dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase
E. Both C and D
ANSWER: D
An autosomal recessive disorder, xanthinuria is due to deficiency of the enzymes:
A. Adenosine deaminase
B. Xanthine oxidase
C. HGPRTase
D. Transaminase
E. Xanthine reductase
ANSWER: B
An enzyme of pyrimidine nucleotides biosynthesis regulated at the genetic level by apparently coordinate repression
and derepression is
A. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
B. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
C. Thymidine kinase
D. Deoxycytidine kinase
E. Carbamoyl phosphatase
ANSWER: A
Aspartate amino transferase uses the following for transamination:
A. Glutamic acid and pyruvic acid
B. Glutamic acid and oxaloacetic acid
C. Aspartic acid and pyruvic acid
D. aspartic acid and keto adipic acid
E. None of these
ANSWER: B
Aspartate transcarbamoylase is inhibited by
A. CTP
B. PRPP
C. ATP
D. TMP
E. AMP
ANSWER: A
Complete absence of hypoxanthine guanine phospharibosyl transferase causes
A. Primary gout
B. Immunodeficiency
C. Uric acid stones
D. Lesh-Nyhan syndrome
E. Goiter
ANSWER: D
5 year old sick boy whith Lesch-Nyhan syndrome suffers from hyperuricemia and gout, caused by accumulation:
A. Hypoxanthine
B. Adenine and guanine
C. Cytosine and uracil
D. Thymine
E. Hypoxanthine and adenine
ANSWER: A
Excessive consumption of purine rich products by the 46 year old patient caused alimentary hyperuricemia. These pr
oducts are:
A. Coffee
B. Liver
C. Meat, especially young bird meat
D. East
E. Tea
ANSWER: E
For treatment of gout was prescribed allopurinol, which is the competitive inhibitor of enzyme:
A. Inosinekinase
B. Xanthinoxsidase
C. Transformilase
D. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
E. Ribonucleotidecarboxidase
ANSWER: B
In the chemotherapy of tumor inhibitors of nucleotides synthesis are used. They are the followings substanses except
:
A. 5-ftoruracil
B. Cocarboxylase
C. 5-ftordeoxyuridin
D. Aminopterin
E. Pteroylglutaminate
ANSWER: B
Malignant cells have high speed of proliferation, therefore for treatment of oncology diseases used:
A. Inhibitors of trypsin
B. Inhibitors of cytochrome oxidase
C. Inhibitors of nucleotides synthesis
D. Inhibitors of proteins biosynthesis
E. Activators of proteolytic enzymes
ANSWER: C
Medicine, which is used for treatment of gout is the structural analogue of hypoxanthine, it:
A. Salts of lithium
B. Anturan
C. Allopyrinol
D. Uridine
E. Acetilisoniazid
ANSWER: C
Prof. I.Horbachevskiy offered and grounded the theory of biosynthesis of uric acid in the organism of mammals. Ch
oose precursor of uric acid:
A. Urea and proteins
B. Proteins and nucleic acids
C. Lipids and nucleic acids
D. Glycoproteins and fatty acids
E. Nucleic acids at the degradation of nucleincontaining cells
ANSWER: E
Syndrome of Lesch-Nyhan – hard hyperuricemia is the genetic deficiency of such enzyme:
A. Xantine oxidase
B. Adenosine deaminase
C. Hypoxanthine oxidase
D. Phosphorylase
E. Hypoxanthine – guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
ANSWER: E
The 3 year old child suffers from orotic acid aciduria. Orotaciduriya is accompanied the followings symptoms:
A. Dermatitis of the opened areas of body
B. Bleeding, disorders of growth
C. Disorders of mental development, galactosemia
D. Disorders of physical and mental development, megaloblastic anemia
E. Diarrhea, dermatitis, demention
ANSWER: D
The 45 year old patient suffers from gout. Symptoms of gout are heavy pain syndrome and inflammation, caused de
position in joints, cartilages and other tissues:
A. Oxalates
B. Gomogentizic acid
C. Orotates
D. Phosphates
E. Urates
ANSWER: E
The 5 year old child suffers from orotic acid aciduria. Deficiency of which of below mentioned enzyme causes orota
ciduria?
A. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase ІІ
B. Aspartate carbamoyl transferase
C. Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase
D. Orotate carboxylase
E. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
ANSWER: C
The 6 year old child suffers from physical and mental underdevelopment, megaloblastic anemia. It was diagnozed or
otic acid aciduria. Orotic aciduria type I reflects the deficiency of enzymes:
A. Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase and orotidylate decarboxylase
B. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
C. Dihydroorotase
D. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
E. Xanthine oxidase
ANSWER: A
The 55 year old male suffers from hyperuricemia. Hyperuricuria is observed at all of diseases which are accompanie
d the increased disintegration:
A. Glycoproteins
B. Phosphoproteins
C. Nucleoproteins
D. Lipoproteins
E. Chromoproteins
ANSWER: C
The 56 year old patient suffers from hyperuricemia. Uric acid is the product of disintegration of purine nucleotides, i
n composition of which are the following nitrogenous bases:
A. Adenine or thymine
B. Thymine or uracil
C. Guanine or cytosine
D. Adenine or guanine
E. Cytosine or uracil
ANSWER: D
The 6 year old boy suffers from Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, the sex linked, recessive absence
of HGPRTase, may lead to
A. Compulsive self destructive behaviour with elevated levels of urate in serum
B. Hypouricemia due to liver damage
C. Failure to thrive and megaloblastic anemia
D. Protein intolerance and hepatic encephalopathy
E. Diarrhea, dermatitis, demention
ANSWER: A
The 6 year old child suffers from physical and mental underdevelopment, megaloblastic anemia. It was diagnozed or
otic acid aciduria. Biochemical index, which characterizes the genetic disorder of UMP biosynthesis is following:
A. Aspartataciduria
B. Orotaciduria
C. Gomogentisinuria
D. Uraciluria
E. Cytosinuria
ANSWER: B
The 6 year old child suffers from physical and mental underdevelopment, megaloblastic anemia. It was diagnozed or
otic acid aciduria. To prevent formation of orotic acid excess it is possible the use:
A. Adenine
B. Thymine
C. Guanine
D. Uridine
E. Aspartate
ANSWER: D
Usage in the metabolic reactions of free hypoxanthine and guanine („salvage pathway”) catalyses enzyme:
A. Xanthine oxidase
B. Phosphorylase
C. Hypoxanthine – guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
D. Hypoxanthine oxidase
E. Guanosine deaminase
ANSWER: C
What is a way of synthesis of pentoses from glucose metabolites?
A. Glycolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
D. Krebs’s cycle
E. Cory cycle
ANSWER: A
What is the main pathway for providing of human organism with nitrogenous bases for formation of nucleotides and
nucleic acids:
A. Citrate cycle
B. Ornithine cycle
C. Synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases
D. Synthesis of fatty acids
E. Disintegration of glycogen
ANSWER: C
What prevents hyperuricemia:
A. Disorders of urinary acid excretion
B. Disintegration of DNK
C. Radiation defeat of cell
D. Toxemia of pregnancy
E. Application of structural analogue of hypoxanthine
ANSWER: A
Where in a cell is located synthesis of pyrimidine bases?
A. Nucleus
B. Cytoplasm
C. Mitochondria
D. Microtome
E. Endoplasmic reticulum
ANSWER: B
Where nucleic acids hydrolysis takes place?
A. In liver
B. In stomach
C. In small intestine
D. In a pancreas
E. In muscles
ANSWER: C
Which medicine is used to increase solubility of urates - salts of uric acid for patients with gout:
A. Allopurinol
B. Chenodesoxycholic acid
C. Cholic acid and Allopyrinol
D. Vitamin B1
E. Solutin of NaCl
ANSWER: A
Which of following nucleotides are purine:
A. AMP and TMP
B. AMP and GMP
C. AMP and UMP
D. UMP and TMP
E. CMP and GMP
ANSWER: B
Which of the following is absent in the structure of mononucleotides?
A. Nitrogenous base
B. Ribose
C. Desoxyribose
D. Nitric acid
E. Phosphoric acid
ANSWER: D
Which of the following reaction does not include into purine nucleotides disintegration:
A. Splitting of phosphate group with formation of adenosine and guanosine
B. Deamination
C. Splitting of D-ribose from nucleotides
D. Degradation of alanine to CO2 and N2O
E. Catabolism of hypoxanthine or xanthine with formation of uric acid
ANSWER: D
Which one of the following contributes nitrogen atoms to both purine and pyrimidine rings?
A. Aspartate
B. Carbanoyl phosphate
C. Carbondioxide
D. Tetrahydrofolate
E. Ammonia
ANSWER: A
Which products can be used at gout and hyperuricemia:
A. Liver, fish
B. Meat, yeasts
C. Milk, cheese, eggs
D. Coffee, tea
E. Meat, liver
ANSWER: C
Which substance causes the decrease of level of uric acid in blood and urine:
A. Antimycin
B. Аminopterin
C. Barbiturates
D. Allopurinol
E. AMP
ANSWER: D
Which substance gives only one nitrogen atom for purine ring:
A. alanine
B. glutamine
C. aspartate
D. methenil-THF
E. formyl -THF
ANSWER: C
Which substance is formed at 11th reaction of synthesis of purine nucleotides:
A. Adenylate
B. Uric acid
C. Inosine monophosphate
D. Hypoxanthine
E. Xanthine
ANSWER: C
Which substance is the source of ribose and desoxyribose in purine and pyrimidine nucleotides?
A. Glucose
B. Cholesterol
C. Vitamin С
D. Vitamin D
E. Arabinose
ANSWER: A
Which substanse does not take part in the biosynthesis of purine nucleotides?
A. Glycine
B. Tetrahydrofolat
C. Arginine
D. Lysine
E. Glutamine
ANSWER: D
Which substrate donates 2 carbon atoms for the biosynthesis of purine simultaneously for it’s pyrimidine and imidaz
ole rings:
A. glutamine
B. glycine
C. aspartate
D. methionine
E. CO2
ANSWER: B
Which substrates take part in the second reaction of formation of purine:
A. Fructosepyrophosphate + glycine
B. Ribosopyrophosphate + glycine
C. Phosphoribosepyrophosphate + glutamine
D. Ribose-5-phosphate + glycine
E. Pyrimidine + diazole
ANSWER: C
Which vitamin donates 2 carbon atoms for the biosynthesis of purine?
A. Vitamin B1
B. Vitamin B6
C. Ascorbic acid
D. Vitamin Н
E. Vitamin B10
ANSWER: E
Who synthesized uric acid artificially from glycine and urea in 1882:
A. German scientist Veller
B. German scientist Fisher
C. Polish-Russian scientist Nenskiy
D. Austrian physiologist Maresh
E. Ukrainian scientist I. Horbachevskiy
ANSWER: E
Why constant excessive consumption of meat and glandular tissues for some people causes hyperuricemia and form
ation of kidney’s stones:
A. these products reduce solubility of uric acid
B. decrease excretion of urates
C. effect on a genetic apparatus, stimulating the biosynthesis of purine nucleotides
D. contain a lot of nucleoproteins and nucleotides, which catabolism is accompanied with formation of uric acid
E. stimulate transformation of urea to uric acid
ANSWER: D
Why the constant excessive consumption of coffee and tea can cause hyperuricemia and appearance of kidney’s ston
es:
A. components of coffee decrease solubility of uric acid in blood
B. components can stimulate formation of uric acid
C. coffee and tea do not effect on formation of uric acid
D. it is possible at the simultaneously excessive consumption of meat
E. the excessive consumption of coffee and tea can activate the enzyme demethilase, which leads to hyperuricemia
ANSWER: E
Xanthine oksidase is FAD-depending enzyme, flavoprotein which contains such ions:
A. Fe and Mo
B. Fe and Cu
C. Zn and Mo
D. Mg and Cu
E. Zn and Fe
ANSWER: A
Xanthosine monophosphate is an intermediate during de novo synthesis of
A. TMP
B. CMP
C. AMP
D. GMP
E. All of these
ANSWER: D
__ are enzymes that introduce single strand breaks, change the relationship of the strands and then seal the break to r
emove underwinding or overwinding of the DNA helix.
A. Helicases
B. Twistases
C. Shoutases
D. Topoisomerases
E. Ligases
ANSWER: A
DNA replication in vivo is discontinuous due to
A. Polymerase slippage
B. Trinucleotide repeats
C. Being restricted to synthesis in the 5' to 3' direction
D. Topoisomerases cutting the DNA in a random fashion
E. Sister chromatid exchange
ANSWER: C
The chemical bonds in DNA by which the sugar components of adjacent nucleotides are linked through the phospha
te groups are called ____ bonds.
A. Phosphodiester
B. Hydrogen
C. Hydrophobic
D. Hydrophilic
E. Ionic
ANSWER: A
_____ is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a covalent bond between adjacent 5'-P and 3'-OH terminal of sep
arate fragments of DNA.
A. Origin of replication
B. Convertase
C. Primase
D. Ligase
E. Topoisomerase
ANSWER: D
58 years old man with cancer of prostate has been operated. After 3 months the course of radiation and chemotherap
y was administered. In the complex of medicine preparations 5-ftordesoxyuridine - inhibitor of thymidilate synthetas
e - was included. The synthesis of which compound is blocked by this preparation?
A. DNA
B. i-RNA
C. r-RNA
D. t-RNA
E. Protein
ANSWER: A
A man with hemophilia has a child with a woman who neither has the disease nor is a carrier of hemophilia. What is
the probability that their child will have hemophilia?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
E. 90%
ANSWER: D
A spontaneous mutation usually originates as an error in
A. DNA replication.
B. DNA transcription.
C. Translation.
D. Reverse transcription
E. Recombination
ANSWER: D
An antibiotic interferes with the ability of the ribosome to move. What affect would exposure to this chemical have
on a bacterial cell?
A. Protein synthesis will be affected
B. The protein synthesized will be shorter than normal
C. The protein synthesized will be longer than normal
D. No proteins will be produced
E. Proteins will be higher produced
ANSWER: B
Considering the structure of double stranded DNA, what kinds of bonds hold one complementary strand to the other
?
A. Ionic
B. Covalent
C. Van der Waals
D. Hydrogen
E. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
ANSWER: D
Cooperation between t-RNA and corresponding amino acid demands reciprocal recognition with following joining.
This is catalyzed by:
A. Amіnoacyl-t-RNA-transferase
B. Amіnoacyl-m-RNA-synthetase
C. Peptydyltransferase
D. RNA-polіmerase
E. Amіnoacyl-t-RNA- synthetase
ANSWER: E
Cutting of noninformative sequences of nucleotides from the molecules of pre-mRNA and joining of internal ends o
f molecules is called:
A. Splicing
B. Elongation
C. Termination
D. Initiation
E. Transcription
ANSWER: A
Degeneration of genetic code is the ability of one amino acid to be coded more than one triplet. However, there is on
e amino acid which is coded by only one triplet. Choose this amino acid:
A. Leucine
B. Serine
C. Alanine
D. Methionine
E. Lysine
ANSWER: D
Development of the methods of genes isolation and joining them in new combinations became the new biochemical
achievement of genetic researches. Which enzyme is used for bounding of DNA chains which are isolated from diff
erent organisms:
A. Restruction еndonuclease
B. Lyase
C. Synthetase
D. Helicase
E. Transferase
ANSWER: A
For the formation of transport form of amino acids during the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes the following comp
ound is necessary:
A. mRNA
B. GTP
C. Aminoacil-tRNA- synthetase
D. DNA-gіrаse
E. Revertase
ANSWER: C
For the treatment of urogenital infections the inhibitors of enzyme DNA- polymerase are used. Which process is blo
cked in the action of these compounds?
A. Replication
B. Reparation
C. Amplification of genes
D. Recombination of genes
E. Reverse transcription
ANSWER: A
In a certain DNA molecule, the sequence of base pairs on one side of the molecule is ACTCATTAG. What is the se
quence of base pairs on the other side?
A. TAGCATACT
B. TCATACTCA
C. ATCGTATGA
D. TGAGTAATC
E. None of the above
ANSWER: D
In eukaryotes, many genes may have to interact with each other, requiring more interacting elements than can fit aro
und a single promoter. This physical limitation is overcome by
A. Alternating promoters and operators
B. Placing promoters on both sides of each gene
C. The use of very long promoters
D. DSistant sites in a chromosome controlling transcription of a gene
E. Having factors on one chromosome control genes on another gene
ANSWER: A
In the absence of glucose, E. coli can import lactose to change into glucose and galactose because CAP binds to the
A. cAMP
B. DNA
C. Lac operon
D. Operator
E. Repressor
ANSWER: A
In the function of the lac operon in E. coli, the lac genes are transcribed in the presence of lactose because
A. RNA polymerase binds to the operator
B. The repressor cannot bind to the promoter
C. An isomer of lactose binds to the repressor
D. CAP does not bind to the operator
E. Of the absence of cAMP
ANSWER: A
In the process of polypeptide chain synthesis the following stages are distinguished:
A. Replication, transcription, translation
B. Initiation, translation, posttraslation modifications
C. Initiation, elongation, termination
D. Translation, termination, posttraslation modifications
E. Stimulation, elongation, modification
ANSWER: C
In the process of transcription in the nucleus of cell the biosynthesis of complementary RNA-transcript is synthesize
d on the matrix of DNA. Which enzyme catalyzes this process?
A. DNA-depending-RNA-polymerase
B. DNA-polymerase
C. DNA-ligase
D. Primase
E. DNAasa
ANSWER: A
It is known that from 4 nucleotides it is possible to get 64 different combinations for 3 nucleotides. How many of the
m have biological sense (determine the including of certain amino acid into the protein structure?)
A. 64
B. 61
C. 60
D. 63
E. 51
ANSWER: B
It was experimentally shown that due to the defect of reparation enzyme the exposed to ultraviolet radiation skin cell
s of patients with pigment xeroderma reconstruct the native DNA structure slower than the cells of normal people. C
hoose the enzyme participating in this process.
A. Endonuclease
B. RNA-ligase
C. Primase
D. DNA- polymerase ІІІ
E. DNA-hyrase
ANSWER: A
Nuclear enzyme responsible for the transcription of genes which program the synthesis of most cellular proteins is:
A. RNA-polymerase II
B. RNA-polymerase I
C. Revertase
D. Transcriptase
E. DNA-ase
ANSWER: A
One of the types of the genetic information transferring is replication. Which enzyme during replication takes part in
the process of joining of separate fragments?
A. DNA-ligase
B. DNA–polymerase 1
C. DNA–polymerase 2
D. DNA–polymerase 3
E. Ribonuclease N
ANSWER: A
Patient with inflammation was given erytromicin which bind to 50S-subunit of ribosome and blocks activation of tra
nslocase. Inhibition of protein synthesis in prokaryotes by erythromicin takes place on the stage:
A. Elongation
B. Termination
C. Activation of amino acid
D. Initiation
E. Posttranslation modification of proteins
ANSWER: A
Polychimotherapy including antibiotic riphampycin was administered to the patient with tuberculosis. What phase of
RNA synthesis is inhibited by this preparation?
A. Initiation of RNA synthesis
B. Elongation process
C. Inhibition of RNA-polymerase
D. Termination of RNA synthesis
E. All of the above
ANSWER: A
The process of enzymatic deleting and synthesis of areas of DNA, which got a damages under the action of physical
or chemical agents, is called:
A. Replication of RNA
B. Reverse transcription
C. Recombination
D. Reparation
E. Transposition
ANSWER: D
The important structural feature of tRNA is a presence of specific triplet of nucleotides – anticodon, which provides:
A. Cooperation between tRNA and amino acid
B. Synthesis of mRNA
C. Combination of tRNA and mRNA
D. Elongation of polypeptide chain
E. Connection between tRNA that DNA
ANSWER: C
The most common form of gene expression regulation in both bacteria and eukaryotes is
A. Translational control
B. Transcriptional control
C. Post-transcriptional control
D. Post-translational control
E. Control of passage from the nucleus
ANSWER: D
The presence of a ___ with a free 3'-OH group is essential for DNA polymerase to synthesize DNA since no known
DNA polymerase is able to initiate chains.
A. Origin of replication
B. Restriction endonuclease
C. Palindrome
D. Primer
E. Promoter
ANSWER: D
The process of moving of gene or group of genes from one area of the genome to another is called:
A. Replication of RNA
B. Reverse transcription
C. Recombination
D. Reparation
E. Transposition
ANSWER: E
The RNA polymerase that produces the primer necessary for DNA synthesis is called the ___.
A. Origin of replication
B. Convertase
C. Primase
D. Ligase
E. Topoisomerase
ANSWER: C
The role of methylation of DNA is now viewed as
A. Interfering with DNA transcription by blocking base pairing between cytosine and guanine
B. Complexing with enhancers to prevent transcription
C. Prevention of mutation
D. Insuring that genes that are turned off, stay off
E. Irrelevant to gene transcription
ANSWER: A
The sequence of one strand of DNA is 5’ TCGATC 3’. The sequence of the complementary strand would be
A. 5’ AGCTAG 3’
B. 5’ TCGATC 3’
C. 5’ CTAGCT 3’
D. 5’ GCTAGC 3’
E. 5’ GATCGA 3
ANSWER: A
The synthesis of RNA in prokaryotes consists of few stages, except:
A. Binding of DNA-polymerase with the RNA-matrix
B. Initiation of synthesis of polyribonucleotide chain
C. Binding of RNA-polymerase with the DNA-matrix
D. Elongation
E. Termination
ANSWER: A
The worker of chemical factory has undergone the action of nitric acid and nitrates which cause desamination of cyt
osine in the molecule of DNA. Which enzyme will start the reparation of chain?
A. Uracyl-DNA-glycosidase
B. Cytidyne triphosphate synthetase
C. Orotidylmonophosphate decarboxylase
D. DNA-depending-RNA-polymerase
E. Uridylate synthase
ANSWER: A
There are combinations of nucleotides that do not encode a single amino acid. They carry out the role of:
A. Termination of translation
B. Initiation of translation
C. Termination of transcription
D. Initiation of transcription
E. Do not play any role
ANSWER: A
To which of the following does thymine form hydrogen bonds in DNA?
A. Adenine
B. Thymine
C. Cytosine
D. Guanine
E. Uracyl
ANSWER: A
What polynucleotide determines the sequence of amino acids inclusion into the polipeptide chain according to the ge
netic information?
A. tRNA
B. mRNA
C. DNA
D. Peptydil-tRNA
E. rRNA
ANSWER: B
What structure of t-RNA molecule is responsible for cooperation of t-RNA with certain nucleotides of m-RNA in th
e formation of translating complex on ribosomes?
A. Codon
B. Anticodon
C. Acceptor region
D. Dihydrouridylic loop
E. Psevdouridylic loop
ANSWER: B
What term is used to describe the process by which DNA is copied to produce two daughter DNA molecules?
A. Reproduction
B. Translation
C. Replication
D. Transcription
E. Translocation
ANSWER: C
Which characteristic of the genetic code lowers the likelihood of mutation.
A. Universality
B. Degeneracy
C. Triplet
D. Non-overlapping nature
E. All listed
ANSWER: C
Which nucleic acid does carry out the role of adaptor that specifically binds amino acids and provides their correct p
lugging in a polypeptide chain during the synthesis of protein?
A. DNA
B. r-RNA
C. m-RNA
D. і-RNA
E. t-RNA
ANSWER: E
Which scientist discovered that the DNA molecule has a helix shape?
A. Maurice Wilkins
B. Rosalind Franklin
C. Erwin Chargaff
D. Francis Crick
E. Van-Helmont
ANSWER: D
A woman body builder passed out and went into a coma while lifting weights. When she arrived at the emergency ro
om, her blood glucose was 24 mg/dL (normal - 70 - 105 mg/dL). Her friend said that she had injected 60 units of reg
ular (short acting) insulin before each meal for the last 5 meals. This is at least 4 times normal basal secreting of insu
lin. Insulin had all of the following effects EXCEPT:
A. Increased glucose transport into muscle
B. Decreased glycogen phosphorylase activity in muscle
C. Decreased gluconeogenesis in liver
D. Increased glucose uptake into brain
E. Decreased glycogen phosphorylase in liver
ANSWER: D
The 46 years old patient L. complains for dry mouth, thirst, often urination, general weakness. Biochemical blood in
vestigation showed hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia. In the urine are glucose, ketone bodies. Electrocardiogram sho
wed diffuse myocardial changes. Possible diagnosis is:
A. diabetes mellitus
B. alimentary hyperglycemia
C. acute pancreatitis
D. diabetes insipidus
E. ischemic heart disease
ANSWER: A
A 10 years old boy complains for a little growth. For two last years he grew on 3 sm. Insufficiency of what hormone
causes such state?
A. Thyrotropin
B. Corticotropin
C. Gonadotropin
D. Somatotropin
E. Parathormone.
ANSWER: D
A 12 years old boy has small growth, mental development is normal. Insufficiency of which hormone results in this
pathology:
A. Somatotropin
B. Insulin
C. drenocorticotropin
D. Vasopresin
E. Epinephrine
ANSWER: A
A 23 years old patient complains about head ache, increase of size of feet, hands, change of voice. Reason of such st
ate can be:
A. Luck of aldosteron
B. Luck of glucagon
C. Luck of thyroxin
D. Hyperproduction of somatotropin
E. Hyperproduction of corticosteroids
ANSWER: D
A 28 years old patient suffers from intensive unproportional growth of hands, feet, chin (acromegalia) as a result of t
umor. Excess of which hormone does cause such disorders?
A. Gonadotropinum
B. Thyroxin
C. Somatotropin
D. Adrenocorticotropin
E. Thyrotrophic
ANSWER: C
A 45 years old patient complains about thirst, consumption of 5 l of liquid, enhanced diuresis (6l daily). A concentra
tion of glucose in blood is 4,4 mmol/l, the level of ketone bodies is normal. Urine is uncolored, its density is 1,002; s
ugar in urine is not detected. The luck of which hormone can results in such changes?
A. Glucagon
B. Aldosterone
C. Insulin
D. Vasopressin
E. ACTH
ANSWER: D
A 50 years old patient complaints about thirst. Day's diuresis is 4-5 l. Level of glucose in blood 4,6 mmol/l, there is
not any glucose in urine. In this case it is necessary to check up level of such hormone in blood:
A. Thyroxin
B. Estrogen
C. Aldosterone
D. Cortisol
E. Vasopressin
ANSWER: E
A 58 years old woman in hard сondition. Her consciousness is blear, skin is dry, eyes are sunken, cyanosis, the smel
l of rotting apples from the mouth. Evenly: blood glucose 15,1 mmol/l, urine glucose 3,5%. What is the most real re
ason for such condition?
A. uremic coma
B. hypovalemic coma
C. anaphylactic shock
D. hyperglycemic coma
E. hypoglycemic coma
ANSWER: D
A 9 years old child suffers from permanent thirst, polyuria. Density of urine decreased. Which pathology is accompa
nied the described clinical symptoms?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Diabetes insipidus
C. Glomerulonephritis
D. Pyelonephritis
E. Steroid diabetes
ANSWER: B
A biochemical index which caused by luck of antidiuretic hormone in an organism of 15 years old boy is:
A. Glucosuria
B. Ketonuria
C. Hypoisostenuria
D. Kreatinuria
E. Aminoaciduria
ANSWER: C
A bodybuilding enthusiast injected insulin and tried to work out for several hours. He continuously ingested the spor
ts drink containing salts but no glucose, fatty acids, or protein. He was in a coma. All of the following contributed to
his coma EXCEPT
A. The insulin inhibited glycogenolysis
B. The insulin inhibited gluconeogenesis
C. The insulin inhibited hormones sensitive lipase
D. The exercise used a lot of galactose
E. The insulin inhibited glucose transporters
ANSWER: E
A man is in a state of stress. Will it affect functioning of the endocrine system?
A. In a stress maintenance of epinephrine , ACTH, glucocorticoids rises in blood
B. In a stress activity of thyroid gland rises
C. The function of adrenal glands is repressed in a stress
D. There is an increase of function of pancreas and suppression of function of sex glands in a stress state
E. In a stress activity of parathyroid gland rises
ANSWER: A
A patient before surgery operation was in the state of stress. The increase of concentration of which hormone in bloo
d does accompany this state?
A. Insulin
B. Epinephrine
C. Prolactin
D. Progesteron
E. Glucagon
ANSWER: B
A patient complains for the permanent thirst, fatigueability. Day's diuresis about 3 – 4 l, a concentration of glucose i
n blood is within the limits of norm. Does the lack of what hormone result in the indicated changes in an organism?
A. Vasopressin
B. Glukagon
C. Insulin
D. Thyroxin
E. Epinephrine
ANSWER: A
A patient has an allergic reaction, which is accompanied with itch, edema. The concentration of which biogenic ami
ne did rise in tissues?
A. Triptamine
B. Serotonine
C. Histamine
D. Taurine
E. Putrescine
ANSWER: C
A patient have a hyperglycemia, glucosuria, polyuria. Density of urine increased. What is the possible reason of suc
h state?
A. Oppression of synthesis of insulin
B. Oppression of synthesis of glucagon
C. Oppression of synthesis of glucocorticoids
D. Oppression of synthesis of thyroxin
E. Oppression of synthesis of vasopressin
ANSWER: A
A patient is in the state of hypoglycemic coma. Specify, the overdose of which hormone can result in such condition
:
A. Insulin
B. Progesteron
C. Cortisol
D. Somatotropin
E. Glucagon
ANSWER: A
A patient suffers from increased diuresis (5-6 l daily). Luck of which hormone caused such state?
A. Oxytocin
B. Vasopressin
C. Glucagon
D. Thyroxin
E. Somatotropic hormone
ANSWER: B
A patient suffers from polyuria (5 l of urine daily) and thirst. Biochemical indexes are: concentration of glucose in bl
ood 5,1 mmol/l, density of urine is 1,010. Glucose and ketone bodies in urine are absent. Which state characterized t
hese indexes?
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Miksedema
C. Steroid diabetes
D. Diabetes mellitus
E. Thyrotoxicosis
ANSWER: A
A patient who suffers from the malignant tumor of esophagus did not accept a meal within a week. How did change
his hormonal status?
A. The concentration of insulin in blood increased
B. The concentration of cortisol in blood increased
C. The concentration of glucagon in blood increased
D. The concentration of epinephrine in blood increased
E. The concentration of thyroxin in blood decreased
ANSWER: B
A patient who suffers on the malignant tumor of esophagus did not accept a meal within a week. How did change hi
s hormonal status?
A. The concentration of insulin in blood increased
B. The concentration of cortisol in blood increased
C. The concentration of glucagon in blood increased
D. The concentration of epinephrine in blood increased
E. The concentration of thyroxin in blood decreased
ANSWER: B
A patient with diabetes mellitus, which accepts insulin, suffers from obesity. Which mechanism of development of s
uch effect of insulin is possible?
A. It depresses mobilization of fat from a depot
B. Activates disintegration of proteins
C. It inhibits glycolysis
D. It assists in transformation of proteins into fats
E. It inhibits absorption of lipids
ANSWER: A
A patient with type I diabetes has come to the emergency room with ketoacidosis. All of her serum samples are opal
escent, ie, they scatter light. Compared to a normal person, all of the following probably contributed to this abnorma
l serum EXCEPT:
A. Capillaries don't have as much lipoprotein lipase activity
B. Adipose hormone sensitive lipase is more active
C. More LDL is being synthesized in the liver
D. The cyclic-AMP concentration of adipose tissue is high
E. Brain usage of free fatty acids is down
ANSWER: E
A patient without consciousness was delivered to the hospital. It was established the smell of acetone from a mouth,
hyperglycemia and ketonemia. Which complication of diabetes mellitus takes place in this case?
A. Diabetic comma
B. Hypoglycemic comma
C. Cataract
D. Sharp poisoning by an acetone
E. Nephritis
ANSWER: A
A woman without consciousness was deliver to the hospital. Biochemical indexes are: level of glucose in blood – 1,
98 mmol/l, Hb - 82 g/l, red blood cells 2,1 • 1012 g/l, leucocytes - 4,3 • 109 g/l. It was diagnosted:
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Hypoglycemia
C. Galactosemia
D. Lack of somatotropic hormone.
E. Kidney diabetes
ANSWER: B
After parenteral introduction of hormone for woman with a low blood pressure the increase of blood pressure took p
lace and rose of glucose and fatty level acids in blood. Which hormone was introduced?
A. Foliculin
B. Glucagon
C. Insulin
D. Progesteron
E. Epinephrine
ANSWER: E
Amount of urine of the patient is about 8 l daily, its density 1,006. To insufficiency of which hormone function is it r
elated?
A. Insulin
B. Vasopressin
C. Thyroxin
D. Glucocorticoids
E. Somatotropin
ANSWER: B
By the ambulane car a patient was delivered to the hospital, who became unconscious in the street. Biochemical blo
od analysis showed: ketone bodies concentration 6,8 mmol/l, urea concentration 7,5 mmol/l, increased concentration
of C-protein, amount of calcium 2,2 mmol/l, blood glucose 2,5 mmol/l. What is the possible reason for getting unco
nscious?
A. hypoglycemia
B. ammonia formation malfunction
C. hypocalcemia
D. acetonemia
E. hyperthyroidism
ANSWER: A
Diabetes insipidus developed after a hemorrhage in a brain with the damage of nuclei of hypothalamus of 67 years o
ld man. What did become reason of polyuria in this case?
A. Hypoglycemia
B. Decreasing of K+ ions reabsorption
C. Activation of glomerular filtration.
D. Hyperglycemia.
E. Decreasing of water reabsorption
ANSWER: E
During labor was used preparation which activates contraction of smooth muscles of uterus. Which hormone is the c
omponent of this preparation?
A. Angiotensin.
B. Gastrin.
C. Secretin.
D. Oxytocin.
E. Bradykinin.
ANSWER: D
For a patients with the tumor of neurohypophysis and insufficient secretion of vasopressin typical :
A. Hyperosmolyar dehydratation
B. Hypoosmolyar dehydratation
C. Isoosmolyar dehydratation
D. Hyperosmolyar overhydratation
E. Hypoosmolyar overhydratation
ANSWER: B
For a sick woman with a low blood pressure after parenteral introduction of hormone a blood pressure and of glucos
e and lipids level rose in blood. What hormone was used?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Epinephrine
D. Progesterone
E. Foliculin
ANSWER: C
Growth of adult man is 112 sm at proportional composition of body and normal mental development. Insufficiency
of which hormone does cause such state?
A. Gonadotropic hormone
B. Somatotropic hormone
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Thyrotrophic hormone
E. Thyroxin
ANSWER: B
In stress the level of glucose increases in blood. Which hormone does result in it with the activating of glycogenolys
is?
A. Parathyroid hormone
B. Aldosterone
C. Epinephrine
D. Vasopressin
E. Progesterone
ANSWER: C
In the organisms of patients in terminal stage of diabetes mellitus are observed the intensive decomposition of protei
ns and the following metabolism of formed free amino acids. Catabolism of which of below-mentioned amino acids
will tribute to the simultaneuos development of hyperglycemia and ketonemia?
A. tyrosine
B. leucine
C. histidine
D. methionine
E. proline
ANSWER: A
Introduction of epinephrine to the organism results in the increase of glucose level in blood. Which process is activat
es mainly?
A. Alcoholic fermentation
B. Synthesis of glycogen
C. Cycle of Krebs
D. Pentose phosphate cycle
E. Disintegration of glycogen
ANSWER: E
It was diagnosed a hypoglycemic coma. What level of glucose in blood of patient is reliable for such state?
A. 9,0 mmol/l
B. 18,0 mmol/l
C. 7,5 mmol/l
D. 5,3 mmol/l
E. 2,0 mmol/l
ANSWER: E
Level of glucose in blood of patient on empty stomach was 5,65 mmol/l, 1 hour after the sugary loading was 8,55 m
mol/l, and after 2 hours – 4,95 mmol/l. Such indexes are typical for:
A. Patient with insulin independent diabetes mellitus
B. Patient with the hidden form of diabetes mellitus
C. Patient with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
D. Healthy individ
E. Patient with a thyrotoxicosis.
ANSWER: D
Patient L. 46 years complains about dryness in a mouth, thirst, enhanced diuresis, general weakness. At biochemical
research found a hyperglycemia, ketonemia, glucosuria, ketonuria. Cardiogram showed diffuse changes of myocardi
um. These symptoms are possibly caused by:
A. Acute pancreatitis
B. Alimentary hyperglycemia
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Diabetes insipidus
E. Ischemic heart disease
ANSWER: C
Patient with diabetes mellitus experienced loss of consciousness and convulsions after an injection of insulin. What
might be the result of biochemical blood analysis for concentration of sugar?
A. 5,5 mmol/L
B. 3,3 mmol/L
C. 10,0 mmol/L
D. 1,5 mmol/L
E. 8,0 mmol/L
ANSWER: D
Such allergic symptoms are expressed: tissues are swollen, itch. It is related to the increase of which biogenic аmine
formation?
A. Norepinephrine
B. Serotonin
C. Epinephrine
D. Histamine
E. Choline
ANSWER: D
The ambulance car delivered to the hospital a patient, who became unconscious in the street. Biochemical blood anal
ysis showed: ketone bodies concentration 6,8 mmol/l, urea concentration 7,5 mmol/l, increased concentration of C-p
rotein, amount of calcium 2,2 mmol/l, blood glucose 2,5 mmol/l. What is the possible reason for getting unconscious
?
A. hypoglycemia
B. ammonia formation malfunction
C. hypocalcemia
D. acetonemia
E. hyperthyroidism
ANSWER: A
The concentration of epinephrine and norepinephrine was sharply increased in blood of 50 years old man after stress
. Which enzyme catalyzes the process of its inactivation?
A. Glycosidase
B. Monoaminooxidase
C. Peptidase
D. Carboxylase
E. Thyrosinase
ANSWER: B
The level of glucose in blood of a patient increased. Excess of which hormone could result in such effect?
A. Prolactine
B. Insulin
C. Testosterone
D. Norepinephrine
E. Epinephrine
ANSWER: E
The long term negative emotional stress which was accompanied with the excess of catecholamines leads to the bod
y weight loss. What biochemical mechanism in this case?
A. Activation of lipolysis
B. Disorders of digestion
C. Activation of the oxidative phosphorylation
D. Disorders of synthesis of lipids
E. Activation of disintegration of proteins
ANSWER: A
The long term negative emotional stress which was accompanied with the excess of catecholamines leads to the bod
y weight loss. What biochemical mechanism in this case?
A. Activation of lipolysis
B. Disorders of digestion
C. Activation of the oxidative phosphorylation
D. Disorders of synthesis of lipids
E. Activation of disintegration of proteins
ANSWER: A
The patient complains for undue fatiguability after working day, constant thirst. A doctor suspected diabetes mellitus
. Choose the blood plasma glucose concentration, which proves the diagnosis:
A. 8,5 mmol/l
B. 2 mmol/l
C. 4,5 mmol/l
D. 5 mmol/l
E. 3,3 mmol/l
ANSWER: A
The patient with diabetes mellitus has got the large dose of insulin, that resulted in loss of consciousness, convulsion
s. At what level of glucose in blood is possible such state?
A. 2,3 mmol/l
B. 3,5 mmol/l
C. 6,5 mmol/l
D. 8,0 mmol/l
E. 12,5 mmol/l
ANSWER: A
The patient with diabetes mellitus has been delivered in hospital in the state of unconsciousness. Arterial pressure is
low. The patient has acidosis. Point substances, which accumulation in the blood results in these manifestations:
A. Amino acids
B. Ketone bodies
C. Monosaccharides
D. Cholesterol esters
E. High fatty acids
ANSWER: B
Tumor of adenohypophysis caused disorders of tropic hormones synthesis. Choose, high level of which hormone ca
uses acromegalia?
A. Melanocytostimulating
B. CTH
C. Luteinizing
D. Somatotropic
E. Folikulostimulating
ANSWER: D
Your patient sufferers from type I diabetes. Compared to a normal person your patient will have
A. Less serum lipoproteins
B. Lower blood glucose
C. Decreased production of lipoprotein by the liver
D. Decreased lipoprotein lipase activity
E. Decreased hormones sensitive lipase activity
ANSWER: D
A 10-years-old boy was brought to a hospital for the inspection of the cause of growth retardation. He had grown on
ly by three centimeters in the last two years. What hormon’s deficiency is the cause of such state?
A. Thyrotropin
B. Corticotropin
C. Gonadotropin
D. Somatotropin
E. Parathormone
ANSWER: D
10-years old child has small growth, disproportional development of body, insufficient psychical development. Defi
cit of which hormone can cause these changes?
A. Thyroxine
B. Parathormone
C. Thyrocalcitonin
D. Adrenocortikotropic hormone
E. Oxytocin
ANSWER: A
4-month old child suffers from severe rickets. Disorders of digestion were not found. A child is exposed to sunlight f
oe enough time every day. For two months a child obtained the vitamin D3, however the symptoms of rickets were n
ot diminished. Disorders of the synthesis of which compound can explain the development of rickets in this child?
A. Calcitonin
B. Calcitriol (1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol)
C. Thyroxine
D. Parathormone
E. Insulin
ANSWER: B
40 years old patient was hospitalized with complaints about a general weakness, cramps of upper and lower extremit
ies, blood pressure - 160/100 mm Hg. Biochemical tests showed: blood glucose – 6,5 mmol/l, cholesterol – 6 mmol/l
, sodium – 160 mmol/l. Urea excretion – 700 ml per days. What pathology did cause such state?
A. Hyperparatharoidism
B. Thyrotoxicosis
C. Hypoaldosteronism
D. Rickets
E. Hyperaldosteronism
ANSWER: E
44 years old patient complain on weakness, fatigue. Blood pressure was found to be 80/50 mm Hg. In the blood: Na
concentration – 110 mmol/l, K – 5,9 mmol/l, glucose 2,8 mmol/l. Insufficient production of which hormone can cau
se such symptoms?
A. Aldosterone
B. Vasopressine
C. Epinephrine
D. Oxytocine
E. Serotonine
ANSWER: A
A 17 years girl complains about sharp muscle weakness, dizziness, hyperpigmentation, loss of weight, dryness of ski
n, increased diuresis. The concentration of glucose in blood was 3,0 mmol/l and increased secretion of sodium with
urine was found. Administration of which preparation can improve this state?
A. Aldosterone
B. Insulin
C. Glucagone
D. Thyroxine
E. Somatotropin.
ANSWER: A
A 35 years woman complains on insomnia, cardiac problems. A doctor suspected hyperthyroidism which was confir
med by laboratory tests. Which process was intensified in the organism of this patient?
A. Synthesis of cholesterol
B. Oxidative phosphorylation
C. Demineralization of bone tissue
D. Basic metabolism
E. Synthesis of proteins
ANSWER: D
A 56 years woman suffers from chronic cardiovascular insufficiency, hypertension disease. One of clinical symptom
s is edema. What is the mechanism of development of “cardiac” edema?
A. Increased formation of aldosteron
B. Increased secretion of sodium-uretic hormone
C. Increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
D. Increased secretion of glucocorticoids
E. Increased formation of prostaglandins
ANSWER: A
A careless student met the dean by chance. The concentration of what hormine will increase in the student’s blood fi
rst of all?
A. Cortisol
B. Thyreoliberin
C. Corticotropin
D. Adrenaline
E. Somatotropin
ANSWER: D
A child has signs of physical development delay and mental retardation (cretinism). With the deficit of what hormon
e is it connected?
A. Thyroxin
B. Somatotropin
C. Calcitonin
D. Insulin
E. Testosterone
ANSWER: A
A doctor consulted a patient with complaints about permanent thirst. Hyperglycemia, polyuria and high level of 17-k
etosteroids in urine were determined. What is the most appropriate diagnosis in this case?
A. Steroid diabetes
B. Insulin dependent dibetes mellitus
C. Mixedema
D. I type glycogenosis
E. Addison’s disease
ANSWER: A
A man 35 came to a dentist with complaints of reducing dental tissue density, heightened fragility of teeth at ingesti
ng hard food. The lack of what mineral element most probably takes place in this case?
A. Calcium
B. Potassium
C. Sodium
D. Magnesium
E. Iron
ANSWER: A
A patient after the heavy diseases feels tired, complains on the bad appetite, general weakness. In examination the lo
ss of weight, astenisation, general exhaustion of organism we found. Which hormonal preparation can be recommen
ded in this case?
A. Catecholamins
B. Somatotropin
C. Insulin
D. Glucagon
E. Anabolic steroids (derivates of male sex hormones)
ANSWER: E
A patient complains about permanent thirst. Hyperglycemia, polyuria and increased level of 17-ketosteroids in urine
are observed. What disease is most possible?
A. Addison
B. Micsedema
C. I type glycogenosis
D. I type diabetes
E. Steroid diabetes
ANSWER: E
A patient has got the anlargement of separate parts of body (lower, jaw, nose, ears, tongue, feet, hands), body propor
tions preserved. In can be connected with the increase of the secretion of a certain hormone. What hormone is it?
A. Cortisol
B. Somatostatin
C. Tetraiodothyronine
D. Triiodothyronine
E. Somatotropin
ANSWER: E
A women has a limited blood flow in kidney’s, high arteryotonya. What hormone’s hypersecretion was the reason fo
r high arteriotony?
A. Vasopressin
B. Adrenaline
C. Noradrenalin
D. Erythropoetin
E. Rennin
ANSWER: E
Adenoma was found in the parathyroid glands of 67 years old man. Patient complains on muscle weakness. Which b
iochemical index reflect such state?
A. Hypercalciemia
B. Hyperphosphatemia
C. Hypophosphaturia
D. Increase of c-АMP in the blood
E. Polyuria
ANSWER: A
An infant has got a laryngospasm. In anamnesis there is suspecribility to cramps development. One must think about
the disfunction of some endocrine glands. What are these?
A. Parathyroid glands
B. Pancreas
C. Thymus
D. Thyroid gland
E. Adrenal gland
ANSWER: A
Cardiac diseases, exophthalmia, increased sweat of skin, hands shaking, increased basic metabolism, enlargement of
thyroid gland. What is the name of such disease and what is the cause of it?
A. Graves diseases. Hyperproduction of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
B. Graves disease. Insufficient production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
C. Mixedema. Hyperproductions of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
D. Mixedema. Insufficient productions of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
E. Endemic goiter. Hyperproductions of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
ANSWER: A
Cause of acromegaly when secreted in excessive amounts in adults:
A. Luteinizing hormone
B. Follicle stimylating hormone
C. Growth hormone
D. Melanocitostimulating hormone
E. Thyroid hormones
ANSWER: C
Decreased diuresis, hypernatremia, hypokaliemia were observed. Hypersecretion of which hormone can cause such
changes?
A. Parathormone
B. Adrenalin
C. Vasopressin
D. Sodiumdiuretic factor
E. Aldosterone
ANSWER: E
Deficiency of thyroxine in an adult can result in:
A. Cretinism
B. Myxedema
C. Acromegaly
D. Tetany
E. Gout
ANSWER: B
During the examination of a 35 year-old woman the increase of the indexes of basic metabolism were found. The ex
cess of which of the following hormones probably caused this state?
A. Triiodothyronine
B. Somatotropin
C. Insulin
D. Cortisol
E. Glucagon
ANSWER: A
Endemic goiter is known to be widespread in certain geochemical areas. The deficiency of what chemical element c
auses this disease?
A. Iron
B. Iodine
C. Zinc
D. Copper
E. Cobalt
ANSWER: B
For analgesia, a certan substance which imitates the phisiological properties of morphine but is synthesized inside th
e human brain can be used. Name this substance.
A. Somatoliberin
B. Oxytocin
C. Vasopressin
D. Calcitonin
E. Endorphine
ANSWER: E
Hypercalciemia, hyperphosphatemia and decreased excretion of phosphorus with urine were observed. It can be cau
sed by:
A. Increased production of the parathormone
B. Decreased production of the parathormone
C. Decreased production of calcitonin
D. Increased production of calcitonin
E. Increased production of glucocorticoids
ANSWER: C
Hypercalciemia, hypophosphatemia and the intensive excretion of phosphorus with urine were found. It can be caus
ed by:
A. Increased production of parathormone
B. Decreased production of parathormone
C. Decreased production of calcitonin
D. Increased production of calcitonin
E. Increased production of glucocorticoids
ANSWER: A
Hypernatriemia, hypervolemia, hypokaliemia were found. The reason of such state is:
A. Hyperaldosteronism
B. Hypoaldosteronism
C. Addison disease
D. Reklingauzen disease
E. Graves disease
ANSWER: A
Hypertension, edema, hypernatriemia, hypervolemia, hypokaliemia were found in patient. Which disorders can resul
t in such state?
A. Hyperproduction of parathormone
B. Hyperproduction of calcitonine
C. Hypoproduction of parathormone
D. Hyperproduction of aldosteron
E. Hypoproduction of aldosteron
ANSWER: D
Hypocalciemia, hyperphosphatemia and decreased excretion of phosphorus with urine were found. It can be caused
by:
A. Increased production of parathormone
B. Decreased production of parathormone
C. Decreased production of calcitonin
D. Increased production of calcitonin
E. Increased production of glucocorticoids
ANSWER: B
In the patient examination the following symptoms were found: retardation of growth, disproportional development
of body, disorders of mental and psychical development. What disorder most probably takes a place in this case?
A. Hypofunction of sex glands
B. Hyperfunction of the hypophysis
C. Hypofunction of thyroid gland
D. Hyperfunction of thyroid gland
E. Hypofunction of adrenal glands
ANSWER: C
In the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol from 7-dehydroxycholesterol
A. The steroid ring structure remains intact
B. Cholesterol is an intermediate
C. Ultraviolet light is required
D. Three hydroxylation occur
E. Calcitonine is required
ANSWER: C
In the urine of a 42 years man, who was in stress for a long time, the amount of 17-ketosteroids is increased. This tes
tifies about the increased secretion of:
A. Cortizol
B. Estradiol
C. Epinephrine
D. Norepinephrine
E. Aldosterone
ANSWER: A
Laboratory testing of the patient’s blood plasma showed Na+ level of 160,0 mM/l. The change in concentration of w
hat hormone can be the cause of such state.
A. Increase of aldosterone level
B. Decrease of aldosterone level
C. Increase of glucocorticoids level
D. Increase of thyroid hormones level
E. Increase of atrial natriuretic factor.
ANSWER: A
Tachycardia, increase of basal matabolism and body temperature, weight loss, increase of excitability of a patient ar
e diagnosed. The reason for it is the increase of the hormone secretion of some glands. What gland is it?
A. Neurohypophysis
B. Adrenal gland
C. Parathyroid glands
D. Gonads
E. Thyroid gland
ANSWER: E
The diagnosis endemic goiter was established for patient who lives in specific endemic area. What type of posttransl
iation modification of tyroglobulin is inhibited in the patient’s organism?
A. Iiodination
B. Phosphorylation
C. Glicosylation
D. Acetylation
E. Metylation
ANSWER: A
The increased deposition of fats in the area of face, neck, breasts, stomach, and hyperpigmentation were found in a p
atient. In the blood the increase of sodium and chlorine levels and decrease of potassium level were observed. The a
mount of 17-ketosteroids was also increased in blood and urine. What disease can we suspect and what is the reason
of it?
A. Kushing disease, caused by depressed secretion of ACTH
B. Kushing syndrome, caused by the increased secretion of corticosteroids
C. Addison disease, caused by the decreased secretion of corticosteroids
D. Kushing disease, caused by the increased secretion of ACTH
E. Addison disease, caused for decreased secretion of ACTH
ANSWER: D
The thyroid hormones are responsible for regulating metabolic rate and calcium and phosphate ion concentration in t
he blood. Which thyroid hormone lowers calcium and phosphate ion concentration in the blood?
A. Thyroxine
B. Triiodothyronine
C. Calcitonin
D. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
E. Prolactin
ANSWER: C
The typical symptoms of hyperfunction of adrenal cortex are osteoporosis and negative balance of calcium and phos
phates. Disorders of synthesis and disintegration of which substance is a result of these symptoms:
A. Collagen
B. Parathormone
C. Calcitonine
D. Corticotropine
E. Somatotropine
ANSWER: A
Weakness, fatigue, hypotension were developed after 2 months after adrenalectomy. The deficiency of which hormo
ne causes the development of this state?
A. Vasopressin
B. Glucagon
C. Aldosterone
D. Progesterone
E. Thyroxine
ANSWER: C
Weakness, fatigues were developed in a 39 years man one month after the removing of adrenal glands. Laboratory r
esults: hypoglycemia on an empty stomach, lactemia. The deficit of which hormone can evoke such state?
A. Glucagon
B. Testosterone
C. Cortizol
D. ACTH
E. Estradiole
ANSWER: C
What disease is developed in the insufficiency of adrenal cortex?
A. Kushing disease
B. Kushing syndrome
C. Syndrome of Cone
D. Addison disease
E. Syndrome of Vernike-Korsakov
ANSWER: D
What preparation inhibits the enzyme that synthesizes prostaglandins from arachidonic acid and thus shows an antiin
flammatory action?
A. Aspirine
B. Penicilline
C. Sulfanilamide
D. Novocaine
E. Morphine
ANSWER: A
Which hormone causes excessive skeletal growth or gigantism?
A. Somatotropin
B. Testosterone
C. Insulin
D. Somatostatin
E. Glucagon
ANSWER: A
Which hormone increases sodium and water reabsorption by renal tubule cells:
A. Oxytocin
B. Aldosterone
C. Vasopressin
D. Prolactin
E. Cortisol
ANSWER: B
Which of these is not a method the body uses to regulate its hormonal releases?
A. Negative feedback
B. Direct nervous stimulation
C. Release of tropic hormones
D. Degradation of the endocrine gland
E. None of the above
ANSWER: D
Which one of these anterior pituitary hormones shows increased secretion in response to stress?
A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
C. Luteinizing hormone
D. Prolactin
E. Vasopressin
ANSWER: B
Woman suffers from the following symptoms: mucous edema, obesity, loss of hair and teeth, dry skin, decrease the
body temperature. What is the name of such state and insufficiency of which hormone can cause it?
A. Thyrotoxicosis. Increase of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
B. Mixedema. Deficit of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
C. Endemic goiter. Deficit of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
D. Diabetes. Deficit of insulin
E. Addison disease. Deficit of glucocorticoids
ANSWER: B
?A man after 1,5 litres blood loss has suddenly reduced diuresis. The increased secretion of what hormone caused su
ch diuresis alteration?
A. Corticotropin
B. Natriuretic factor
C. Parathormone
D. Cortisol
E. Vasopressin
ANSWER: E
A patient complains about acute stomach-ache, nausea, vomit. Diastase activity is 800 grammes/l?hour What diagno
sis is the most possible?
A. Acute cholecystitis
B. Acute pancreatitis
C. Ulcer of stomach
D. Acute appendicitis
E. Enterocolitis
ANSWER: B
A patient, which visited a doctor, has increased level of glucose in blood and urine. Diabetes mellitus is suspecteds.
What changes in lipid metabolism can cause this disease?
A. hyperketonemia
B. hypercholesterolemia
C. hypoketonemia, ketonuria
D. hyperphospholipidemia, hyperketonemia
E. hypophospholipidemia , hypoketonemia
ANSWER: C
A specific test on the damage of kidneys tissues for the proof of diagnosis - inflammatory process in kidneys of the
patient was conducted. This test is determination in urine:
A. Concentrations of creatin
B. Activity of creatin phosphokinase MB
C. Presence of lactose
D. Activity of transamidinase
E. Activity of pepsin
ANSWER: D
A two years old child was delivered to the hospital with symptoms of mental and physical underdevelopment, which
suffers from the frequent vomiting after meal. In urine found out phenyl-pyruvic acid. Disorder of which substances
metabolism is this pathology?
A. Phosphorus-calcium metabolism
B. Water-salt metabolism
C. Metabolism of amino acids
D. Carbohydrates metabolism
E. Lipids metabolism
ANSWER: C
A woman of 58 years, сondition is hard. Consciousness is blear, skin is dry, and eyes are sunken, cyanosis, the smell
of rotting apples from the mouth. Laboratory test: blood glucose 15,1 mmol/l, urine glucose 3,5%. What is the most
real reason for such condition?
A. uremic coma
B. hypovalemic coma
C. anaphylactic shock
D. hyperglycemic coma
E. hypoglycemic coma
ANSWER: D
An acute pancreatitis and parotitis are diagnosed. How will it influence on the activity of amylase in urine?
A. High activity of amylase is in urine
B. Low activity of amylase is in urine
C. No any of amylase in urine
D. No any changes
E. All ANSWERs are correct
ANSWER: A
At a biochemical inspection of a patient were found a hyperglycemia, glucosuria, high urine’s density, in blood foun
d - enhanceable amount of glucocorticoids. At the same time in blood and urine found excess of 17 – ketosteroids.
What type of diabetes developed:
A. Steroid diabetes
B. Diabetes Mellitus, the I type
C. Diabetes Mellitus , the II type
D. Kidney diabetes
E. Hepatic diabetes
ANSWER: A
At what disease glomerular filtration is always decreased?
A. Acute nephritis
B. Chronic glomerulonephritis
C. Acute pyelonephritis
D. Amyloidosis of kidneys
E. Acute kidney’s insufficiency
ANSWER: E
At what disease in urine appears the protein of Bens - Jones?
A. Myeloma
B. Amyloidosis of kidneys
C. Glomerulonephritis
D. Tuberculosis of kidneys
E. Pyelonephritis
ANSWER: A
At what disease more frequent alkaline reaction of urine?
A. Uremia
B. Acute nephritis
C. Festering pyelitis
D. Abscess of kidneys
E. Diabetes insipidus
ANSWER: A
Decreased diuresis, hypernatremia, hypokaliemia were observed. Hypersecretion of which hormone can cause such
changes?
A. Parathormone
B. Epinephrine
C. Vasopressin
D. Natriuretic factor
E. Aldosterone
ANSWER: E
For a patient was found the increase of maintenance of urea and creatinine in blood and diminishing in urine. What a
re possible reasons of such state?
A. Main reason of such state it is disorder of detoxification, transport and excretion of ammonia with urine
B. Main reason is a disease of liver
C. Such state appears at the disease of muscles
D. Diseases which result in insufficiency of kidneys
E. Such state appears as a result of disorder of acid-base balance in an organism
ANSWER: D
For diagnostic of acute inflammatory process in kidneys was conducted a specific test - determination in urine of suc
h substance:
A. Content of lactose
B. Activity of creatinkinase
C. Concentrations of creatin
D. Activity of pepsin
E. Activity of alanine aminopeptidase
ANSWER: E
How many proteins do excrete daily with urine healthy adult?
A. 30 mg
B. 50 mg
C. 60 mg
D. 100 mg
E. 120 mg
ANSWER: A
How uric acid excretes from an organism?
A. With saliva
B. With feces
C. With sweat
D. With urine
E. With hepato-enteral circulation
ANSWER: D
Hyperuricemia is increase of uric acid level more than:
A. 0,5 mmol/l
B. 0,1 mmol/l
C. 10 mmol/l
D. 3 mmol/l
E. 2 mmol/l
ANSWER: A
Hyperuricuria is observed at all of diseases which are accompanied the increased disintegration:
A. Glycoproteins
B. Phosphoproteins
C. Nucleoproteins
D. Lipoproteins
E. Chromoproteins
ANSWER: C
In a norm reabsorption of glucose is:
A. 100%
B. 90%
C. 96%
D. 30%
E. 10%
ANSWER: A
In a norm the clearance of endogenous creatinine is:
A. 110 – 150 ml/min
B. 100 – 250 ml/min
C. 110 – 200 ml/min
D. 10 – 150 ml/min
E. 10 – 100 ml/min
ANSWER: A
In blood and urine of a patient it was takes place increase value of pyruvic and Alfa-ketoglutaric acids. The deficien
cy of which coenzyme causes these changes?
A. Pyridoxal phosphate
B. Thiamin pyrophosphate
C. Flavin mononucleotide
D. Biotin
E. Ubiqinon
ANSWER: B
In blood of patient hypercalciemia, hypophosphatemia were observed, in urine – hyperphosphaturia. The possible re
ason of such state is:
A. Depression of parathormone secretion
B. Increased secretion of calcitonine
C. Depression of calcitonine secretion
D. Increased secretion of parathormone
E. Increased secretion of thyroxine
ANSWER: D
In the normal state reabsorption of water is:
A. 98%
B. 40%
C. 55%
D. 79%
E. 100%
ANSWER: A
In the urine of a 42 years man, who was in stress for a long time, the amount of 17-ketosteroids is increased. This tes
tifies about the increased secretion of:
A. Cortisol
B. Estradiol
C. Epinephrine
D. Norepinephrine
E. Aldosterone
ANSWER: A
In what part of nephron does take place filtration of urine?
A. In a glomerulus
B. In the loop of Henle
C. In a proksimal canaliculi
D. In a distal canaliculi
E. In the collective tubes
ANSWER: A
In which units the clearance of endogenous creatinine determined?
A. Mm/minute
B. Gramm/l
C. Mmol/l
D. Ml/hour
E. Ml/minute
ANSWER: E
Interpret the results of urine analysis: color – brown – orange, density - 1,020, bilirubin – negative, urobilin – positiv
e:
A. Hemolytic jaundice
B. Hepatic jaundice
C. Mechanical jaundice
D. Normal condition
E. No any correct ANSWER
ANSWER: A
Inulin clearance in an average adult man is about
A. 54 ml/min
B. 75 ml/min
C. 110 ml/min
D. 130 ml/min
E. 250 ml/min
ANSWER: D
It was determinate high activity of amylase in urine of a patient. How properly interpret this analysis?
A. It is possible acute pancreatitis, parotitis
B. Pathology of liver
C. This analysis testifies disorders of gastrointestinal tract
D. It is possible at nephropathies
E. This analysis testifies disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in an organism
ANSWER: A
Mother with her 5 years old child visited a doctor. Child after beeing under sunlight has the erythema of skin. Labor
atory tests showed decrease of iron in blood plasma, increase of uroporphyrinogen I excretion with urine. The most
possible pathology is:
A. erythropoietic porphyria
B. methemoglobinemia
C. hepatic porphyria
D. coproporphyria
E. hemolytic jaudice
ANSWER: A
Name laboratory tests which should be conducted for the patients with suspicion on a acute pancreatitis:
A. Total blood test
B. Activity of LDH
C. Activity of AlAT
D. Activity of amylase in urine and blood
E. A level of sugar in blood
ANSWER: D
Name the pathological compounds of urine at diabetes mellitus:
A. bile pigments, acetone
B. acetone, glucose
C. blood, bilirubin
D. protein, blood
E. bile pigments, indican
ANSWER: B
Name the pathological compounds of urine at diabetes mellitus:
A. bile pigments, acetone
B. acetone, glucose
C. blood, bilirubin
D. protein, blood
E. bile pigments, indican
ANSWER: B
Patient B. suffers from polyuria. Pathological components do not discovered in urine. What possible reason of this st
ate?
A. Deficiency of oxytocin
B. Excess of vasopressin
C. Deficiency of vasopressin
D. Excess of oxytocin
E. Disorders of liver and kidney’s functions
ANSWER: C
Patient has increased amount of urea and creatinine in blood and their decrease in urine. Possible reason of this state
are:
A. this state is observed at muscle disease
B. main reason – liver disease
C. diseases, which cause kidney failure
D. the main reason are affection of neutralization, transportation and excretion of ammonia with urine
E. this state is observed as a result of acid-base equilibrium in the organism
ANSWER: C
Phenylketonuria of newborn may be diagnosed after a reaction of urine with:
A. FeCI3
B. CuSO4
C. NaCl
D. Fe+
E. Na3PO4
ANSWER: A
Polyuria of patients with diabetes insipidus appears as a result:
A. Insufficient level of antidiuretic hormone in blood
B. Insufficient level of insulin in blood
C. Disorders of reabsorption of water in canaliculies as a result of high osmotic pressure of urine
D. Excessive intake of liquid
E. Disorders of reabsorption of water in canaliculies as a result of low osmolality of urine
ANSWER: A
Possible reasons of hypoproteinemia at a nephrotic syndrome are all the following except:
A. Convertion of proteins into fats
B. Diet with the deficiensy of proteins
C. Diarrea
D. Proteinuria
E. Increased catabolism
ANSWER: A
Sportsman who was on a diet with great amount of protein has acidic reaction of urine. Presence of which substance
s causes such change?
A. urates and sulphates
B. chlorides and phosphates
C. chlorides and sulphates
D. phosphates and sulphates
E. urates and chlorides
ANSWER: B
The amount of urea in the patient's blood is 16 mmol/l, in daily urine 6 g. The possible reason for this is the followin
g:
A. Liver disease
B. Starvation
C. Kidney disease
D. Acidosis
E. Thyrotoxicosis
ANSWER: C
The analysis demonstrated a 10 times increase of diastase activity. The danger of autolysis of a patient’s pancreas ca
used with activating of enzyme:
A. Amylase
B. Pepsin
C. Trypsin
D. Lipase
E. Nuclease
ANSWER: C
The density of urine of a healthy adult is:
A. 1,003 - 1,035
B. 1,020 – 1,050
C. 1,025 – 1,045
D. 1,005 – 1,010
E. 1,010 – 1,035
ANSWER: A
The most dangerous for life such effect of acute kidney insufficiency:
A. Overhydratation
B. Hypokaliemia
C. Hypermagniyemia
D. Hyperkaliemia
E. Hyperkal'ciemia
ANSWER: D
The patient complains of polyuria. The pathological components in urine are not detected. The deficiency of what ho
rmone can result in such state?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Epinephrine
D. Vasopressin
E. Cortisol
ANSWER: D
The patient L., 46 years, complains for dry mouth, thirst, quickened urination, general weakness. Biochemical blood
investigation showed hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia. In the urine glucose, ketone bodies were found. Electrocardi
ogram showed diffuse myocardial changes. Possible diagnosis is:
A. diabetes mellitus
B. alimentary hyperglycemia
C. acute pancreatitis
D. diabetes insipidus
E. ischemic heart disease
ANSWER: A
The results of Zimnytskiy's test showed density of urine about 1.003-1.008. Name this state?
A. hypersthenuria
B. hyposthenuria and isosthenuria
C. hyposthenuria
D. oliguria
E. pyuria
ANSWER: B
The results of Zimnytskiy's test showed density of urine about 1.003-1.008. Name this state?
A. hypersthenuria
B. hyposthenuria and isosthenuria
C. hyposthenuria
D. oliguria
E. pyuria
ANSWER: B
Urine transparency is one of the parameters, evaluated by the analysis. Presence of what substance causes turbidity o
f acidic urine?
A. calcium phosphate
B. magnesium sulfate
C. ammonium acids
D. uric acid salts
E. chloride salts
ANSWER: D
Urine transparency is one of the parameters, evaluated by the analysis. Presence of what substance causes turbidity o
f alkaline urine?
A. calcium phosphate
B. magnesium sulfate
C. ammonium acids
D. uric acid salts
E. chloride salts
ANSWER: A
Urine transparency is one of the parameters, evaluated by the analysis. Presence of what substance causes turbidity o
f acidic urine?
A. calcium phosphate
B. magnesium sulfate
C. ammonium acids
D. uric acid salts
E. chloride salts
ANSWER: D
What method of research is characterized concentration property of kidneys?
A. Creatinine of blood
B. Zimnitskiy’s test
C. Glomerular filtration
D. Electrolytes of blood
E. All of the above
ANSWER: B
With urine of a healthy adult is excreted the following product of bilirubin disintegration:
A. urobilin
B. stercobilin
C. mesobilin
D. biliverdin
E. verdoglobin
ANSWER: B
With urine of newborn was done a reaction with FeCI3 and a positive reaction (dark color) got. What disease is poss
ible?
A. Galactosemia
B. Tyrosinosis
C. Phenylketonuria
D. Alkaptonuria
E. Aminoaciduria
ANSWER: C
A doctor with the purpose of conformation diagnosis sent a patient with the early stage of muscular dystrophy in a bi
ochemical laboratory for the leadthrough of blood test. Growth activity of what enzyme can be observed in this patie
nt?
A. Creatinkinase
B. Alaninaminotransferase
C. Colagenase
D. Gialuronidase
E. Glutaminases
ANSWER: A
A patient has a general tooth pain, bleeding of gums, depolamerisation of proteoglycans and destruction of odontobl
asts and ostepblasts, loosen of teeth. Reason of such state is hypovitaminoses of:
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin E
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin B6
E. Vitamin D
ANSWER: C
A patient has a making progress muscular weakness and low capacity, in skeletal and to cardiac muscles, liver and p
lasma of blood, maintenance of carnitin goes down. Which amino acids insufficient in food stuffs?
A. Alanine and proline
B. Lysine and methionine
C. Arginine and valine
D. Aspartic and Glutamic acids
E. Histidine and serine
ANSWER: B
A patient have the frequent bleeding from internalss, mucus shells. Analysis found out insufficiency of hydroxyproli
ne and hydroxilisine in composition of collogen tissue. Deficiency of what vitamin broken the processes of hydroxyl
ating of adopted amino acids in the organism of patient?
A. Vitaminu H
B. Vitaminu C
C. Vitaminu PP
D. Vitaminu A
E. Vitaminu K
ANSWER: B
A patient, which grumbles about pain in front breast area which is not taken off nitroglycerine, weakness, enhanceab
le perspire, is hospitalized in a clinic. For him cyanosys of lips, pallor of skin, is marked, bradicardia. 4 hours passed
from the moment of beginning of anginose attack. Determination activity of what enzyme will allow to diagnose –
heart attack of myocardium?
A. Creatinekinase (MB)
B. Alkaline phosphatase
C. LDG3
D. LDG5
E. AlAT
ANSWER: A
A sportsmen leg has been injured during training. A traumatologist has diagnosed tendon rupture. What type of conn
ective tissue forms this organ?
A. Cartilaginous
B. Dense irregular connective tissue
C. Loose connective tissue
D. Reticular
E. Dense regular connective tissue
ANSWER: E
A woman of 30 years has disease for about a year, when she first felt pain in the joints region, intumescence, skin re
ddening. Probable diagnosis is pseudorheumatism. One of the possible reasons of this disease is the change in the str
ucture of connective tissue protein:
A. Mucin
B. Ovoalbumin
C. Troponin
D. Colagene
E. Myosin
ANSWER: D
For a patient the weakness of muscles, osteoporosis, atrophy of skin, bad cicatrization of wounds, is marked, laying
of fat is increased in overhead part of body (on face, neck). At a blood test found out the increase of sodium and chl
orine, and diminishing of potassium. What disease in this patient?
A. Addison disease
B. Reklingauzen disease
C. Icenko-kushing disease
D. Bazedov disease
E. Syndrome of Konn
ANSWER: C
For a patient which has scurvy, violate the processes formation of connective tissue which resulted in dicking and fal
l of teeth. Violation activity of what enzyme does cause these symptoms?
A. Glycosiltransferase
B. Lizyloxidase
C. Lisynhydroxilase
D. Prokolagenpeptidase N- terminal peptide
E. Prokolagenpeptidase C - terminal peptide
ANSWER: C
For a patient with systematic scleriasis increased the biosynthesis of collogen and his disintegration. Concentration o
f what amino acid will be increased in urine of this patient?
A. Oxyproline
B. Lysine
C. 5-Oxitryptophan
D. Serine
E. Dioksiphenilalanine
ANSWER: A
For patients with collagenose takes a place the process destruction of connective tissue. It is confirmed an increase i
n blood:
A. Activity of isoenzymes of LDG
B. Activity of transaminase
C. Contents of urates
D. Contents of creatin and creatinine
E. Contents of hydroxyproline and oxylisine
ANSWER: E
For pregnant 28 years determine enzymes in the cells of amniotic liquid. Appeared insufficiensy activity of glucuron
idase. What pathological process is observed?
A. Aglicogenose
B. Collagenoses
C. Mucopolysaccharidoses
D. Glycogenosis
E. Lipidosis
ANSWER: C
For sportsmen after the physical loading the process of gluconeogenesis is activated after some time. Specify, what s
ubstrate is used in this process:
A. Lactate
B. Valine
C. Leucine
D. Isoleucine
E. Phenylalanine
ANSWER: A
For the increase of results to sportsman recommended to accept preparation which contains carnitin. Which process i
n a most measure activated by carnitin?
A. Synthesis of steroids hormones
B. Synthesis of ketone bodies
C. Synthesis of lipids
D. Tissue respiration
E. Transport of fatty acids in mithohondria
ANSWER: E
In a 23-years-old man diagnosed muscle dystrophy. Doctor for strengthening synthesis of pirimidine nucleotides app
ointed him:
A. Ascorbic acid
B. Potassium orotat
C. Lipoic acid
D. Cokarboxilase
E. Cyancobalamin
ANSWER: B
In a hospital put got patient which have previous diagnosis – progressive muscular dystrophy. The presence of what
substance in urine can confirm this diagnosis?
A. Creatine
B. Creatine phosphate
C. Creatinine
D. Protein
E. Hydroxyproline
ANSWER: A
In blood of patient found out the increase activity of LDG1, LDG2, AsAT, creatinkinase. In which organ of patient t
he most reliable development of pathological process?
A. Kidney
B. Liver
C. Skeletal muscles
D. Heart
E. Pancreas
ANSWER: D
In the organism of 7 years old girl was discovered lack of copper. The possibility of break of flexible fibres, in whic
h desmosine and isodesmosine are absent, grows. This is caused by the decrease of activity of coppercontaining enz
yme:
A. Lysyl oxidase
B. Proline hydrooxilase
C. Cytochrome oxidase
D. Clastase
E. Peptidase
ANSWER: C
In the organism of patient found out the decline of synthesis of collogen and diminishing of calcium in bone tissues.
Contents of hyaluronic acid is enhanceable, and chondroitin silphate is mionectic. The deficit of what vitamin does c
ause these changes?
A. Vitamin C
B. Vitamin A
C. Vitamin K
D. Vitamin P
E. Vitamin B1
ANSWER: A
In the patient's blood plasma is discovered the increase of hyaluronidase activity. What biochemical figure of blood
plasma determination will allow to prove the connective tissue pathology?
A. Sialic acid
B. Bilirubin
C. Uric acid
D. Glucose
E. Galactose
ANSWER: A
It is known that possibilities of sportsman run on short or long distances determines by correlation of red and white
muscular fibres, to what is related different speed breaking up of ATP. Which component of muscles does carry out
this process?
A. Troponin
B. Miosin
C. Creatin
D. Aktin
E. Carnosine
ANSWER: B
Patient complains for pain in joints. By sight can be seen edemas and reddening in the joints area. What enzyme acti
vity to be investigated to draw out a diagnosis?
A. Hyaluronidase
B. Creatine kinase
C. Alkaline phosphatase
D. Acidic phosphatase
E. Urease
ANSWER: B
Patient has muscle atony. Name the muscle tissue enzyme, which activity can be decreased by this state:
A. A-glutamine transferase
B. Amylase
C. Transketolase
D. Creatine phosphokinase
E. Catalase
ANSWER: D
Patient has progressive myodystrophy. Name the figure of urine nitrogen metabolism, characteristic for this state.
A. Creatine
B. Ammonium salts
C. Creatinine
D. Uric acid
E. Urea
ANSWER: C
Patient of 18 years has the diagnosis of muscle dystrophy. What matter increase in the blood plasma is the most poss
ible by this pathology?
A. Myoglobine
B. Creatine
C. Myosin
D. Lactate
E. Alanine
ANSWER: B
Patient of 46 years for a long time suffers from childhood pseudohypertrophic muscular (Duchenne's) dystrophy. W
hat blood enzyme increase is the diagnostic test in this case?
A. Adenylate kinase
B. Lactate dehydrogenase
C. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Glutamate dehydrogenase
E. Creatine phosphokinase
ANSWER: E
Patient of 62 years has diabetes mellitus. Glomerulosclerosis has evolved. The most possible reason for this complic
ation is the affection in renal plexus of:
A. Calcium excretion
B. Formation of primary urine
C. Gluconeogenesis process
D. Glucose reabsorption
E. Colagene structure
ANSWER: E
Patient of 63 years has symptoms of pseudorheumatism. Which of the belowmentioned blood figures level increase
will be the most important for diagnosis provement?
A. General cholesterol
B. Lipoprotein
C. Total glycoaminglycans
D. Acid phosphatase
E. R-glycosidase
ANSWER: D
To the clinic got the child of 1 year with the signs of defeat of muscles. After inspection found out the deficit of carn
itine in muscles. Violation of what process is biochemical basis of this pathology?
A. Regulation level of Ca2+ in mitochondria
B. Ttransport of fatty acids in mitochondria
C. Substrate phosphorylating
D. Utilization of lactic acid
E. Synthesis of actin and miosin
ANSWER: B
To the cosmetologist a patient appealed with a request to deprive him tattoo on a shoulder. What matter which is con
tained in connective tissue does limit distribution of paint and does possible such type of “painting”?
A. Elastin
B. Heparin
C. Fibrinogen
D. Hyaluronic acid
E. Gamma-globulin
ANSWER: A
To the patient with ischemic heart trouble appointed riboxine (Inosinum), which is an intermediate metabolite synth
esis of:
A. Metalloproteins
B. Lipoproteins
C. Purine nucleotides
D. Glycoproteins
E. Ketone bodies
ANSWER: C
To the patient with the torn tendon muscle of foot a doctor in a holiatry appointed ascorbic acid which will be instru
mental in formation of mature collagen by hydroxylating of some amino acids. Which amino acids do test such chan
ges?
A. Proline, lysine
B. Phenilalanine, glycine
C. Valine, leucine
D. Tryptophane, treonine
E. Histidin, arginine
ANSWER: A
To the traumatology was delivered a patient with muscle tissue crush. What figure of blood plasma will be increased
?
A. Creatinine
B. Glucose
C. Mineral salts
D. Uric acid
E. Urea
ANSWER: A
Researchers isolated 5 isoenzymic forms of lactate dehydrogenase from the human blood serum and studied their pr
operties. What property indicates that the isoenzymic forms were isolated from the same enzyme?
A. Catalyzation of the same reaction
B. The same molecular weight
C. The same physicochemical properties
D. Tissue localization
E. The same electrophoretic mobility
ANSWER: A
A patient presents high activity of LDH1,2, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase. In what organ (orga
ns) is the development of a pathological process the most probable?
A. In the heart muscle (initial stage of myocardium infarction)
B. In skeletal muscles (dystrophy, atrophy)
C. In kidneys and adrenals
D. In connective tissue
E. In liver and kidneys
ANSWER: A
A13-year-old boy complains of general weakness, dizziness, tiredness. He is mentally retarded. Increasedlevel of val
ine, isoleucine, leucine is in the blood and urine. Urine has specific smell. What is the diagnosis?
A. Maple syrup urine disease
B. Addison's disease
C. Tyrosinosis
D. Histidinemia
E. Graves' disease
ANSWER: A
Marked increase of activity of -forms of CPK (creatinephosphokinase) and LDH-1 were revealed on the examinatio
n of the patient's blood. What is the most likely pathology?
A. Miocardial infarction
B. Hepatitis
C. Rheumatism
D. Pancreatitis
E. Cholecystitis
ANSWER: A
12 hours after an accute attack of retrosternal pain a patient presented a jump of aspartate aminotransferase activity i
n blood serum. What pathology is this deviation typical for?
A. Myocardium infarction
B. Viral hepatitis
C. Collagenosis
D. Diabetes mellitus
E. Diabetes insipidus
ANSWER: A
Pathological changes of the liver andbrain were revealed in a 27-year-old patient.The copperconcentration is abruptl
y decreased in blood plasma and increased in the urine. Wilson's disease was diagnosed. Activity of what enzyme in
the blood serum should be examined to prove diagnisis?
A. Ceruloplasmin
B. Carboanhydrase
C. Xanthioxidase
D. Leucinamineopeptidase
E. Alcoholdehydrogenase
ANSWER: A
Albinos can't stand sun impact - they don't aquire sun-tan but get sunburns. Disturbed metabolism of what aminoaci
d underlies this phenomenon?
A. Phenilalanine
B. Methionine
C. Tryptophan
D. Glutamic acid
E. Histidine
ANSWER: A
A patient has been diagnosed with alkaptonuria. Choose an enzyme whose deficiency can be the reason for this path
ology:
A. Homogentisic acid oxidase
B. Phenylalanine hydroxylase
C. Glutamate dehydrogenase
D. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
E. Dioxyphenylalanine decarboxylase
ANSWER: A
After consumption of rich food a patient has nausea and heartburn, steatorrhea. This condition might be caused by:
A. Bile acid deficiency
B. Increased lipase secretion
C. Disturbed tripsin synthesis
D. Amylase deficiency
E. Disturbed phospholipase synthesis
ANSWER: A
Fatty of phospholipids is disordered due to fat infiltration of the liver. Indicate which of the presented substances can
enhance the process of methylation during phospholipids synthesis?
A. Methionine
B. Ascorbic acid
C. Glucose
D. Glycerol
E. Citrate
ANSWER: A
Characteristic sign of glycogenosis is muscle pain during physical work. Blood examination reveals usually hypogly
cemia. This pathology is caused by congenital deficiency of the following enzyme:
A. Glycogen phosphorylase
B. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
C. Alpha amylase
D. Gamma amylase
E. Lysosomal glycosidase
ANSWER: A
Ammonia is a very toxic substance, especially for nervous system. What substance takes the most active part in am
monia detoxication in brain tissues?
A. Glutamic acid
B. Lysin
C. Prolin
D. Histidin
E. Alanin
ANSWER: A
A patient with high rate of obesity was advised to use carnitine as a food additive in order to enhance "fat burning".
What is the role of carnitine in the process of fat oxidation?
A. Transport of FFA (free fatty acids) from cytosol to the mitochondria
B. Transport of FFA from fat depots to the tissue
C. It takes part in one of reactions of FFA beta-oxidation
D. FFA activation
E. Activation of intracellular lipolysis
ANSWER: A
An experimantal animal that was kept on protein-free diet developed fatty liver infiltration, in particular as a result o
f deficiency of methylating agents. This is caused by disturbed generation of the following metabolite:
A. Choline
B. DOPA
C. Cholesterol
D. Acetoacetate
E. Linoleic acid
ANSWER: A
A 2-year-old child with mental and physical retardation has been delivered to a hospital. He presents with frequent v
omiting after having meals. There is phenylpyruvic acid in urine. Which metabolism abnormality is the reason for th
is pathology?
A. Amino-acid metabolism
B. Lipidic metabolism
C. Carbohydrate metabolism
D. Water-salt metabolism
E. Phosphoric calcium metabolism
ANSWER: A
A patient was delivered to the hospital by an emergency team. Objectively: grave condition, unconscious, adynamy.
Cutaneous surfaces are dry, eyes are sunken, face is cyanotic. There is tachycardia and smell of acetone from the mo
uth. Analysis results: blood glucose - 20,1 micromole/l (standard is 3,3-5,5 micromole/l), urine glucose - 3,5% (stan
dard is - 0). What is the most probable diagnosis?
A. Hyperglycemic coma
B. Hypoglycemic coma
C. Acute heart failure
D. Acute alcoholic intoxication
E. Anaphylactic shock
ANSWER: A
Nappies of a newborn have dark spots that witness of formation of homogentisic acid. Metabolic imbalance of whic
h substance is it connected with?
A. Thyrosine
B. Galactose
C. Methionine
D. Cholesterole
E. Tryptophan
ANSWER: A
Carnitine including drug was recomended to the sportsman for improving results. What process is activated most of
all with help of carnitine?
A. Transport of fatty acids to the mitochondria
B. Synthesis of steroid hormone
C. Synthesis of ketone bodie
D. Synthesis of lipid
E. Tissue respiration
ANSWER: A
Patient with diabetes mellitus experiencedloss of consciousness and convulsions after injection of insulin.What is th
e result of biochemical blood analysis for concentration of the sugar?
A. 1,5 mmol/l
B. 8,0 mmol/l
C. 10,0 mmol/l
D. 3,3 mmol/l
E. 5,5 mmol/l
ANSWER: A
A 1,5-year-old child presents with both mental and physical lag, decolorizing of skin and hair, decrease in catechola
mine concentration in blood. When a few drops of 5% solution of trichloroacetic iron had been added to the childs u
rine it turned olive green. Such alteration are typical for the following pathology of the amino acid metabolism:
A. Phenylketonuria
B. Alkaptonuria
C. Tyrosinosis
D. Albinism
E. Xanthinuria
ANSWER: A
A patient complains of frequent diarrheas, especially after consumption of fattening food, and of body weight loss. L
aboratory examination revealed steatorrhea; hypocholic feces. What can be the cause of this condition?
A. Obturation of biliary tracts
B. Mucous membrane inflammation of small intestine
C. Lack of pancreatic lipase
D. Lack of pancreatic phospholipase
E. Unbalanced diet
ANSWER: A
On the empty stomach in the patients bloodglucose level was 5,65 mmol/L, in an hour after usage of sugar it was 8,5
5 mmol/L, in a 2 hours - 4,95 mmol/L. Such indicators are typical for:
A. Healthy person
B. Patient with hidden diabetes mellitus
C. Patient with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
D. Patient with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
E. Patient with tyreotoxicosis
ANSWER: A
The greater amount of nitrogen is excreted from the organism in form of urea. Inhibition of urea synthesis and accu
mulation of ammonia in blood and tissues are induced by the decreased activity of the following liver enzyme:
A. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
B. Aspartate aminotransferase
C. Urease
D. Amylase
E. Pepsin
ANSWER: A
An experimental animal has been given excessive amount of carbon-labeled glucose for a week. What compound ca
n the label be found in?
A. Palmitic acid
B. Methionin
C. Vitamin
D. Cholin
E. Arachidonic aci
ANSWER: A
After a serious viral infection a 3-year-old child has repeated vomiting, loss of consciousness, convulsions. Examina
tion revealed hyperammoniemia. What may have caused changes of biochemical blood indices of this child?
A. Disorder of ammonia neutralization in ornithinic cycle
B. Activated processes of aminoacids decarboxylation
C. Disorder of biogenic amines neutralization
D. Increased purtefaction of proteins in intestine
E. Inhibited activity of transamination enzyme
ANSWER: A
To prevent postoperative bleeding a 6 y.o. child was administered vicasol that is a synthetic analogue of vitamin K.
Name post-translational changes of blood coagulation factors that will be activated by vicasol:
A. Carboxylation of glutamin acid
B. Phosphorylation of serine radical
C. Partial proteolysis
D. Polymerization
E. Glycosylation
ANSWER: A
Examination of a patient suffering from chronic hepatitis revealed a significant decrease in the synthesis and secretio
n of bile acids. What process will be mainly disturbed in the patients bowels?
A. Fat emulsification
B. Protein digestion
C. Carbohydrate digestion
D. Glycerin absorption
E. Amino acid absorption
ANSWER: A
Glutamate decarboxylation results in formation of inhibitory transmitter in CNS. Name it:
A. GABA
B. Glutathion
C. Histamine
D. Serotonin
E. Asparagin
ANSWER: A
Utilization of arachidonic acid via cyclooxigenase pathway results in formation of some bioactive substances. Name
them:
A. Prostaglandine
B. Thyroxin
C. Biogenic amin
D. Somatomedin
E. Insulin-like growth factor
ANSWER: A
Myocyte cytoplasm contains a big number of dissolved metabolites of glucose oxidation. Name one of them that tur
ns directly into a lactate:
A. Pyruvate
B. Oxaloacetate
C. Glycerophosphate
D. Glucose 6-phosphate
E. Fructose 6-phosphate
ANSWER: A
Emotional stress causes activation of hormon-sensitive triglyceride lipase in the adipocytes. What secondary mediat
or takes part in this process?
A. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
B. Cyclic guanosine monophosphat
C. Adenosine monophosphat
D. Diacylglycerol
E. ATP
ANSWER: A
A patient diagnosed with carcinoid of bowels was admitted to the hospital. Analysis revealed high production of ser
otonin. It is known that this substance is formed of tryptophane aminooacid. What biochemical mechanism underlies
this process?
A. Decarboxylation
B. Desamination
C. Microsomal oxydation
D. Transamination
E. Formation of paired compound
ANSWER: A
A child's blood presents high content of galactose, glucose concentration is low. There are such presentations as cata
ract, mental deficiency, adipose degeneration of liver. What disease is it?
A. Galactosemia
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Lactosemia
D. Steroid diabetes
E. Fructosemia
ANSWER: A
According to clinical indications a patient was administered pyridoxal phosphate. What processes is this medication
intended to correct?
A. Transamination and decarboxylation of aminoacid
B. Oxidative decarboxylation of ketonic acid
C. Desamination of purine nucleotides
D. Synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases
E. Protein synthesis
ANSWER: A
The patient with complaints of permanent thirst applied to the doctor. Hyperglycemia, polyuria and increased conce
ntration of17-ketosteroids in the urine were revealed. What disease is the most likely?
A. Steroid diabetes
B. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
C. Myxedema
D. Type I glycogenosis
E. Addison's disease
ANSWER: A
Diabetes mellitus causes ketosis as a result of activated oxidation of fatty acids. What disorders of acid-base equilibr
ium may be caused by excessive accumulation of ketone bodies in blood?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Any changes woun't happened
D. Respiratory acidosis
E. Respiratory alcalosis
ANSWER: A
Depressions and emotional insanities result from the deficit of noradrenalin, serotonin and other biogenic amines in t
he brain. Their concentration in the synapses can be increased by means of the antidepressants that inhibit the follow
ing enzyme:
A. Monoamine oxidase
B. Diamine oxidase
C. L-amino-acid oxidase
D. D-amino-acid oxidase
E. Phenylalanine-4-monooxygenase
ANSWER: A
During hypersensitivity test a patient got subcutaneous injection of an antigen which caused reddening of skin, edem
a, pain as a result of histamine action. This biogenic amine is generated as a result of transformation of the following
histidine amino acid:
A. Decarboxylation
B. Methylation
C. Phosphorylation
D. Isomerization
E. Deaminization
ANSWER: A
A patient complained about dizziness, memory impairment, periodical convulsions. It was revealed that these chang
es were caused by a product of decarboxylation of glutamic acid. Name this product:
A. GABA
B. Pyridoxal phosphate
C. TDP
D. ATP
E. THFA
ANSWER: A
Laboratory examination of a child revealed increased concentration of leucine, valine, isoleucine and their ketoderiv
atives in blood and urine. Urine smelt of maple syrup. This disease is characterized by the deficit of the following en
zyme:
A. Dehydrogenase of branched amino acid
B. Aminotransferase
C. Glucose-6-phosphatase
D. Phosphofructokinase
E. Phosphofructomutase
ANSWER: A
A 9-month-old infant is fed with artificial formulas with unbalanced vitamin B6 concentration. The infant presents
with pellagral dermatitis, convulsions, anaemia. Convulsion development might be caused by the disturbed formatio
n of:
A. GABA
B. Histamine
C. Serotonin
D. DOPA
E. Dopamine
ANSWER: A
When blood circulation in the damaged tissue is restored, then lactate accumulation comes to a stop and glucose con
sumption decelerates. These metabolic changes are caused by activation of the following process:
A. Aerobic glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Lipolysis
D. Gluconeogenesis
E. Glycogen biosynthesis
ANSWER: A
During starvation muscle proteins break up into free amino acids. These compounds will be the most probably invol
ved into the following process:
A. Gluconeogenesis in liver
B. Gluconeogenesis in muscles
C. Synthesis of higher fatty acid
D. Glycogenolysis
E. Decarboxylation
ANSWER: A
Surgical removal of a part of stomach resulted in disturbed absorption of vitamin B12, it is excreted with feces. The
patient was diagnosed with anemia. What factor is necessary for absorption of this vitamin?
A. Gastromucoprotein
B. Gastrin
C. Hydrochloric acid
D. Pepsin
E. Folic acid
ANSWER: A
A newborn develops dyspepsia after the milk feeding. When the milk is substituted by the glucose solution the dysp
epsia symptoms disappear. The newborn has the subnormal activity of the following enzyme:
A. Lactase
B. Invertase
C. Maltase
D. Amylase
E. Isomaltase
ANSWER: A
Patients who suffer from severe diabetes and don't receive insulin have metabolic acidosis. This is caused byincrease
d concentration of the following metabolites:
A. Ketone bodies
B. Fatty acid
C. Unsaturated fatty acid
D. Triacylglycerol
E. Cholesterol
ANSWER: A
A newborn child was found to have reduced intensity of sucking, frequent vomiting, hypotonia. Urine and blood exh
ibit increased concentration of citrulline. What metabolic process is disturbed
A. Ornithinic cycle
B. Tricarboxylic acid cycle
C. Glycolysis
D. Glyconeogenesis
E. Cori cycle
ANSWER: A
A male patient has been diagnosed with acute radiation disease. Laboratory examination revealed a considerable red
uction of platelet serotonin level. The likely cause of platelet serotonin reduction is the disturbed metabolism of the f
ollowing substance:
A. 5-oxytryptofane
B. Tyrosine
C. Histidine
D. Phenylalanine
E. Serin
ANSWER: A
Pharmacological effects of antidepressants are connected with inhibition of an enzyme catalyzing biogenic amines n
oradrenaline and serotonine in the mitochondrions of cerebral neurons. What enzyme participates in this process?
A. Monoamine oxidase
B. Transaminase
C. Decarboxylase
D. Peptidase
E. Lyase
ANSWER: A
An infant has apparent diarrhea resulting from improper feeding. One of the main diarrhea effects is plentiful excreti
on of sodium bicarbonate. What form of acid-base balance disorder is the case?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
E. No disorders of acid-base balance will be observe
ANSWER: A
Patient with encephalopathy was admitted to the neurological in-patient department. Correlation ofincreasing of enc
ephalopathy and substances absorbed by the bloodstream from the intestines was revealed. What substances that are
created in the intestines can cause endotoxemia?
A. Indole
B. Butyrate
C. Acetacetate
D. Biotin
E. Ornithine
ANSWER: A
Examination of a patient suffering from cancer of urinary bladder revealed high rate of serotonin and hydroxyanthra
nilic acid. It is caused by excess of the following amino acid in theorganism:
A. Tryptophan
B. Alanine
C. Histidine
D. Methionine
E. Tyrosine
ANSWER: A
A mother consulted a doctor about her 5-year-old child who develops erythemas, vesicular rash and skin itch under t
he influence of sun. Laboratory studies revealed decreased iron concentration in the blood serum, increased uroporp
hyrinogen I excretion with the urine. What is the most likely inherited pathology in this child?
A. Erythropoietic porphyria
B. Methemoglobinemia
C. Hepatic porphyria
D. Coproporphyria
E. Intermittent porphyria
ANSWER: A
A patient is ill with diabetes mellitus that is accompanied by hyperglycemia of over 7,2 millimole/l on an empty sto
mach. The level of what blood plasma protein allows to estimate the glycemia rate retrospectively (4-8 weeks before
examination)?
A. Glycated hemoglobin
B. Albumin
C. Fibrinogen
D. C-reactive protein
E. Ceruloplasmin
ANSWER: A
A 4 y.o. child with signs of durative proteinic starvation was admitted to the hospital. The signswere as follows: gro
wth inhibition, anemia, edemata, mental deficiency. Choose a cause of edemata development:
A. Reduced synthesis of albumins
B. educed synthesis of globulins
C. Reduced synthesis of hemoglobin
D. Reduced synthesis of lipoproteins
E. Reduced synthesis of glycoproteins
ANSWER: A
A patient with suspicion on epidemic typhus was admitted to the hospital. Some arachnids and insects have been fou
nd in his flat. Which of them may be a carrier of the pathogen of epidemic typhus?
A. Lice
B. Spider
C. Bed-bug
D. Cockroache
E. Houseflie
ANSWER: A
Buffer capacity of blood was decreased in the worker due to exhausting muscular work. Entry of what acid substanc
e to the blood can this state be explained?
A. Lactate
B. Pyruvate
C. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
D. a-ketoglutarate
E. 3-phosphoglycerate
ANSWER: A
Aspirin has antiinflammatory effect due to inhibition of the cyclooxygenase activity. Level of what biological active
acids will decrease?
A. Prostaglandins
B. Leucotriens
C. Catecholamines
D. Biogenic amines
E. Thyroxin
ANSWER: A
Examination of a patient revealed typical presentations of collagenosis. This pathology is characterized by increase
of the following urine index:
A. Hydroxyproline
B. Arginine
C. Glucose
D. Mineral salt
E. Ammonium salt
ANSWER: A
Untrained people often have muscle pain after sprints as a result of lactate accumulation. This might becaused by int
ensification of the following biochemical process:
A. Glycolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Pentose phosphate pathway
D. Lipogenesis
E. Glycogenesis
ANSWER: A
A 16-year-old boy was performed an appendectomy. He has been hospitalized for right lower quadrant abdominal p
ain within 18 hours. The surgical specimen is edematous and erythematous. Infiltration by what of the following cell
s is the most typical for the process occuring here?
A. Neutrophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Basophils
D. Limphocytes
E. Monocytes
ANSWER: A
The concentration of albumins in human blood sample is lower than normal. This leads to edema of tissues.What blo
od function is damaged?
A. Maintaining the oncotic blood pressure
B. Maintaining the Ph level
C. Maintaining the body temperature
D. Maintaining the blood sedimentation system
E. All ANSWERs are correc
ANSWER: A
Examination of a patient suffering from frequent haemorrhages in the inner organs and mucous membranes revealed
proline and lysine being included in collagen fibers. Impairment of their hydroxylation is caused by lack of the follo
wing vitamin:
A. C
B. B1
C. A
D. D
E. B2
ANSWER: A
A 20 year old patient complains of general weakness, dizziness, quick fatigability. Blood analysis results: Hb-80 g/l.
Microscopical examination results: erythrocytes are of modified form. This condition might be caused:
A. Sickle-cell anemia
B. Hepatocellular jaundice
C. Acute intermittent porphyria
D. Obturative jaundice
E. Addison's disease
ANSWER: A
A patient has yellow skin colour, dark urine, dark-yellow feces. What substance will have strengthened oncentration
in the blood serum?
A. Unconjugated bilirubine
B. Conjugated bilirubine
C. Mesobilirubine
D. Verdoglobine
E. Biliverdine
ANSWER: A
A patient has an increased pyruvate concentration in blood. A large amount of it is excreted with the urine.
A. B1
B. A
C. B
D. B
E. B
ANSWER: A
A patient has pellagra. Interrogation revealed that he had lived mostly on maize for a long time and eaten littlemeat.
This disease had been caused by the deficit of the following substance in the maize:
A. Tryptophan
B. Tyrosine
C. Proline
D. Alanine
E. Histidine
ANSWER: A
A patient consulted a doctor about symmetric dermatitis of open skin areas. It was found out that the patientlived mo
stly on cereals and ate too little meat, milk and eggs. What vitamin deficiency is the most evident?
A. Nicotinamide
B. Calciferol
C. Folic acid
D. Biotin
E. Tocopherol
ANSWER: A
A 46 year old woman suffering from chololithiasis developed jaundice. Her urine became dark-yellow andfeces bec
ame colourless. Blood serum will have the highest concentration of the following substance:
A. Conjugated bilirubin
B. Unconjugated bilirubin
C. Biliverdin
D. Mesobilirubin
E. Urobilinogen
ANSWER: A
A 38 year old patient suffers from rheumatism in its active phase. What laboratory characteristic of bloodserum is of
diagnostic importance in case of this pathology?
A. C-reactive protein
B. Uric acid
C. Urea
D. Creatinine
E. Transferrin
ANSWER: A
Patient experienced increased susceptibility of the skin to the sunlight. His urine after some time became ark-red. W
hat is the most likely cause of this?
A. Porphyria
B. Hemolytic jaundice
C. Albinism
D. Pellagra
E. Alkaptonuria
ANSWER: A
Donor skin transplantation was performed to a patient with extensive burns. On the 8-th day the graft becameswolle
n and changed colour; on the 11-th day graft rejection started. What cells take part in this process?
A. T-lymphocytes
B. Erythrocytes
C. Basophils
D. Eosinophils
E. B-lymphocytes
ANSWER: A
A 30 y.o. woman had been ill for a year when she felt pain in the area of joints for the first time, they got swollen an
d skin above them became reddened. Provisional diagnosis is rheumatoid arthritis. One of the mostprobable causes o
f this disease is a structure alteration of a connective tissue protein:
A. Collagen
B. Mucin
C. Myosin
D. Ovoalbumin
E. Troponin
ANSWER: A
Examination of a 27-year-old patient revealed pathological changes in liver and brain. Blood plasma analysisreveale
d an abrupt decrease in the copper concentration, urine analysis revealed an increased copper concentration. The pati
ent was diagnosed with Wilsons degeneration. To confirm the diagnosis it is necessary to study the activity of the fol
lowing enzyme in blood serum:
A. Ceruloplasmin
B. Carbonic anhydrase
C. Xanthine oxidase
D. Leucine aminopeptidase
E. Alcohol dehydrogenase
ANSWER: A
A patient complains about dyspnea provoked by the physical activity. Clinical examination revealed anaemia and pr
esence of the paraprotein in the zone of gamma-globulins. To confirm the myeloma diagnosis it is necessary to deter
mine the following index in the patients urine:
A. Bence Jones protein
B. Bilirubin
C. Haemoglobin
D. Ceruloplasmin
E. Antitrypsin
ANSWER: A
A 62 y.o. woman complains of frequent pains in the area of her chest and backbone, rib fractures. A doctor assumed
myelomatosis (plasmocytoma). What of the following laboratory characteristics will be of the greatest diagnostical i
mportance?
A. Paraproteinemia
B. Hyperalbuminemia
C. Proteinuria
D. Hypoglobulinemia
E. Hypoproteinemia
ANSWER: A
Concentration of pyruvate is increased in the patient's blood, the most of which is excreted with urine. What avitami
nosis isobserved in the patient?
A. Avitaminosis B1
B. Avitaminosis B2
C. Avitaminosis B3
D. Avitaminosis B5
E. Avitaminosis B6
ANSWER: A
A woman who has been keeping to a clean-rice diet for a long time was diagnosed with polyneuritis (beriberi). What
vitamin deficit results in development of this disease?
A. Thiamin
B. Ascorbic acid
C. Pyridoxine
D. Folic acid
E. Riboflavin
ANSWER: A
A 65 year old man suffering from gout complains of kidney pain. Ultrasound examination revealed renal calculi. Th
e most probable cause of calculi formation is the strengthened concentration of the following substance:
A. Uric acid
B. Cholesterol
C. Bilirubin
D. Urea
E. Cystine
ANSWER: A
A 35 y.o. patient who often consumes alcohol was treated with diuretics. There appeared serious muscle and heart w
eakness, vomiting, diarrhea, AP- 100/60 mm Hg, depression. This condition is caused by intensified excretion with
urine of:
A. Potassium
B. Sodium
C. Chlorine
D. Calcium
E. Phosphates
ANSWER: A
A patient suffers from hepatic cirrhosis. Examination of which of the following substances excreted by urinecan cha
racterize the state of antitoxic function of liver?
A. Hippuric acid
B. Ammonium salt
C. Kreatinin
D. Uric acid
E. Aminoacid
ANSWER: A
Vitamin A together with specific cytoreceptors penetrates through the nuclear membranes, inducestranscription proc
esses that stimulate growth and differentiation of cells. This biological function is realized bythe following form of v
itamin A:
A. Trans-retinoic acid
B. Trans-retina
C. Cis-retina
D. Retinol
E. Carotine
ANSWER: A
A newborn child suffers from milk curdling in stomach, this means that soluble milk proteins (caseins) transform to
insoluble proteins (paracaseins) by means of calcium ions and a certain enzyme. What enzyme takes part in this proc
ess?
A. Renin
B. Pepsin
C. Gastrin
D. Phospholipase
E. Lipase
ANSWER: A
During examination of an 11-month-old infant a pediatrician revealed osteoectasia of the ower extremities and delay
ed mineralization of cranial bones. Such pathology is usually provoked by the deficit of the following vitamin:
A. Cholecalciferol
B. Thiamin
C. Pantothenic acid
D. Bioflavonoid
E. Riboflavin
ANSWER: A
After a sprint an untrained person develops muscle hypoxia. This leads to the accumulation of the following metabol
ite in muscles:
A. Lactate
B. Ketone bodies
C. Acetyl CoA
D. Glucose 6-phosphate
E. Oxaloacetate
ANSWER: A
A patient with suspected diagnosis "progressing muscular dystrophy" got his urine tested. What compound will conf
irm this diagnosis if found in urine?
A. Kreatine
B. Collagen
C. Porphyrin
D. Myoglobin
E. Calmodulin
ANSWER: A
A doctor examined a child and revealed symptoms of rachitis. Development of this desease was caused bydeficiency
of the following compound:
A. 1,25 -dichydroxycholecalciferol
B. Biotin
C. Tocopherol
D. Naphtaquinon
E. Retinol
ANSWER: A
A patient had hemorrhagic stroke. Blood examination revealed strengthened kinin concentration.The patient was pre
scribed contrical. It was administered in order to inhibit the following proteinase:
A. Kallikrein
B. Pepsin
C. Trypsin
D. Chemotrypsin
E. Collagenase
ANSWER: A
A 49-year-old driver complains about unbearable constricting pain behind the breastbone irradiating to the neck. Th
e pain arose 2 hours ago. Objectively: the patients condition is grave, he is pale, heart tones are decreased. Laborator
y studies revealed high activity of creatine kinase and LDH1. What disease are these symptoms typical for?
A. Acute myocardial infarction
B. Acute pancreatitis
C. Stenocardia
D. Cholelithiasis
E. Diabetes mellitus
ANSWER: A
An oncological patient was prescribed methotrexate. With the lapse of time target cells of the tumour lostsusceptibili
ty to this drug. There is change of gene expression of the folowing enzyme:
A. Dihydrofolate reductase
B. Thiaminase
C. Deaminase
D. Folate oxidase
E. Folate decarboxylase
ANSWER: A
Methotrexate (structural analogue of the folic acid which is competitive inhibitor of the dihydrofolate reductase) is p
rescribed for treatment of the malignant tumour.On which level does methotrexateinhibitsynthesis of the nucleic aci
ds?
A. Mononucleotide synthesis
B. Replication
C. Transcription
D. Reparation
E. Processing
ANSWER: A
RNA-polymeraseB(II) is blocked due to amanitine poisoning (poison of death-cup). It disturbes:
A. Synthesis of m-RNA
B. Synthesis of t-RNA
C. Reverse transcription
D. Primers synthesis
E. Maturation of m-RNA
ANSWER: A
Blood of a 12 year old boy presents low concentration of uric acid and accumulation of xanthine and hypoxanthine.
This child has genetic defect of the following enzyme:
A. Xanthine oxidase
B. Arginase
C. Urease
D. Ornithine carbamoyltransferase
E. Glycerylkinase
ANSWER: A
On some diseases it is observed aldosteronism with hypertension and edema due to sodium retention in the organism
. What organ of the internal secretion is affected on aldosteronism?
A. Adrenal glands
B. Testis
C. Ovaries
D. Pancrease
E. Hypophysis
ANSWER: A
A 48 year old patient complained about intense pain, slight swelling and reddening of skin over the joints, temperatu
re rise up to 38oC. Blood analysis revealed high concentration of urates. This condition might be caused by disturbe
d metabolism of:
A. Purine
B. Ketone bodies
C. Cholesterol
D. Pyrimidines
E. Carbohydrates
ANSWER: A
Increased production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, weight loss, tachycardia, psychic excitement and so on presen
t onthyrotoxicosis. How dothyroidal hormones effect energy metabolism in the mitochondrion of cells?
A. Disconnect oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation
B. Activates phosphorylation of substance
C. Stops phosphorylation of substance
D. Stops Krebs cycle
E. Activates oxidated phosphorylation
ANSWER: A
A 46 year old patient applied to a doctor complaining about joint pain that becomes stronger the day before weather
changes. Blood examination revealed strengthened concentration of uric acid. The most probable cause of the diseas
e is the intensified disintegration of the following substance:
A. Adenosine monophosphate
B. Cytidine monophosphate
C. Uridine triphosphate
D. Uridine diphosphate
E. Thymidine monophosphate
ANSWER: A
A 42-year man suffering from gout has increased level of urinary acid in the blood. Allopurinol was prescribed to de
crease the level ofurinary acid. Competitiveinhibitor of what enzyme is allopurinol?
A. Xanthinoxidase
B. Adenosinedeaminase
C. Adeninephosphoribosiltransferase
D. Hypoxantinphosphoribosiltransferase
E. Guaninedeaminase
ANSWER: A
A 50-year-old patient complains about general weakness, appetite loss and cardiac arrhythmia. The patient presents
with muscle hypotonia, flaccid paralyses, weakened peristaltic activity of the bowels. Such condition might be cause
d by:
A. Hypokaliemia
B. Hypoproteinemia
C. Hyperkaliemia
D. Hypophosphatemia
E. Hyponatremia
ANSWER: A
A 44-year-old woman complains of common weakness, heart pain, considerable increase of body weigt. Objectively
: moon-like face, hirsutism, AP- 165/100 mm Hg, height - 164 cm, weight - 103 kg; fat is mostly accumulated in the
region of neck, upper shoulder girdle, stomach. What is the main pathogenetic mechanism of obesity?
A. Increased production of glucocorticoids
B. Decreased production of thyroidal hormones
C. Increased production of insulin
D. Decreased production of glucagon
E. Increased production of mineralocorticoids
ANSWER: A
A 45 y.o. woman suffers from Cushing's syndrome - steroid diabetes. Biochemical examination revealed: hyperglyc
emia, hypochloremia. Which of the under-mentioned processes is the first to be activated?
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogenolysis
C. Glucose reabsorption
D. Glucose transport to the cell
E. Glycolysis
ANSWER: A
A sportsman needs to improve his sporting results. He was recommended to take a preparation that contains carnitin
e. What process is activated the most by this compound?
A. Fatty acids transporting
B. Amino acids transporting
C. Calcium ions transporting
D. Glucose transporting
E. Vitamin K transporting
ANSWER: A
It was found out that some compounds, for instance fungi toxins and some antibiotics can inhibit activity of RNA-po
lymerase. What process will be disturbed in a cell in case of inhibition of this enzyme?
A. Transcription
B. Processing
C. Replication
D. Translation
E. Reparation
ANSWER: A
A 4 year old child with hereditary renal lesion has signs of rickets, vitamin D concentration in blood is normal. What
is the most probable cause of rickets development?
A. Impaired synthesis of calcitriol
B. Increased excretion of calcium
C. Hyperfunction of parathyroid glands
D. Hypofunction of parathyroid glands
E. Lack of calcium in food
ANSWER: A
Dietary intake of a 30 year old nursing woman contains 1000 mg of calcium, 1300 mg of phosphorus and 20 mg of i
ron per day. It is necessary to change content of these mineral substances in the following way:
A. To increase phosphorus content
B. To increase calcium content
C. To reduce fluorine content
D. To increase iron content
E. To reduce iron content
ANSWER: A
Cardinal symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism are osteoporosis and renal lesion along with development of uro
lithiasis. What substance makes up the basis of these calculi in this disease?
A. Calcium phosphate
B. Uric acid
C. Cystine
D. Bilirubin
E. Cholesterol
ANSWER: A
Which of the following steps from glycolysis is performed by a different enzyme in gluconeogenesis?
A. Isomerase
B. Phosphofructokinase
C. Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase
D. Enolase
E. Aldolase
ANSWER: B
Glycolysis in the erythrocytes produces pyruvate that is further metabolized to:
A. O2.
B. Ethanol
C. Glucose
D. Hemoglobin
E. Lactate
ANSWER: E
During strenuous exercise, the NADH formed in the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in skeletal
muscle must be reoxidized to NAD+ if glycolysis is to continue. The most important reaction involved in the reoxid
ation of NADH is:
A. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate > glycerol 3-phosphate
B. Glucose 6-phosphate > fructose 6-phosphate
C. Isocitrate > alfa-ketoglutarate
D. Oxaloacetate > malate
E. Pyruvate > lactate
ANSWER: E
In humans, gluconeogenesis:
A. Can result in the conversion of protein into blood glucose
B. Helps to reduce blood glucose after a carbohydrate-rich meal
C. Is activated by the hormone insulin
D. Is essential in the conversion of fatty acids to glucose
E. Requires the enzyme hexokinase
ANSWER: A
After digestion amino acids
A. Are absorbed into portal circulation
B. Are absorbed into lymph
C. Are excreted to the extent of 50%
D. Converted into glucose in the intestine
E. All of the above
ANSWER: A
A 60 year old patient has hyperplasia of G-cells of antral part of stomach. What changes in gastric juice are most pos
sible at this pathology?
A. Hyperchlorhydria
B. Hypochlorhydria
C. Achlorhydria
D. Achylia
E. Presence of lactic acid
ANSWER: A
The amount of total acidity in gastric juice of a patient is normal. Which of the listed numbers is true in this case?
A. 30-40 mM/l
B. 40-60 mM/l
C. 20-30 mM/l
D. 30-50 mM/l
E. 20-40 mM/l
ANSWER: B
A patient suffers from intensive decay of proteins. Name the compound in the urine, which is a marker of protein pu
trefaction processes in the intestine:
A. Urates
B. Urea
C. Creatinine
D. Indican
E. Lactic acid
ANSWER: D
A burns caused the development of negative nitric balance of a 40 year old patient as the result of increase of:
A. Glycolysis
B. Lipolysis
C. Proteolysis
D. Phosphorolysis
E. Fibrinolysis
ANSWER: C
From dietary protein as well as from the urea present in fluids secreted into the gastrointestinal tract intestinal bacter
ia produce
A. Carbondioxide
B. Ammonia
C. Ammonium sulphate
D. Creatine
E. Urea
ANSWER: B
Carboxypeptidase, an enzyme of pancreatic juice, contains
A. Mn
B. Zinc
C. Magnesium
D. Manganese
E. All of the above
ANSWER: B
The zymogen from trypsinogen of pancreatic juice is converted to active
A. HCl
B. Pepsin
C. Enterokinase
D. All of these
E. Rennin
ANSWER: C
7 year old child was carried into the hospital in the state of allergic shock, which evolved after wasp's sting. The incr
eased concentration of histamine was detected in the blood. This amine is formed as a result of reaction of:
A. Dehydration
B. Deamination
C. Reduction
D. Decarboxylation
E. Hydrooxidation
ANSWER: D
What is the name of the cofactor for AST, ALT, or any other transamination reaction?
A. NAD+
B. Acetyl CoA
C. Pyridoxal phosphate
D. FADH2
E. NADPH
ANSWER: C
Chymotrypsinogen is transformed to chymotrypsin in the effect of:
A. Renin, gastrixin
B. Elastase, enterokinase
C. Hydrochloric acid, pepsin
D. Trypsin, chymotrypsin
E. Pepsin, enterokinase
ANSWER: D
Negative nitrogenous balance is observed in all listed cases, except:
A. Kidney disease
B. Domination of animal proteins in food
C. Domination of vegetable proteins in food
D. Liver disease
E. Pancreatitis
ANSWER: B
In which part of polypeptide chain aminopeptidases break down peptides?
A. From the end of free carboxyl group
B. From the end of free amino group
C. From the end of free imino group
D. Bonds between aminodicarbonic acids
E. Bonds between cyclic amino acids
ANSWER: B
In the stomach act such proteolytic enzymes:
A. Trypsin, chymotrypsin
B. Pepsin, enterokinase
C. Trypsin, renin
D. Pepsin, gastrixin, rennin
E. Chymotrypsin, enterokinase
ANSWER: D
Maple syrup urine diseases is an inborn error of metabolism of
A. Sulphur-containing amino acids
B. Aromatic amino acids
C. Branched chain amino acids
D. Dicarboxylic amino acids
E. All of these
ANSWER: C
All the following statements about pepsin are correct except
A. It is smaller than pepsinogen
B. It is formed by the action of HCl on its precursor
C. Its optimum pH is 1.0–2.0
D. It hydrolyses the C-terminal and N-terminal peptide bonds of proteins
E. Both A and B
ANSWER: D
Kwashiorkor occurs when the diet is severely deficient in
A. Iron
B. Calories
C. Proteins
D. Essential fatty acids
E. Both B and C
ANSWER: C
Transfer of the carbamoyl moiety of carbamoyl phosphate to ornithine is catalysed by a liver mitochondrial enzyme:
A. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
B. Ornithine transcarbamoylase
C. N-acetyl glutamate synthetase
D. N-acetyl glutamate hydrolase
E. Arginase
ANSWER: B
A compound serving a link between citric acid cycle and urea cycle is
A. Malate
B. Citrate
C. Succinate
D. Fumarate
E. Ornithine
ANSWER: D
Hyperchlorhydria is:
A. Increase of gastric juices general acidity
B. Increase of bonded hydrochloric acid in gastric juice
C. Increase of free hydrochloric acid in gastric juice
D. Increase of lactic acid in gastric juice
E. Increase of pyruvic acid in gastric juice
ANSWER: C
Choose from the below mentioned substances the product, which concentration is increased during putrefying of pro
teins:
A. Indole, phenol
B. Creatinine, creatine
C. Cyanocobalamin, naphthoquinone
D. Thiamine, biotin
E. Tryptophane, arginine
ANSWER: A
Injuries and burns cause the development of negative nitric balance that is the result of ______ activation:
A. Glycolysis
B. Lipolysis
C. Proteolysis
D. Phosphorolysis
E. Fibrinolysis
ANSWER: C
Which of the following is NOT a phase II substrate?
A. Glucuronic acid
B. Sulfuric acid
C. Acetic acid
D. Amino acids
E. Alcohol
ANSWER: E
Which of the following is true about jaundice?
A. Pale stools and dark urine are characteristic of the jaundice of haemolytic anaemia
B. Bilirubin is used by the liver in the synthesis of red blood cells
C. Itching may be a sign of obstructive jaundice
D. Putting a danger of infection sticker on blood samples from an intravenous drug user with jaundice is optional
E. None of the above
ANSWER: A
Which of the following is correct regarding hepatic failure?
A. The cardinal features are hepatic encephalopathy, coagulopathy, and jaundice
B. Most cases following a sudden massive insult to a previous healthy liver
C. The activated partial thromoplastin time (APTT) serves as a good indicator of the severity of hepatic failure
D. Prognosis is generally good for recovery
E. None of the above
ANSWER: C
Which of the following is correct regarding liver function tests?
A. An isolated rise in alkaline phosphatase level implies biliary disease
B. Liver function tests are always deranged in patients with significant liver disease
C. An isolated rise in A-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is often seen in alcoholics
D. Mild elevations of bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase
E. All of the above
ANSWER: B
Which from the stated below processes does a major role belong in desintoxification of toxic substances in a liver?
A. Demetilation
B. Pereamination
C. Desamination
D. Hydroxylation
E. Decarboxilation
ANSWER: D
Which metabolic ways of carbohydrates are not stimulated during rest after hard physical work?
A. Glycogenesis
B. Gluconeogenesis from lactate
C. Glycolisis
D. Gluconeogenesis from amino acids
E. Transformation of carbohydrates on the fats
ANSWER: C
Which metabolic ways transformation of glucose-6-phosphate will prevail in a liver at the condition strengthening of
biosynthetic processes?
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycolisis
C. Transformation of fructose-1,6-diphosphate on free glucose and phosphate
D. Pentosophosphate cycle
E. Glycogenesis
ANSWER: D
What protein, assigned for transport, does hemoglobin bind to in the reticuloendotelial system of the liver?
A. Haptoglobin
B. Albumin
C. Ferritin
D. Transferrin
E. Ceruloplasmin
ANSWER: A
Under stress circumstances increases breaking up of glycogen of muscles, one of intermediate metabolites is - gluco
se-6-phosphate. Why can not he serve as the source of glucose, like it takes a place at breaking up of glycogen in a li
ver?
A. In muscles there is not an enzyme of glucose-6-phosphate phosphatase and the last does not convert into glucos
e
B. In the muscles glucose-1-phosphate convert into lactate
C. Glucose-6-phosphate does not test changes
D. Transformed into amino acids
E. Transformation of glucose is characteristic only for a liver
ANSWER: A
Urea is synthesized in a liver from ammonia which appears in result of desamination of such combinations, except:
A. Amino acids
B. Amins, аmids
C. Purine bases
D. Pirimidine bases
E. Choline
ANSWER: E
Through 24 ours of starvation, maintenance of glycogen in a liver falls till about a zero. For providing of necessities
of organism glucose the process of gluconeogenesis intensifies in a liver. A gluconeogenesis is carried out from all o
f matters, except:
A. Amino acids
B. Glycerol
C. PVA
D. Fructose
E. Lactat
ANSWER: D
The signs of jaundice appeared for a new-born child. Introduction small doses of phenobarbital which induces the sy
nthesis of UDP-glyukuroniltransferase resulted in the improvement of the state of child. Which from the stated belo
w processes is activated in a liver under act of phenobarbital?
A. Conjugation
B. Microsomal oxidation
C. Respiratory chain
D. Gluconeogenesis
E. Synthesis of glycogen
ANSWER: A
The fatty degeneration of liver at the conditions of Diabetes Mellitus and starvation is possible, because in hepatocyt
es:
A. Decrease oxidation of fatty acids
B. Decrease synthesis of triacylglicerol
C. Lowering formation ketone bodies from fatty acids
D. Lowering formation of HDL
E. Increase arrive of fatty acids from adipose tissues
ANSWER: E
The first step in the utilization of proteins for energy is ________, which occurs in the liver.
A. Beta oxidation
B. Deamination
C. Hydrolysis
D. Amino acid synthesis
E. Decarboxilation
ANSWER: B
Main appointmant formed in the liver glucose-1-phosphate – to serve as an energy source for a brain after transform
ation in to glucose-6-phosphate and separation from him residual of phosphoric acid. This action is executed by enz
ymes:
A. Phosphoglucomutase, phosphorylase
B. Phosphoglucomutase, phosphatase
C. Phosphokinase, phosphoglucoepimerase
D. Proteinkinase, glucophosphattranspherase
E. Phosphotranskriptase, phosphatase
ANSWER: B
Increased catabolism of nitrogencontain connections are accompanied strengthening formation of urea and increase
of its maintenance in blood and urine. All belong to such matters, except :
A. Amino acids
B. Purins
C. Pirimidins
D. Biogenic аmins
E. Nitric and nitrous acids
ANSWER: E
Indicate the basic functional differences of microsomal oxidation from mithohondrial:
A. Using of oxygen with «plastic» aims
B. Using of oxygen in bioenergetic processes
C. Using of energy in a appearance of ATP
D. Using of energy in a appearance of GTP
E. Using as substrates of FADH2 and FMNH2
ANSWER: A
In afteroperation period in a patient periodically complication – bleeding comes from a wound. With deficiency in bl
ood of what substance, that is synthesized in a liver it connected?
A. Haptoglobin
B. Protrombin
C. Heparin
D. Creatin
E. Ceruloplasmin
ANSWER: B
In blood of patient found the increasing activity of LDG4,5, AlAT and ornithine carbamoyltransferase. In wich orga
n is possible development of pathological process?
A. In a cardiac muscle (heart attack)
B. In a liver (hepatitis)
C. In skeletal muscles
D. In kidney
E. In connective tissue
ANSWER: B
In blood plasma distinguish the stated below proteins. Which from them do not appear in a liver?:
A. Albumins
B. B1-globulins
C. C2-globulins
D. D-globulins
E. E-globulins
ANSWER: E
Glucose, that arrive with blood from an intestine to the liver, is utillized for all functions, except:
A. Formation of glycogen
B. Oxidation to CO2 and H2O with selection of energy
C. Convert into fats for stocking of energy
D. Carried by blood to the brain as source of energy
E. Use for detoxification of ammonia
ANSWER: E
Choose peptid which is often utillized in conjugation of xenobiotics:
A. Glutathion
B. Anserin
C. Carnosine
D. Bradykinin
E. Kalidin
ANSWER: A
Damage at which of the following locations would most affect the goals of phase II biotransformation?
A. Skin
B. Kidneys
C. Lungs
D. Liver
E. GI Tract
ANSWER: D
In diagnostics of heart attack an important role belongs to the methods of enzymodiagnostic. Determination of what
enzyme level in blood in 2-4 hours after acute pain is important for diagnostic?
A. Creatin phosphokinase
B. Acetylcholine esterase
C. Lipoprotein lipase
D. Alanine amino transferase
E. Aldolase
ANSWER: A
From the human blood serum were selected five isoenzymes which catalyze the same reaction. Choose this enzyme:
A. Glutathione reductase
B. Ceruloplasmin
C. Lactate dehydrogenase
D. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
E. Superoxide dismutase
ANSWER: C
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a multi-enzyme complex that catalyzes a complicated multi-step reaction. The fi
nal reaction step is : FADH2 + NAD+ > FAD + NADH + H+ The final step of this reaction falls into which enzyme
class?
A. Transferases
B. Ligases
C. Lyases
D. Oxidoreductases
E. Isomerases
ANSWER: D
What kind of reaction do hydrolases catalyze?
A. This group of enzymes catalyses hydrolytic cleavage reactions (such as the formation of glucose from maltose b
y the action of the enzyme maltase)
B. These enzymes are involved in electron transfer oxidation/reduction reactions, such as those in photosynthesis a
nd cellular respiration
C. These enzymes are involved in functional groups transfer
D. This group of enzymes catalyses none-hydrolytic cleavage reactions
E. None of the above
ANSWER: A
The patient complained about the following symptoms: loss of weight, sweat, exophthalmia, increased body tempera
ture. Such symptoms are specific for:
A. Hypoproduction of thyroid hormones
B. Hyperproduction of thyroid hormones
C. Hyperproduction of corticosteroids
D. Hypoproduction of corticosteroids
E. Hyperproduction of epinephrine
ANSWER: B
In the patient examination the following symptoms were found: retardation of growth, disproportional development
of body, disorders of mental and psychical development. What disorder most probably takes a place in this case?
A. Hypofunction of sex glands
B. Hyperfunction of the hypophysis
C. Hypofunction of thyroid gland
D. Hyperfunction of thyroid gland
E. Hypofunction of adrenal glands
ANSWER: C
Hypocalciemia, hypophosphatemia and the intensive excretion of phosphorus with urine were observed in a patient.
It can be caused by:
A. Increased production of the parathormone
B. Decreased production of the parathormone
C. Decreased production of calcitonin
D. Increased production of calcitonin
E. Increased production of glucocorticoids
ANSWER: D
Hypercalciemia, hyperphosphatemia and decreased excretion of phosphorus with urine were observed. It can be cau
sed by:
A. Increased production of the parathormone
B. Decreased production of the parathormone
C. Decreased production of calcitonin
D. Increased production of calcitonin
E. Increased production of glucocorticoids
ANSWER: C
Hypercalciemia, hypophosphatemia and the intensive excretion of phosphorus with urine were found. It can be caus
ed by:
A. Increased production of parathormone
B. Decreased production of parathormone
C. Decreased production of calcitonin
D. Increased production of calcitonin
E. Increased production of glucocorticoids
ANSWER: A
Hypocalciemia, hyperphosphatemia and decreased excretion of phosphorus with urine were found. It can be caused
by:
A. Increased production of parathormone
B. Decreased production of parathormone
C. Decreased production of calcitonin
D. Increased production of calcitonin
E. Increased production of glucocorticoids
ANSWER: B
Hypertension, edema, hypernatriemia, hypervolemia, hypokaliemia were found in patient. Which disorders can resul
t in such state?
A. Hyperproduction of parathormone
B. Hyperproduction of calcitonine
C. Hypoproduction of parathormone
D. Hyperproduction of aldosteron
E. Hypoproduction of aldosteron
ANSWER: D
What disease is developed in the insufficiency of adrenal cortex?
A. Kushing disease
B. Kushing syndrome
C. Syndrome of Cone
D. Addison disease
E. Syndrome of Vernike-Korsakov
ANSWER: D
A 56 years woman suffers from chronic cardiovascular insufficiency, hypertension disease. One of clinical symptom
s is edema. What is the mechanism of development of “cardiac” edema?
A. Increased formation of aldosteron
B. Increased secretion of sodium-uretic hormone
C. Increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
D. Increased secretion of glucocorticoids
E. Increased formation of prostaglandins
ANSWER: A
44 years old patient complain on weakness, fatigue. Blood pressure was found to be 80/50 mm Hg. In the blood: Na
concentration – 110 mmol/l, K – 5,9 mmol/l, glucose 2,8 mmol/l. Insufficient production of which hormone can ca
use such symptoms?
A. Aldosterone
B. Vasopressine
C. Epinephrine
D. Oxytocine
E. Serotonine
ANSWER: A
A 17 years girl complains about sharp muscle weakness, dizziness, hyperpigmentation, loss of weight, dryness of ski
n, increased diuresis. The concentration of glucose in blood was 3,0 mmol/l and increased secretion of sodium with
urine was found. Administration of which preparation can improve this state?
A. Aldosterone
B. Insulin
C. Glucagone
D. Thyroxine
E. Somatotropin.
ANSWER: A
Patient with tuberculosis complains on the following symptoms: dryness of skin, hypoglycemia, decrease of blood p
ressure, pigmentation of skin. Choose possible reason of such complications.
A. Hypofunction of adrenal cortex
B. Hyperfunction of pancreas
C. Hyperfunction of posterior pituitary
D. Hyperfunction of anterior pituitary
E. Hyperproduction of ACTH
ANSWER: A
The typical symptoms of hyperfunction of adrenal cortex are osteoporosis and negative balance of calcium and phos
phates. Disorders of synthesis and disintegration of which substance is a result of these symptoms:
A. Collagen
B. Parathormone
C. Calcitonine
D. Corticotropine
E. Somatotropine
ANSWER: A
In blood of patient hypercalciemia, hypophosphatemia were observed, in urine – hyperphosphaturia. The possible re
ason of such state is:
A. Depression of parathormone secretion
B. Increased secretion of calcitonine
C. Depression of calcitonine secretion
D. Increased secretion of parathormone
E. Increased secretion of thyroxine
ANSWER: D
A patient after the heavy diseases feels tired, complains on the bad appetite, general weakness. In examination the lo
ss of weight, astenisation, general exhaustion of organism we found. Which hormonal preparation can be recommen
ded in this case?
A. Catecholamins
B. Somatotropin
C. Insulin
D. Glucagon
E. Anabolic steroids (derivates of male sex hormones)
ANSWER: E
Hypercalciemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypophosphaturia were found. The possible reason of such state:
A. Hyperfunction of parathyroid glands
B. Hypofunction of parathyroid glands
C. Hyperproductions of calcitonin
D. Hypoproductions of calcitonin
E. Hyperproductions of aldosteron
ANSWER: D
Woman suffers from the following symptoms: mucous edema, obesity, loss of hair and teeth, dry skin, decrease the
body temperature. What is the name of such state and insufficiency of which hormone can cause it?
A. Thyrotoxicosis. Increase of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
B. Mixedema. Deficit of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
C. Endemic goiter. Deficit of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
D. Diabetes. Deficit of insulin
E. Addison disease. Deficit of glucocorticoids
ANSWER: B
Cardiac diseases, exophthalmia, increased sweat of skin, hands shaking, increased basic metabolism, enlargement of
thyroid gland. What is the name of such disease and what is the cause of it?
A. Graves diseases. Hyperproduction of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
B. Graves disease. Insufficient production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
C. Mixedema. Hyperproductions of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
D. Mixedema. Insufficient productions of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
E. Endemic goiter. Hyperproductions of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
ANSWER: A
The increased deposition of fats in the area of face, neck, breasts, stomach, and hyperpigmentation were found in a p
atient. In the blood the increase of sodium and chlorine levels and decrease of potassium level were observed. The a
mount of 17-ketosteroidswasalso increased in blood and urine. What disease can we suspect and what is the reason o
f it?
A. Kushing disease, caused by depressed secretion of ACTH
B. Kushing syndrome, caused by the increased secretion of corticosteroids
C. Addison disease, caused by the decreased secretion of corticosteroids
D. Kushing disease, caused by the increased secretion of ACTH
E. Addison disease, caused for decreased secretion of ACTH
ANSWER: D
A patient complains about permanent thirst. Hyperglycemia, polyuria and increased level of 17-ketosteroidsin urine
are observed. What disease is most possible?
A. Addisondisease
B. Micsedema
C. I type glycogenosis
D. I type diabetes
E. Steroid diabetes
ANSWER: E
It has been established with the method of indirect calorimetry that basic metabolism was 40% lower compared to h
ealthy person. Disorders of activity of which endocrine gland could cause this state?
A. Thymus
B. Pancreas
C. Thyroid
D. Epiphysis
E. Adrenal gland
ANSWER: C
The diagnosis endemic goiter was established for patient who lives in specific endemic area. What type of posttransl
iation modification of tyroglobulin is inhibited in the patient’s organism?
A. Iiodination
B. Phosphorylation
C. Glicosylation
D. Acetylation
E. Metylation
ANSWER: A
Decreased diuresis, hypernatremia, hypokaliemia were observed. Hypersecretion of which hormone can cause such
changes?
A. Parathormone
B. Adrenalin
C. Vasopressin
D. Sodiumdiuretic factor
E. Aldosterone
ANSWER: E
40 years old patient was hospitalized with complaints about a general weakness, cramps of upper and lower extremit
ies, blood pressure - 160/100 mm Hg. Biochemical tests showed: blood glucose – 6,5 mmol/l, cholesterol – 6 mmol/l
, sodium – 160 mmol/l. Urea excretion – 700 ml per days. What pathology did cause such state?
A. Hyperparatharoidism
B. Thyrotoxicosis
C. Hypoaldosteronism
D. Rickets
E. Hyperaldosteronism
ANSWER: E
Woman with primary hyperfunction of parathyroid glands complains on the repeated attacks of renal colic. An ultras
onic inspection detected the presence of stone in kidney. What is the most possible reason of renal stone formation i
n hyperfunction of parathyroid glands?
A. Hyperphosphatemia
B. Hypercholesterolemia
C. Hypercalciemia
D. Hyperuricemia
E. Hyperkaliemiya
ANSWER: C
In the urine of a 42 years man, who was in stress for a long time, the amount of 17-ketosteroidsis increased. This test
ifies about the increased secretion of:
A. Cortisol
B. Estradiol
C. Epinephrine
D. Norepinephrine
E. Aldosterone
ANSWER: A
10-years old child has small growth, disproportional development of body, insufficient psychical development. Defi
cit of which hormone can cause these changes?
A. Thyroxine
B. Parathormone
C. Thyrocalcitonin
D. Adrenocortikotropic hormone
E. Oxytocin
ANSWER: A
Adenoma was found in the parathyroid glands of 67 years old man. Patient complains on muscle weakness. Which b
iochemical index reflect such state?
A. Hypercalciemia
B. Hyperphosphatemia
C. Hypophosphaturia
D. Increase of c-АMP in the blood
E. Polyuria
ANSWER: A
A 35 years woman complains on insomnia, cardiac problems. A doctor suspected hyperthyroidism which was confir
med by laboratory tests. Which process was intensified in the organism of this patient?
A. Synthesis of cholesterol
B. Oxidative phosphorylation
C. Demineralization of bone tissue
D. Basic metabolism
E. Synthesis of proteins
ANSWER: D
Weakness, fatigue, hypotension were developed after 2 months after adrenalectomy. The deficiency of which horm
one causes the development of this state?
A. Vasopressin
B. Glucagon
C. Aldosterone
D. Progesterone
E. Thyroxine
ANSWER: C
Weakness, fatigue, hypotension were developed after 2 months after adrenalectomy. Disorders of which process we
re observed?
A. Reabsorption of Nа+
B. Ketogenesis
C. Reabsorption of glucose
D. Secretion of urea
E. Secretion a kreatinine
ANSWER: A
Weakness, fatigues were developed in a 39 years man one month after the removing of adrenal glands. Laboratory r
esults: hypoglycemia on an empty stomach, lactemia. The deficit of which hormone can evoke such state?
A. Glucagon
B. Testosterone
C. Cortisol
D. ACTH
E. Estradiole
ANSWER: C
Weakness, fatigues were developed in a 39 years man one month after the removing of adrenal glands. Laboratory r
esults: hypoglycemia on an empty stomach, lactemia. Disorders of which process occur in this case?
A. Ketogenesis
B. Spermatogenesis
C. Lipolysis
D. Gluconeogenesis
E. Synthesis of VLDL
ANSWER: D
4-month old child suffers from severe rickets.Disorders of digestion were not found. A child is exposed to sunlight f
oe enough time every day. For two months a child obtained the vitamin D3, however the symptoms of rickets were n
ot diminished. Disorders of the synthesis of which compound can explain the development of rickets in this child?
A. Calcitonin
B. Calcitriol (1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol)
C. Thyroxine
D. Parathormone
E. Insulin
ANSWER: B
In the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol from 7-dehydroxycholesterol
A. The steroid ring structure remains intact
B. Cholesterol is an intermediate
C. Ultraviolet light is required
D. Three hydroxylation occur
E. Calcitonine is required
ANSWER: C
Cause of acromegaly when secreted in excessive amounts in adults:
A. Luteinizing hormone
B. Follicle stimylating hormone
C. Growth hormone
D. Melanocitostimulating hormone
E. Thyroid hormones
ANSWER: C
Which hormone increases sodium and water reabsorption by renal tubule cells:
A. Oxytocin
B. Aldosterone
C. Vasopressin
D. Prolactin
E. Cortisol
ANSWER: B
A doctor consulted a patient with complaints about permanent thirst. Hyperglycemia, polyuria and high level of 17-k
etosteroids in urine were determined. What is the most appropriate diagnosis in this case?
A. Steroid diabetes
B. Insulin dependent dibetes mellitus
C. Mixedema
D. I type glycogenosis
E. Addison’s disease
ANSWER: D
Which one of these anterior pituitary hormones shows increased secretion in response to stress?
A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
C. Luteinizing hormone
D. Prolactin
E. Vasopressin
ANSWER: B
Drinking alcoholic beverages on hot days is not safe because alcohol inhibits the release of ____________ which no
rmally helps to conserve water during dehydration.
A. Antidiuretic hormone
B. Oxytocin
C. Thyroxine
D. Triiodothyronine
E. Vasopressin
ANSWER: A
The thyroid hormones are responsible for regulating metabolic rate and calcium and phosphate ion concentration in t
he blood. Which thyroid hormone lowers calcium and phosphate ion concentration in the blood?
A. Thyroxine
B. Triiodothyronine
C. Calcitonin
D. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
E. Prolactin
ANSWER: C
During the examination of a 35 year-old woman the increase of the indexes of basic metabolism were found. The ex
cess of which of the following hormones probably caused this state?
A. Triiodothyronine
B. Somatotropin
C. Insulin
D. Cortisol
E. Glucagon
ANSWER: D
The hormone _______________, which is secreted by the adrenal _______________, causes the kidney to conserve
sodium and excrete potassium ions and indirectly helps to maintain systemic blood pressure.
A. Aldosterone; cortex
B. Angiotensin I; medulla
C. Cortisol; cortex
D. Epinephrine; medulla
E. Thyroid hormone; thyroid gland
ANSWER: A
Which hormone causes excessive skeletal growth or gigantism?
A. Somatotropin
B. Testosterone
C. Insulin
D. Somatostatin
E. Glucagon
ANSWER: A
Deficiency of thyroxine in an adult can result in:
A. Cretinism
B. Myxedema
C. Acromegaly
D. Tetany
E. Gout
ANSWER: B
A patient consulted a doctor with complaints of frequent and abundant urination, thirst. The urune analysis showed t
he following: diurnal diuresis – 19 l, density of urine – 1001. What sisease are these symptoms characteristic of?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Steroid diabetes
C. Diabetes insipidus
D. Thyrotoxicosis
E. Addison’s disease
ANSWER: C
During the operation on a thyroid gland parathyroid glands were removed by mistake. The patient got tetanic cramps
. The metabolism of which chemical element was disturbed?
A. Magnesium
B. Calcium
C. Potassium
D. Iron
E. Sodium
ANSWER: B
For analgesia, a certan substance which imitates the phisiological properties of morphine but is synthesized inside th
e human brain can be used. Name this substance.
A. Somatoliberin
B. Oxytocin
C. Vasopressin
D. Calcitonin
E. Endorphine
ANSWER: E
Laboratory testing of the patient’s blood plasma showed Na+ level of 160,0 mM/l. The change in concentration of w
hat hormone can be the cause of such state.
A. Increase of aldosterone level
B. Decrease of aldosterone level
C. Increase of glucocorticoids level
D. Increase of thyroid hormones level
E. Increase of atrial natriuretic factor.
ANSWER: A
A 10-years-old boy was brought to a hospital for the inspection of the cause of growth retardation. He had grown on
ly by three centimeters in the last two years. What hormon’s deficiency is the cause of such state?
A. Thyrotropin
B. Corticotropin
C. Gonadotropin
D. Somatotropin
E. Parathormone
ANSWER: D
The function of the thyroid gland of a child has been reduced since birth. What is the main consequence of thes state
?
A. Gigantism
B. Nanism
C. Cretinism
D. Hypopituitarism
E. Hyperpigmentation of scin
ANSWER: C
Height of a grown-up person is 100 sm. Proportions of the body-build and mental capacity are normal. These charac
teristics are the result of a lack of some hormone secretion in childhood. What kind of hormone is it?
A. Thyreotropin
B. Gonadotropin
C. Corticotropine
D. Somatotropin
E. Prolactin
ANSWER: D
Tachycardia, increase of basal matabolism and body temperature, weight loss, increase of excitability of a patient ar
e diagnosed. The reason for it is the increase of the hormone secretion of some glands. What gland is it?
A. Neurohypophysis
B. Adrenal gland
C. Parathyroid glands
D. Gonads
E. Thyroid gland
ANSWER: E
A woman came to a doctor a month after childbirth with a complaint about the decrease of galactopoesis. What hor
mone deficit resulted in such state?
A. Prolactin
B. Somatostatin
C. Corticotropin
D. Insulin
E. Glucagon
ANSWER: A
The height of a 10-year-old child is 178 sm, the weight is 64 kg. It is connected with function disorders of some glan
d. What gland is it?
A. Gonads
B. Thyroid gland
C. Pituitary gland
D. Adrenal gland
E. Parathyroid gland
ANSWER: C
A women has a limited blood flow in kidney’s, high arteryotonya. What hormone’s hypersecretion was the reason fo
r high arteriotony?
A. Vasopressin
B. Adrenaline
C. Noradrenalin
D. Erythropoetin
E. Rennin
ANSWER: E
A child has signs of physical development delay and mental retardation (cretinism). With the deficit of what hormon
e is it connected?
A. Thyroxin
B. Somatotropin
C. Calcitonin
D. Insulin
E. Testosterone
ANSWER: A
An infant has got a laryngospasm. In anamnesis there is suspecribility to cramps development. One must think about
the dydfunction of some endocrine glands. What are these?
A. Parathyroid glands
B. Pancreas
C. Thymus
D. Thyroid gland
E. Adrenal gland
ANSWER: A
A patient has got the anlargement of separate parts of body (lower, jaw, nose, ears, tongue, feet, hands), body propor
tions preserved. In can be connected with the increase of the secretion of a certainhormone. What hormone is it?
A. Cortisol
B. Somatostatin
C. Tetraiodothyronine
D. Triiodothyronine
E. Somatotropin
ANSWER: E
A man 35 came to a dentist with complaints of reducing dental tissue density, heightened fragility of teeth at ingesti
ng hard food. The lack of what mineral element most probably takes place in this case?
A. Calcium
B. Potassium
C. Sodium
D. Magnesium
E. Iron
ANSWER: A
What preparation inhibits the enzyme that synthesizes prostaglandins from arachidonic acid and thus shows an antiin
flammatory action?
A. Aspirine
B. Penicilline
C. Sulfanilamide
D. Novocaine
E. Morphine
ANSWER: A
Which of the following indices confirm the diagnosis of hypothyreoses?
A. Decrease of thyroxine in blood
B. Decrease of triiodthyronine in blood
C. Increase of cholesterol in blood
D. Decrease of creatinine in urine
E. Decrease of calcium in urine
ANSWER: A
The process of enzymatic deleting and synthesis of areas of DNA, which got a damages under the action of physical
or chemical agents, is called:
A. Replication of RNA
B. Reverse transcription
C. Recombination
D. Reparation
E. Transposition
ANSWER: D
Which nucleic acid does carry out the role of adaptor that specifically binds amino acids and provides their correct p
lugging in a polypeptide chain during the synthesis of protein?
A. DNA
B. r-RNA
C. m-RNA
D. і-RNA
E. т-RNA
ANSWER: E
One of the types of the genetic information transferring is replication. Which enzyme during replication takes part in
the process of joining of separate fragments?
A. DNA–ligase
B. DNA–polymerase 1
C. DNA–polymerase 2
D. DNA–polymerase 3
E. Ribonuclease N
ANSWER: A
58 years old man with cancer of prostate has been operated. After 3 months the course of radiation and chemotherap
y was administered. In the complex of medicine preparations 5-ftordesoxyuridine - inhibitor of thymidilate syntheta
se - was included. The synthesis of which compound is blocked by this preparation?
A. DNA
B. i-RNA
C. r-RNA
D. t-RNA
E. Protein
ANSWER: A
For the treatment of urogenital infections the inhibitors of enzyme DNA- polymerase are used. Which process is blo
cked in the action of these compounds?
A. Replication
B. Reparation
C. Amplification of genes
D. Recombination of genes
E. Reverse transcription
ANSWER: A
It was experimentally shown that due to the defect of reparation enzyme the exposed to ultraviolet radiation skin cell
s of patients with pigment xeroderma reconstruct the native DNA structure slower than the cells of normal people. C
hoose the enzyme participating in this process.
A. Endonuclease
B. RNA-ligase
C. Primase
D. DNA-polymerase ІІІ
E. DNA-hyrase
ANSWER: A
In the process of transcription in the nucleus of cell the biosynthesis of complementary RNA-transcript is synthesize
d on the matrix of DNA. Which enzyme catalyzes this process?
A. DNA-depending-RNA-polymerase
B. DNA-polymerase
C. DNA-ligase
D. Primase
E. DNAasa
ANSWER: A
Patient with inflammation was given erytromicin which bind to 50S-subunit of ribosome and blocks activation of tra
nslocase. Inhibition of protein synthesis in prokaryotes by erythromicin takes place on the stage:
A. Elongation
B. Termination
C. Activation of amino acid
D. Initiation
E. Posttranslation modification of proteins
ANSWER: A
The worker of chemical factory has undergone the action of nitric acid and nitrates which cause desamination of cyt
osine in the molecule of DNA. Which enzyme will start the reparation of chain?
A. Uracyl-DNA-glycosidase
B. Cytidyne triphosphate synthetase
C. Orotidylmonophosphate decarboxylase
D. DNA-depending-RNA-polymerase
E. Thymidylate synthase
ANSWER: A
Polychimotherapy including antibiotic riphampycin was administered to the patient with tuberculosis. What phase of
RNA synthesis is inhibited by this preparation?
A. Initiation of RNA synthesis
B. Elongation process
C. Inhibition of RNA-polymerase
D. Termination of RNA synthesis
E. All of the above
ANSWER: A
The synthesis of RNA in prokaryotes consists of few stages, except:
A. Binding of DNA-polymerase with the RNA-matrix
B. Initiation of synthesis of polyribonucleotide chain
C. Binding of RNA-polymerase with the DNA-matrix
D. Elongation
E. Termination
ANSWER: A
Nuclear enzyme responsible for the transcription of genes which program the synthesis of most cellular proteins is:
A. RNA-polymerase II
B. RNA-polymerase I
C. Revertase
D. Transcriptase
E. DNA-ase
ANSWER: A
Cutting of noninformative sequences of nucleotides from the molecules of pre-mRNA and joining of internal ends o
f molecules is called:
A. Splicing
B. Elongation
C. Termination
D. Initiation
E. Transcription
ANSWER: A
For the formation of transport form of amino acids during the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes the following comp
ound is necessary:
A. mRNA
B. GTP
C. Aminoacil-tRNA- synthetase
D. DNA-gіrаse
E. Revertase
ANSWER: E
Degeneration of genetic code is the ability of one amino acid to be coded more than one triplet. However, there is on
e amino acid which is coded by only one triplet. Choose this amino acid:
A. Leucine
B. Serine
C. Alanine
D. Methionine
E. Lysine
ANSWER: D
What structure of t-RNA molecule is responsible for cooperation of t-RNA with certain nucleotides of m-RNA in th
e formation of translating complex on ribosomes?
A. Codon
B. Anticodon
C. Acceptor region
D. Dihydrouridylic loop
E. Psevdouridylic loop
ANSWER: B
Cooperation between t-RNA and corresponding aminoacid demands reciprocal recognition with following joining.
This is catalyzed by:
A. Amіnoacyl-t-RNA-transferase
B. Amіnoacyl-m-RNA-synthetase
C. Peptydyltransferase
D. RNA-polіmerase
E. Amіnoacyl-t-RNA-synthetase
ANSWER: E
There are combinations of nucleotides that do not encode a single amino acid. They carry out the role of:
A. Termination of translation
B. Initiation of translation
C. Termination of transcription
D. Initiation of transcription
E. Do not play any role
ANSWER: A
What polynucleotidedetermines the sequence of amino acids inclusion into the polipeptide chain according to the ge
netic information?
A. tRNA
B. mRNA
C. DNA
D. Peptydil-tRNA
E. rRNA
ANSWER: B
In the process of polypeptide chain synthesis the following stages are distinguished:
A. Replication, transcription, translation
B. Initiation, translation, posttraslation modifications
C. Initiation, elongation, termination
D. Translation, termination, posttraslation modifications
E. Stimulation, elongation,modification
ANSWER: C
The stage of initiation in the process of proteins biosynthesis begins from:
A. Formation of aminoacyl-t-RNA
B. Formation of peptidebonds between methionine of initiation aminoacyl-tRNA and next amino acid
C. Binding of small subunit of ribosome to the large subunit of ribosome.
D. Binding of aminoacyl-t-RNAto the A center of ribosome
E. Formation of peptidebonds between methionine of initiation aminoacyl-tRNA and next amino acid
ANSWER: B
In the regulation of genes expression in the system of lactose operon, lactose serves as:
A. Inductor
B. Repressor
C. Corepressor
D. Promotor
E. None of the above
ANSWER: A
Which of the following major risk factors of heart disease cannot be controlled?
A. Smoking
B. Hypertension
C. Sedentary lifestyle
D. Heredity
E. All of the above
ANSWER: A
Smoking increases an individual's chance for heart disease by:
A. Decreasing your body's ability to clot blood
B. Decreasing the amount of fat deposits around arterial walls
C. Increasing the chance of an irregular heartbeat
D. Decreasing heart rate and blood pressure
E. None of the above
ANSWER: D
If you wanted to locate some cholesterol within a healthy body, you might expect to find it:
A. In the cytoplasm of mitochondria
B. In the cytoplasm of chloroplasts
C. In membranes
D. In the aqueous humor of the eye
E. In pancreatic lipase
ANSWER: A
Which of the following factors makes it harder for an obese person to lose weight?
A. An increase in metabolism that increases the appetite
B. An increase in heat loss from the body that requires more food intake
C. An increase in taste receptors
D. An increase in thyroxine levels as fat levels accumulate
E. An increase in alpha receptors (the kind that favor fat accumulation) in fat cells
ANSWER: A
Obesity increases the risk of
A. Hypertension
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Ishemic disease
D. All of these
E. Srtoke
ANSWER: D
Obesity generally reflects excess intake of energy and is often associated with the development of
A. Nervousness
B. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
C. Hepatitis
D. Colon cancer
E. Rickets
ANSWER: B
Atherosclerosis and coronary heart diseases are associated with the diet:
A. High in total fat and saturated fat
B. Low in protein
C. High in protein
D. High in carbohydrate
E. High in vitamins
ANSWER: A
Hypocholesterolaemia can occur in
A. Hyperthyroidism
B. Nephrotic syndrome
C. Obstructive jaundice
D. Diabetes mellitus
E. Diabets insipidus
ANSWER: A
Obesity is accumulation of _______ in the body.
A. Water
B. NaCl
C. Fat
D. Proteins
E. Vitamins
ANSWER: C
Cholesterol circulates in blood stream chiefly as
A. Free cholesterol
B. Ester cholesterol
C. Low density lipoproteins
D. Low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins
E. Salts of cholesterol
ANSWER: D
One of the leading pathogenetic chains in the development of radial pathology is the intensification of free-radical o
xidation processes. What matters are the main source of free radicals formation?
A. Water
B. Lipids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Proteins
E. Metal ions
ANSWER: B
The amount of total lipids in blood – 30 g/l, cholesterol – 9 mmol/l. The blood plasma is alkaline, by blood centrifug
ation on the surface is formed white layer. Amount increase of what transportation forms of lipids in the blood takes
place in this situation?
A. Chylomicrons
B. Beta-lipoproteins
C. Alfa-lipoproteins
D. Pre-D-lipoproteins
E. Albumins
ANSWER: C
By analysis of patient's lipogram was discovered the increase of some lipoproteins level. Choose the most atherogen
ic representative of lipoproteins:
A. LDL
B. HDL
C. Chylomicrons
D. LDDL
E. Albumins
ANSWER: B
The patient have symptoms of general adiposity, atherosclerotic changes. From the list of possible reasons for this s
hould be excluded:
A. Lack of carbohydrates in nutrition
B. Smoking
C. Alcohol abuse
D. Hereditary inclination
E. Excess of carbohydrates and lipids in nutrition
ANSWER: E
The observation of a patient showed symptoms of hypovitaminosis B5. By this is observed malfunction of lipids met
abolism, but:
A. Cholesterol and fatty acids synthesis
B. Ketone bodies oxidation
C. Transport of fatty acids to mitochondria
D. Glycerine oxidation
E. Fatty acids oxidation
ANSWER: C
The observation of a patient showed deficient activity of ferment lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Possib
le result is:
A. Fatty liver degeneration
B. Hyperketonemia
C. Hypocholesterolemia
D. Hyperlipemia
E. Atherogenic hypocholesterolemia
ANSWER: C
To prevent the development of atherosclerosis is possible by means of:
A. Excessive usage of carbohydrates
B. Limitation of carbohydrates, lipids
C. Excess of lipids in food
D. Limitation of protein in food
E. Limitation of vegetable oil in food
ANSWER: A
The paсient possibly has atherosclerosis. What feature helped to prove this?
A. Increase of general lipids in blood
B. Increase of ketone bodies in blood
C. Increase of high density liporoteins
D. Decrease of phospholipids in blood
E. Increase of low density liporoteins
ANSWER: E
After observation of a patient with diabetes mellitus were discovered ketonemia and ketonuria. Mark, which of the b
elow-mentioned matters is the precussor of ketone bodies?
A. Acetyl-CoA
B. Oxaloacetate
C. a-ketoglutarate
D. Cholesterol
E. Unsaturated fatty acids
ANSWER: A
Women of 45 years after long starvation has hyperketonemia. Where is performed the synthesis of ketone bodies?
A. Mitochondria of hepatocyte
B. Cytoplasm of hepatocyte
C. Mitochindria of cardiomyocytes
D. Nucleus of cardiomyocytes
E. Cytoplasm of adipocytes
ANSWER: A
Hyperketonemia is observed in the following cases, but:
A. Starvation
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Excessive usage of carbohydrates
D. Long stress
E. Thyrotoxicosis
ANSWER: E
Doctor prescribed to the patient, exhausted after heavy disease, small doses of hormones on the background of highcalorie diet. What hormone was prescribed?
A. Adrenalin
B. Insulin
C. Thyroxine
D. Aldosterone
E. Vasopressin
ANSWER: A
Patient has ketonemia and ketonuria, amount of glucose in blood 3,5 mM/l, cholesterol – 4,5 mM/l. What malfunctio
ns could cause this?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Carbohydrates deficit in nutrition
C. Atherosclerosis
D. Excessive usage of fats
E. Liver disease
ANSWER: A
Worker of dry-cleaner's has fatty liver degeneration. What matter synthesis malfunction in the liver can cause such p
athology?
A. Urea
B. Phosphatidylcholine
C. Phosphatidic acid
D. Cholic acid
E. Tristearin
ANSWER: B
A man of 47 years suffers from insulin-dependent diabetes, on which background has evolved metabolic acidosis. W
hat process' malfunction majorily helps the development of acidosis?
A. Ketone bodies synthesis
B. Ketone bodies utilization
C. Glycogen decomposition
D. Glycogen synthesis
E. Oxidative phosphorylation
ANSWER: B
Patient with hard form of diabetes has increase of ketone bodies amount in blood. The main reason of ketonemia dev
elopment is considered:
A. Decrease if intracellular oxaloacetate concentration
B. Inhibition of triacylglycerol lipase
C. Activity inhibition of acetyl-CoA-acetyltransferase
D. Activation of Krebs cycle enzymes
E. Stimulation of glycogen synthesis in liver
ANSWER: A
When can the production of ketone bodies occur? Which is/are true?
A. If you eat too much sugar and less of saturated butter
B. In healthy patients
C. If you eat too much bacon and less sugar
D. If you are starving for a longer time period
E. In pellagra patients
ANSWER: D
Ketone bodies can be used as the source of energy in the following organ(s):
A. In the brain (after a week of fasting it adapts to use it)
B. In the heart
C. In the liver
D. In kidney
E. None of the above
ANSWER: A
The patient with burns was prescribed in the treatment preparation complex vitamin E. What is the base of its action
by this pathology?
A. Activation of tissue breathing
B. Normalization of metabolism in muscles
C. Anti-oxidant action
D. Activation of lipids peroxidation
E. Decrease of organism dehydration
ANSWER: C
Splitting off acetyl-CoA in the final reaction of S-oxidation of fatty acids is performed under influence of enzyme:
A. Dehydrogenase
B. Enolase
C. Hydrase
D. Lipase
E. Thiolase (acetyl-CoA-acyltransferase)
ANSWER: E
The observation of a patient after radiolesion showed increased amount in the blood of malonic dialdehyde, which p
roves the activation of lipids peroxidation. What violations in cell membranes this can cause?
A. Cholesterol oxidation
B. Transportation proteins structure change
C. Destruction of carbohydrate components
D. Activation of Na+, K+-ATP-ase
E. Destruction of phospholipids
ANSWER: E
The patient got into the habit of having several uncooked eggs, which contain antivitamin of biotin – avidin. What m
alfunctions of lipid metabolism can be the result of this?
A. Cholesterol biosynthesis
B. Lipids absorption
C. Fatty acids biosynthesis
D. Glycerine oxidation
E. Lipids transportation in blood
ANSWER: C
Fat is important to the body for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
A. That it provides essential amino acids
B. That it stores energy for later use
C. That it carries fat-soluble vitamins
D. That it helps to maintain cell membranes
E. Only B and D
ANSWER: C
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding fatty acids?
A. Fatty acids dissolve in nonpolar solvents
B. Triglycerides are esters of fatty acids
C. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have trans double bonds
D. Fatty acids are biosynthesized from acetate
E. C and D
ANSWER: B
Fatty acid oxidation occurs:
A. Only in adipose tissue
B. Within liver parenchyma
C. Within mitochondria and peroxisomes of many tissues
D. Only within arterial epithelium
E. Only within venous epithelium
ANSWER: B
The body needs fatty acids to:
A. Produce cell membranes
B. Make myelin sheaths
C. Absorb certain vitamins
D. All of the above
E. Precusor of carbohydrates, amino acids
ANSWER: D
A high carbohydrate, low-fat diet will:
A. Promote the synthesis of fatty acids by inducing the synthesis of acetyl CoA carboxylase
B. Favor the oxidation of stored fatty acids by inducing the synthesis of lipoprotein lipase
C. Promote the synthesis of fatty acids by repressing synthesis of carnitine-palmitoyl transferase
D. Favor the oxidation of fatty acids by repressing the synthesis of fatty acid synthase
E. None of the above
ANSWER: A
Which food does not have a lot of saturated fat?
A. Coconut oil
B. Whole milk
C. Chicken, with skin
D. Butter
E. Whole wheat bread
ANSWER: A
Elder patient has a recommendation with the aim of prevention liver fatty seepage to use in food cheese. What essen
tial amino acid, necessary for phospholipids synthesis, there is in cheese?
A. Arginine
B. Proline
C. Valine
D. Lysine
E. Methionine
ANSWER: E
Anti-inflammatory corticosteroids inhibit
A. Phospholipase A1
B. Phospholipase A2
C. Cyclo-oxygenase
D. Lipo-oxygenase
E. Pancreatic lipase
ANSWER: B
Which of the following can be synthesized in the human body if precurors are available?
A. Oleic acid
B. Palmitoleic acid
C. Arachidonic acid
D. All of these
E. None of the above
ANSWER: D
All of the following are functions of dietary fat, except
A. Facilitating the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
B. Serving as the major source of fuel for RBCs
C. Acting as stored energy
D. Being essential to the synthesis of phospholipid that is a major component of cell membranes
E. Facilitating the absorption of water-soluble vitamins
ANSWER: D
The vitamin whose cofactors are involved in carrying single carbons for “one-carbon metabolism” is:
A. Folate or folic acid
B. Nicotinamid
C. Biotin
D. Ascorbic acid
E. 1,25-dihydroxicholecalciferol
ANSWER: A
Bile acids are excreted into the intestine where they become bile salts due to:
A. The alkaline environment within the intestine
B. The acidic environment of the stomach
C. Alkaline hydrolysis
D. Formation of esters
E. Formation of amides due to the relatively high temperature and low rate of flow
ANSWER: A
Which of these is a general feature of the lipid bilayer in all biological membranes?
A. Polar, but uncharged, compounds readily diffuse across the bilayer
B. Individual lipid molecules are free to diffuse laterally in the surface of the bilayer
C. Individual lipid molecules in one face (monolayer) of the bilayer readily diffuse (flip-flop) to the other monolay
er
D. The bilayer is stabilized by covalent bonds between neighboring phospholipid molecules
E. Only C
ANSWER: D
Adiposogenital dystrophy is caused by the lack of secretion of:
A. Oxytocin
B. Vasopressin
C. Gonadotropic hormone
D. Thyrotropic hormone
E. Melanotropic hormone
ANSWER: D
DNA polymerase III is thought to add nucleotides
A. To the 5' end of the RNA primer
B. To the 3' end of the RNA primer
C. In the place of the primer RNA after it is removed
D. On single stranded templates without need for an RNA primer
E. In the 3' to 5' direction
ANSWER: E
DNA replication in vivo is discontinuous due to
A. Polymerase slippage
B. Trinucleotide repeats
C. Being restricted to synthesis in the 5' to 3' direction
D. Topoisomerases cutting the DNA in a random fashion
E. Sister chromatid exchange
ANSWER: C
Considering the structure of double stranded DNA, what kinds of bonds hold one complementary strand to the other
?
A. Ionic
B. Covalent
C. Van der Waals
D. Hydrogen
E. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
ANSWER: D
The presence of a ___ with a free 3'-OH group is essential for DNA polymerase to synthesize DNA since no known
DNA polymerase is able to initiate chains.
A. Origin of replication
B. Restriction endonuclease
C. Palindrome
D. Primer
E. Promoter
ANSWER: D
The RNA polymerase that produces the primer necessary for DNA synthesis is called the ___.
A. Origin of replication
B. Convertase
C. Primase
D. Ligase
E. Topoisomerase
ANSWER: C
_____ is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a covalent bond between adjacent 5'-P and 3'-OH terminal of sep
arate fragments of DNA.
A. Origin of replication
B. Convertase
C. Primase
D. Ligase
E. Topoisomerase
ANSWER: D
__ are enzymes that introduce single strand breaks, change the relationship of the strands and then seal the break to
remove underwinding or overwinding of the DNA helix.
A. Helicases
B. Twistases
C. Shoutases
D. Topoisomerases
E. Ligases
ANSWER: A
The chemical bonds in DNA by which the sugar components of adjacent nucleotides are linked through the phospha
te groups are called ____ bonds.
A. Phosphodiester
B. Hydrogen
C. Hydrophobic
D. Hydrophilic
E. Ionic
ANSWER: A
To which of the following does thymine form hydrogen bonds in DNA?
A. Adenine
B. Thymine
C. Cytosine
D. Guanine
E. Uracyl
ANSWER: A
An antibiotic interferes with the ability of the ribosome to move. What affect would exposure to this chemical have
on a bacterial cell?
A. Protein synthesis will be affected
B. The protein synthesized will be shorter than normal
C. The protein synthesized will be longer than normal
D. No proteins will be produced
E. Proteins will be higher produced
ANSWER: B
A spontaneous mutation usually originates as an error in
A. DNA replication
B. DNA transcription
C. Translation
D. Reverse transcription
E. Recombination
ANSWER: D
Which characteristic of the genetic code lowers the likelihood of mutation.
A. Universality
B. Degeneracy
C. Triplet
D. Non-overlapping nature
E. All of the above
ANSWER: C
In comparing the DNA molecule to a twisted ladder, which of the following would be on the steps or rungs of the la
dder?
A. Deoxyribose (sugar)
B. Phosphate groups
C. Nitrogen bases
D. Sucrose (sugar)
E. None of the above
ANSWER: A
Which scientist discovered that the DNA molecule has a helix shape?
A. Maurice Wilkins
B. Rosalind Franklin
C. Erwin Chargaff
D. Francis Crick
E. Van-Helmont
ANSWER: D
The role of methylation of DNA is now viewed as
A. Interfering with DNA transcription by blocking base pairing between cytosine and guanine
B. Complexing with enhancers to prevent transcription
C. Prevention of mutation
D. Insuring that genes that are turned off, stay off
E. Irrelevant to gene transcription
ANSWER: A
In order for a gene to be transcribed, RNA polymerase must have access to the DNA helix and be able to bind to the
genes
A. Activator
B. Regulator
C. Promoter
D. Operator
E. Repressor
ANSWER: C
The anaerobic conversion of 1 mol of glucose to 2 mol of lactate by fermentation is accompanied by a net gain of:
A. 1 mol of ATP.
B. 1 mol of NADH.
C. 2 mol of ATP.
D. 2 mol of NADH.
E. None of the above.
ANSWER: C
Which of the following statements is not true concerning glycolysis in anaerobic muscle?
A. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is one of the enzymes of the pathway.
B. It is an endergonic process.
C. It results in net synthesis of ATP.
D. It results in synthesis of NADH.
E. Its rate is slowed by a high [ATP]/[ADP] ratio.
ANSWER: B
Glucose labeled with 14C in C-1 and C-6 gives rise in glycolysis to pyruvate labeled in:
A. A and C.
B. All three carbons.
C. Its carbonyl carbon.
D. Its carboxyl carbon.
E. Its methyl carbon.
ANSWER: E
Which of the following statements about the pentose phosphate pathway is correct?
A. It generates 36 mol of ATP per mole of glucose consumed.
B. It generates 6 moles of CO2 for each mole of glucose consumed
C. It is a reductive pathway; it consumes NADH.
D. It is present in plants, but not in animals.
E. It provides precursors for the synthesis of nucleotides.
ANSWER: E
The main function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to:
A. Give the cell an alternative pathway should glycolysis fail.
B. Provide a mechanism for the utilization of the carbon skeletons of excess amino acids.
C. Supply energy.
D. Supply NADH.
E. Supply pentoses and NADPH.
ANSWER: E
Each of the following is the name of an enzyme found in the cytosol of hepatocytes, which are capable of both glyco
lysis and gluconeogenesis.
A. Pyruvate kinase
B. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
C. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
D. Hexokinase
E. Phosphofructokinase 1
ANSWER: B
Each of the following is a statement about energy metabolism. If it can be applied to carbohydrates:
A. Can provide energy to flowering plants.
B. Can provide energy to some germinating seeds.
C. Is the usual source of energy for brain.
D. Is the usual source of energy for skeletal muscle.
E. Can provide energy to skeletal muscle.
ANSWER: C
Sulphur-containing amino acid is
A. Glutathione
B. Chondroitin sulphate
C. Homocysteine
D. Tryptophan
E. Histidin
ANSWER: C
The useful reagent for detection of amino acids is
A. Molisch reagent
B. Dichlorophenol Indophenol
C. Ninhydrin
D. Biuret
E. 2,4-dynitriphenol
ANSWER: C
Which one of the following is an essential amino acid?
A. Arginine
B. Tyrosine
C. Phenylalanine
D. Proline
E. Ornitine
ANSWER: C
One of the following amino acid is solely ketogenic:
A. Lysine
B. Alanine
C. Valine
D. Glutamate
E. Arginine
ANSWER: A
Along with CO2, NH3 and ATP the aminoacid that is needed in urea cycle is
A. Alanine
B. Isoleucine
C. Aspartate
D. Glycine
E. Valine
ANSWER: C
Which amino acid is a lipotropic factor?
A. Lysine
B. Lecuine
C. Tryptophan
D. Methionine
E. Valine
ANSWER: D
Which of the following protein is rich in cysteine?
A. Trombin
B. Collagen
C. Fibrin
D. Keratin
E. Albumin
ANSWER: B
The reservoir for nitrogen is
A. The atmosphere.
B. Rocks.
C. Ammonia.
D. Nitrates.
E. Phosphate.
ANSWER: D
Most enzymes are composed of.
A. Lipids
B. Carbohydrates
C. Proteins
D. Phosphates
E. Vitamins
ANSWER: C
Some enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of ATP cannot function without help of sodium ions. Sodium in this case f
unctions as
A. A substrate
B. A cofactor
C. An active site
D. A noncompetitive inhibitor
E. A vitamin
ANSWER: B
What is the area of an enzyme called where the chemical reactions occur?
A. The Cytoplasm
B. The Active Site
C. The Catalyst
D. The Nucleus
E. A substrate
ANSWER: B
Zinc is present in which of the following enzymes
A. Cytochrome oxidase
B. Arginase
C. Hexokinase
D. Alcoholdehydrogenase
E. Catalase
ANSWER: D
The coenzyme biotin is involved in the transferring of the following groups
A. Amino group
B. CO2
C. One carbon group
D. Acyl group
E. Amino acid residues
ANSWER: B
Lactate dehydrogenase is a
A. Coenzyme
B. Isoenzyme
C. Zymogen
D. Abzyme
E. Prostetic group
ANSWER: B
Molybdenum is present in
A. Carboxypeptidase
B. Dinitrogenase
C. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Pyruvate carboxylases
E. Xantinoxidase
ANSWER: E
The uncompetitive inhibitor binds with
A. Active site
B. Allosteric site
C. Enzyme substrate complex
D. Substrate
E. Product of reaction
ANSWER: C
Isoenzymes are generally separated by
A. Ion exchange chromatography
B. Gel filtration chromatography
C. Paper chromatography
D. Electrophoresis
E. Selective adsorbtion
ANSWER: D
The coenzyme present in transaminase
A. NAD+
B. TPP
C. Coenzyme A
D. Pyridoxal phosphate
E. Biotin
ANSWER: D
Substrate binding site on the enzyme is
A. Active site
B. Allosteric site
C. Prostetic group
D. Cofactor
E. All of above
ANSWER: A
The coenzyme present in isocitrate dehydrogenase
A. NAD+
B. NADP+
C. PLP
D. TPP
E. Biotin
ANSWER: A
Enzymes
A. Enhance reaction rates
B. Are affected by pH
C. Act on specific substrates
D. Are affected by temperature
E. All of the above
ANSWER: E
An enzyme without its required co-factor prosthetic group is referred to as the____________________.
A. Cenzyme
B. Apoenzyme
C. Holoenzyme
D. Izoensymes
E. None of the above
ANSWER: C
The product(s) of lactate dehydrogenase under anaerobic conditions is (are)
A. Pyruvic acid
B. TPP
C. NADH
D. Propionate
E. Lactate
ANSWER: E
Acyl-group-transfer reactions often involve which coenzyme?
A. Coenzyme A
B. NAD+
C. Cytochrome c
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
ANSWER: A
Pyridoxal phosphate is involved in which type of reaction?
A. Oxidation of pyruvate
B. Production of new amino acids by transamination
C. Phosphate-transfer to produce ATP from ADP
D. The regeneration of methionine from homocysteine
E. Krebs cycle
ANSWER: B
What component is not included in the structure of holoenzymes?
A. Apoenzyme
B. Coenzyme
C. Cofactor
D. Prostetic group
E. Izoenzyme
ANSWER: E
Which vitamin does not serve as a coenzyme?
A. B1
B. B2
C. B5
D. С
E. B12
ANSWER: D
An ions of what metal do porphyrine coenzymes contain?
A. Na
B. Fe
C. Zn
D. Mo
E. Mn
ANSWER: B
What level of protein’s structure organization is responsible for formation of active site and its catalytic action?
A. Primary
B. Tertiary
C. Secondary
D. Quaternary
E. None from following
ANSWER: B
How many active centers can have enzymes?
A. 1
B. 3
C. 2
D. Depends on the amount of subunits of enzyme
E. 10
ANSWER: D
Enzymes with relative specificity are:
A. Lipase, protease
B. Urease
C. Arginase, sucrase
D. Succinate dehydrogenase
E. Alcohol dehydrogenase
ANSWER: A
Temperature optimum of enzymes - is:
A. Temperature at which speed of enzymatic reaction is maximal
B. Temperature which causes denaturation of enzymes
C. A velosity of reaction at the temperature 48-560С
D. The best conditions for bringing together of enzyme and substrate
E. Temperature at which metabolic processes are inhibited
ANSWER: A
Which cofactor has the following properties: a) forms Schiff base, b) its precursor is absorb dietarily as Vitamin B6,
c) is required in a number of reactions in amino acid metabolism.
A. Thiamin pyrophosphate
B. Biotin
C. Lipoamide
D. Pyridoxal phosphate
E. Nicotinamid
ANSWER: D
During electrophoresis of LDH in blood serum was found out predominance of LDH1 and LDH2 content. Pathology
of what organ does it testify?
A. Lungs
B. Heart
C. Liver
D. Muscles
E. Spleen
ANSWER: B
What from the below mentioned enzymes is a polyenzyme complex?
A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
B. Transketolase
C. Succinate dehydrogenase
D. Aldolase
E. Glucose-6-phosphatase
ANSWER: A
Which property is common for enzymes and inorganic catalysts?
A. Specificity
B. Dependence from temperature
C. Catalysis only thermodynamically possible reactions
D. Dependence from рН
E. High catalytic activity
ANSWER: C
Specificity of enzyms is caused by all the following factors, except:
A. Conformational complementary
B. Electrostatic complementary
C. Structure of active site of enzyme
D. Structure of allosteric site
E. Proteins nature
ANSWER: D
An allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme usually
A. Binds to the active site.
B. Participates in feedback regulation.
C. Denatures the enzyme.
D. Causes the enzyme to work faster.
E. Is a hydrophobic compound.
ANSWER: B
By effectors can serve some substances, except:
A. Hormones
B. Mediators of the nervous system
C. Metals
D. Products of enzymatic reactions
E. Vitamins
ANSWER: E
Izoenzymes are differ by some physical and chemical properties, except:
A. Electrophoretic mobility
B. Molecular activity
C. Stability
D. Presence in different tissues
E. Difference of their primary structure
ANSWER: D
Enzymes catalyze transfer of structural fragments from one substrate to other with formation of two products. Name
the class of this enzyme.
A. Transferase
B. Isomerase
C. Oxidoreductase
D. Ligase
E. Hydrolase
ANSWER: A
During a gastric secretion proteolytic enzymes are secreted as proenzymes. What enzyme is activated by hydrochlori
c acid:
A. Pepsinogen
B. Trypsinogen
C. Amylase
D. Lipase
E. Chymotrypsinogen
ANSWER: A
According to the international classification there are six classes of enzymes in such order:
A. Oxidoreductases, hydrolyses, ligases, lyases, transferases, isomerases.
B. Transferases, hydrolyses, oxidoreductase, isomerases, lyases, ligases.
C. Hydrolyses, oxidoreductase, transferases, lyases, isomerases, ligases.
D. Oxidoreductase, transferases, hydrolyses, isomerases, ligases, lyases.
E. Oxidoreductase, transferases, hydrolyses, lyases, isomerases, ligases.
ANSWER: E
The laboratory test allows to diagnose myocardium infarction. The increase of what enzyme in blood proves it?
A. LDH4,5
B. Arginase
C. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. AsAT
E. ALAT
ANSWER: D
In an organism was found the lack of iron. It causes the decrease of such enzyme activity:
A. Glutathione peroxidase
B. Carbonic anhydrase
C. Carboxy peptidase
D. Ceruloplasmin
E. Catalase
ANSWER: E
A phenylketonuria appears as a result of innate absence of enzyme:
A. Tyrosine oxidase
B. Phenylalanin-4-monooxigenase
C. Oxidase of gomogentisic acid
D. Amino oxidase
E. Xanthine oxidase
ANSWER: B
In an organism was found the lack of copper. It causes the decrease of such enzyme activity:
A. Cytochrome b
B. Glucose oxidase
C. Catalase
D. Cytochrome oxidase
E. Glutathione peroxidase
ANSWER: D
Prosthetic group of cytochrome is:
A. FAD
B. Ubiqinon
C. Biotin
D. Iron porphyryn complex
E. Lipoic acid
ANSWER: D
One of major enzymes of saliva, providing death of bacteria is:
A. Lysozyme
B. LDH
C. Phosphatase
D. AsAT
E. AlAT
ANSWER: A
What enzymes catalyses the hydrolysis of triglycerides in the small intestine?
A. Lipase
B. Acetyl cholinesterase
C. Phospholipase
D. Transacylase
E. Monoglycerol lipase
ANSWER: A
Phenylketonuria of newborn may be diagnosed after a reaction of urine with:
A. FeCI3
B. CuSO4
C. NaCl
D. Fe+
E. Na3PO4
ANSWER: A
An enzyme that catalyzes conversions of L-sugars to D-sugars is called an
A. Lyase
B. Hydrolase
C. Synthetase
D. Synthase
E. Isomerase
ANSWER: E
Oxidases, peroxidases, oxygenases or reductases are all
A. Lyases
B. Synthases
C. Synthetases
D. Oxidoreductases
E. Hydrolases
ANSWER: D
The class of enzymes that split peptide bonds or glycosidic bonds with water is
A. hydrolase
B. lyase
C. transferase
D. isomerase
E. oxidoreductase
ANSWER: A
The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: glucose-6-phosphate + H2O > glucose + phosphate can be assigned to whic
h enzyme class?
A. oxidoreductases
B. isomerases
C. lyases
D. hydrolases
E. transferases
ANSWER: D
TPP is a/an _____________ of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase.
A. Cosubstrate
B. Intrinsic factor
C. Metalloenzyme
D. Prosthetic group
E. Coenzyme
ANSWER: E
A competitive inhibitor of an enzyme is usually:
A. A highly reactive compound.
B. A metal ion such as Hg2+ or Pb2+.
C. Structurally similar to the substrate.
D. Water insoluble.
E. A poison.
ANSWER: C
A competitive inhibitor binds to
A. Substrate
B. Active site
C. Allosteric site
D. Enzyme-substrate complex
E. Coenxyme
ANSWER: B
The inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase by malonate is an example of
A. Competitive inhibition
B. Non competitive inhibition
C. Uncompetitive inhibition
D. Feedback or end product inhibition
E. None of these
ANSWER: A
The coenzyme present in transaminase
A. NAD+
B. TPP
C. Coenzyme A
D. Pyridoxal phosphate
E. Biotin
ANSWER: D
Lock and key theory was proposed by
A. Sumner
B. Fischer
C. Sanger
D. Buchner
E. Michaelis
ANSWER: B
NAD+, FAD, and FMN are all cofactors for:
A. Oxidoreductases
B. Transferases
C. Hydrolases
D. Lyases
E. Ligases
ANSWER: A
Aldolase is classified as a(n)
A. Oxidoreductase
B. Transferase
C. Hydrolase
D. Lyase
E. Isomerase
ANSWER: D
What is the chemical nature of enzymes?
A. Carbohydrates.
B. Lipids.
C. Proteins.
D. Nucleic acids.
E. Fatty acids
ANSWER: C
How is nonprotein part of enzyme called?
A. Holoenzyme.
B. Apoenzyme.
C. Cofactor.
D. Apoprotein.
E. None of the above
ANSWER: C
What of the following statements are not true for the isoenzymes?
A. They differ in amino acid composition.
B. They catalyze different reactions.
C. They differ in physical properties.
D. They are coded by different genes.
E. They active in different organs
ANSWER: B
How many classes of enzymes are there?
A. 4.
B. 5.
C. 6.
D. 7.
E. 2.
ANSWER: C
What is the cause of primary enzymo-pathologies?
A. Liver diseases.
B. Gen mutations.
C. Trauma.
D. Ischemia.
E. All of these
ANSWER: B
A substance that is Not a coenzyme is
A. ATP
B. NAD+
C. NADPH
D. FAD
E. Pyrydoxal phosphate
ANSWER: A
An inhibitor that changes the overall shape and chemistry of an enzyme is known as a(n)
A. allosteric inhibitor
B. competitive inhibitor
C. steric inhibitor
D. noncompetitive inhibitor
E. None of the above.
ANSWER: A
Which of the following enzymes would digest a fat?
A. Sucrase
B. Fatase
C. Protease
D. Lipase
E. None of the above
ANSWER: D
Which group of organic compounds includes the enzymes?
A. Proteins
B. Starches
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
E. Nucleic acids
ANSWER: A
Vitamins are essential to the survival of organisms because vitamins usually function as
A. Substrates
B. Nucleic acids
C. Coenzymes
D. Nucleotides
E. Enzymes
ANSWER: C
Which chemical is classified as an enzyme?
A. Galactose
B. Lipid
C. Protease
D. Manganese dioxide
E. Sucrose
ANSWER: C
An amphibolic pathway among the following is
A. HMP shunt
B. Glycolysis
C. Citirc acid cycle
D. Gluconeogenesis
E. A and B
ANSWER: C
The carrier of the citric acid cycle is
A. Succinate
B. Fumarate
C. Malate
D. Oxaloacetate
E. All of the above
ANSWER: D
There are 4 main functions of Krebs cycle, except:
A. Oxidation of acetic acid into СО2 і Н2О
B. Donator of hydrogen atoms for respiratory chain
C. Oxidation of lactate into pyruvate
D. Formation of ATP
E. Supplying substrates for heme synthesis
ANSWER: C
Name the common product of the second stage of catabolism of carbonhydratess, lipids and amino acids.
A. Acetyl-CoA.
B. Pyruvate
C. Citric acid.
D. Acyl-CoA.
E. ATP
ANSWER: A
Central intermediate product of metabolism is:
A. Acetyl-CoA
B. Succinyl-CoA
C. Oxaloacetate
D. Pyruvate
E. Citrate
ANSWER: A
For one turn only Krebs cycle forms ATP (molecules):
A. 38 ATP
B. 12 ATP
C. 15 ATP
D. 1 ATP
E. 15 ATP
ANSWER: D
Substrates of the respiratory chain are all, except one:
A. Isocitrate
B. Malate
C. Oxaloacetate
D. Succinate
E. alpha-кеtogeutarate
ANSWER: C
Cofactors of dehydrogenases are all, except one:
A. NAD+
B. c-AMP
C. NADP+
D. FMN
E. FAD
ANSWER: B
Aerobic oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O results in formation of molecules ATP:
A. 38 ATP
B. 12 ATP
C. 3 ATP
D. 15 ATP
E. 2 ATP
ANSWER: D
Substrates of the respiratory chain are all the below mentioned, except one:
A. Isocitrate
B. Malate
C. alfa-кеtoglutarate
D. Succinate
E. Lactate
ANSWER: E
Pyruvate can be form from all substrates, except one:
A. Lactate
B. Glycerol
C. Glucose
D. Fatty acids
E. Glycogen
ANSWER: D
The tricarboxilic acids cycle begins with the reaction of such substrates:
A. Pyruvate and acetyl CoA
B. Citric acid and acetyl CoA
C. Oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA
D. Succinate and isocitrate
E. Isocitrate and oxaloacetate
ANSWER: C
Reduction of which of the following substrate leads to a reduction of NAD+ in a reaction of the citric acid cycle?
A. Succinyl CoA
B. Malate
C. Fumarate
D. Oxaloacetate
E. Citrate
ANSWER: B
How many molecules of NADH is formed during the conversion of ONE molecule of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
A. 1;
B. 2;
C. 3;
D. NADH2 is not formed, 1 molecule of NADPH is produced.
E. 4
ANSWER: A
Which is not a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
A. dihydrolipoyldehydrogenase
B. alfa ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
C. pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. dihydrolipoylacetyltransferase
E. NAD
ANSWER: B
Which enzyme is the same in both pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and alfa-ketoglutarate complex?
A. Dihydrolipoildehydrogenase
B. Aconitase
C. Pyruvate decarboxylase
D. The two complexes have no components that are similar
E. Catalase
ANSWER: A
The step at which 1 mol of ATP releases in the citric acid cycle is classified as a ___________ reaction.
A. condensation
B. substrate-level phosphorylation
C. decarboxylation
D. dehydrogenation
E. oxidative phosphorylation
ANSWER: B
The initial step of the citric acid cycle is
A. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
B. Condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate
C. Conversion of citrate to isocitrate
D. Formation of alfa-ketoglutarate catalysed by isocitrate dehydrogenase
E. Both A and B
ANSWER: B
Isocitrate dehydrogenase is allosterically inhibited by
A. Oxalosuccinate
B. alfa-Ketoglutarate
C. ATP
D. FAD
E. Catalase
ANSWER: C
Which of the following metabolite integrates glucose and fatty acid metabolism?
A. Acetyl CoA
B. Pyruvate
C. Citrate
D. Lactate
E. Fumarate
ANSWER: A
Tricarboxylic acid cycle to be continuous requires the regeneration of
A. Pyruvic acid
B. Oxaloacetic acid
C. Oxoglutaric acid
D. Malic acid
E. Fumaric acid
ANSWER: B
Dehydrogenation of succinic acid to fumaric acid requires the following hydrogen carrier:
A. NAD+
B. NADP+
C. Flavoprotein
D. Glutathione
E. HS-CoA
ANSWER: C
The number of ATP produced in the succinate dehydrogenase step is
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
ANSWER: B
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2:
A. Is reversible
B. Involves the participation of lipoic acid
C. Depends on the coenzyme biotin
D. Occurs in the cytosol
E. Depends on the coenzyme PLP
ANSWER: B
Prosthetic group of cytochrome is:
A. FAD
B. Ubiqinon
C. Biotin
D. Iron porphyryn complex
E. Mg contain porphyryn complex
ANSWER: D
_____ is another term for biosynthesis.
A. Catabolism
B. Anabolism
C. Metabolism
D. Catalyst
E. Oxidation
ANSWER: B
Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of:
A. ADP
B. Macroergic ATP bonds
C. Coenzymes
D. Inorganic phosphate
E. Oxygen
ANSWER: B
The coenzyme electron carriers produced in the Krebs cycle are
A. ATP and ADP
B. Pyruvate and acetyl CoA
C. FADH2 and NADH
D. NAD and NADH
E. Fumarate and malate
ANSWER: C
The decarboxylation of pyruvate produces all compounds, exept:
A. NADH
B. Acetyl CoA
C. CO2
D. ATP
E. Fumarate
ANSWER: E
Most CO2 produced during aerobic cellular respiration is released during
A. Oxidative phosphorylation
B. Lactate fermentation.
C. The Kreb’s cycle
D. Electron transport
E. Glycolysis.
ANSWER: C
A deficiency in thiamin causes the disease beriberi. Which might you expect to have a higher than normal blood con
centration in an individual with this condition?
A. isocitrate
B. pyruvate
C. oxaloacetate
D. acetyl CoA
E. malate
ANSWER: B
Which of the following statements is false?
A. Phosphofructokinase is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis
B. Phosphorylase activity is higher in Type II fibres than in Type I fibres
C. Endurance training increases the amount of TCA cycle enzymes in muscle
D. Oxygen is consumed in the TCA cycle
E. The heart can oxidise lactate
ANSWER: D
The coenzymes NAD and FAD carry electrons to the
A. Nucleus
B. Citric Acid cycle
C. Plasma membrane
D. Electron transport system
E. Lysosoms
ANSWER: D
When a phosphate is transferred from a high-energy molecule of ADP to form ATP it's referred to as _____.
A. Photophosphorylation
B. Substrate-level phosphorylation
C. Oxidative phosphorylation
D. Citric cycle
E. Decarboxilation of pyruvat
ANSWER: C
The electrons that enter the electron transport system are carried there by
A. HS-CoA
B. FADH2
C. NADH
D. Biotin
E. PALP
ANSWER: C
When O2 is reduced during the electron transport system, _____ is produced.
A. H2O
B. CO2
C. ADP
D. Glucose
E. Pyruvat
ANSWER: A
The final electron acceptor in the electron transport system is _____.
A. FADH2
B. O2
C. Coenzyme Q
D. Cytochrome b
E. Cytochrome c
ANSWER: B
How many ATP molecules are produced when FADH2 delivers electrons to the electron transport system?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 4
D. 36
E. 12
ANSWER: B
Exergonic reactions
A. Release potential energy
B. Consume energy
C. Form bonds
D. Occur only outside the cell
E. All of the above
ANSWER: A
A reduced coenzyme is
A. NAD
B. FAD
C. NADH
D. ADP
E. ATP
ANSWER: C
Most oxidation reactions in bioenergetics involve the
A. Removal of electrons and hydrogens
B. Addition of electrons and hydrogens
C. Addition of oxygen
D. Removal of oxygen
E. None of the above
ANSWER: A
ATP synthase complexes can generate _______ATP(s) for each NADH that enters electron transport.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 8
ANSWER: C
All of the following processes produce ATP, except:
A. Lactic acid formation
B. Oxidative phosphorilation
C. Glycolysis
D. The Krebs cycle
E. The electron transport chain
ANSWER: A
Most energy during cell respiration is harvested during
A. The Krebs cycle
B. Oxidative phosphorilation
C. Glycolysis
D. Anaerobic respiration
E. Fermentation
ANSWER: B
The loss of hydrogen is known as
A. Dehydration
B. Hydrogenation
C. Reduction
D. Oxidation
E. Both D and D are correct
ANSWER: D
Chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by
A. Phosphate transfer through the plasma membrane
B. Sodium, potassium pump
C. A difference in H+ concentration on the two sides of the mitochondrial membrane
D. Osmosis of macromolecules
E. Large quantities of ADP
ANSWER: C
A process common to all living organisms, aerobic and anaerobic, is
A. Glycolysis
B. Fermentation
C. The Krebs cycle
D. Electron transport chain reactions
E. Pyruvate oxidation
ANSWER: A
The oxygen utilized in cellular respiration finally shows up as
A. CO2
B. ATP
C. New O2
D. H2O
E. Part of a sugar
ANSWER: D
The electron transport chain consists all of the following except
A. NADH dehydrogenase
B. Cytochrome complex
C. Oxygenase
D. Cytochrome c oxidase
E. Ubiquinone, Q
ANSWER: C
What has the highest reduction potential?
A. NADH
B. Complex I
C. Complex II
D. O2
E. Cytochrom c
ANSWER: D
Oxidative phosphorylation requires all of the items listed below, except
A. ATP synthase in the correct position in the membrane
B. Enzyme complexes embedded in a membrane
C. The flow of electrons from NADH and QH2 in the membrane
D. A matrix more positively charged than the intermembrane space
E. A terminal electron acceptor which is O2 in mitochondria
ANSWER: D
The chemiosmotic theory explains
A. The phosphorylation of GDP
B. The electron transport chain
C. The differences between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes
D. The source of energy for formation of mitochondrial ATP
E. Aerobic respiration
ANSWER: D
A distinct set of metabolic reactions is called a reaction ________________.
A. Network
B. Cycle
C. Pathway
D. Mechanism
E. A and B
ANSWER: C
Phosphorylation at the expense of ATP is catalyzed by __________.
A. Protein kinases
B. Phosphoryl isomerases
C. Phosphatases
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
ANSWER: A
What type of transport utilizes ATP?
A. Active transport
B. Diffusion
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Osmosis
E. Hydrolysis
ANSWER: A
Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) are inhibitors of mitochondrial aerobic phosphorylation. Which
of the following statements correctly describes the mode of action of the three inhibitors?
A. Cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibit the respiratory chain, and oligomycin inhibits the synthesis of ATP.
B. Cyanide inhibits the respiratory chain, whereas oligomycin and 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibit the synthesis of ATP.
C. Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol compete with O2 for cytochrome oxidase (Complex IV).
D. Oligomycin and cyanide inhibit synthesis of ATP; 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibits the respiratory chain.
E. Oligomycin inhibits the respiratory chain, whereas cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol prevent the synthesis of ATP.
ANSWER: B
The ATP produced during fermentation is generated by which of the following?
A. The electron transport chain
B. Substrate-level phosphorilation
C. Krebs cycle
D. Chemiosmosis
E. Citric acid cycle
ANSWER: B
Ways of ATP formation in the organism:
A. Hydrolysis of simple proteins and separation of amino acid
B. Salting-out and denaturation of proteins
C. Oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation.
D. Decarboxilation of pyruvat and gluconeogenesis
E. Biosynthesis of cholesterol
ANSWER: C
The terminal cytochrome of mitochondrial respiration include tightly bounded:
A. Na
B. P
C. Cu
D. CI
E. Mg
ANSWER: C
How many ways of ATP formation are in the organism?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 10
D. 3
E. 5
ANSWER: B
The 1-st reaction of substrate-level phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondria matrix and is located in:
A. Respiratory chain
B. Decarboxylation of pyruvate
C. Gluconeogenesis
D. Krebs cycle
E. Oxidation of fatty acids
ANSWER: D
Pyridine-linked dehydrogenases require as coenzymes:
A. FAD, FMN
B. NAD, NADP
C. TPP, TDP
D. Coenzyme A
E. THFA
ANSWER: B
Cytochromes a and a3 together are called :
A. Succinarte dehydrogenase
B. Transaminase
C. Ascorbate oxidase
D. Cytochrome c oxidase
E. Aldolase
ANSWER: D
The oxidation of glycerol in aerobic conditions to CO2 and H2O causes the formation of :
A. 9 ATP molucules
B. 1 ATP molucules
C. 3 ATP molucules
D. 22 ATP molucules
E. 15 ATP molucules
ANSWER: D
The acids which are irreplaceable (essential) for human organism:
A. lipoic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid
B. oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid
C. palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidonic acid
D. arachidonic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid
E. butyric acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid
ANSWER: D
Reserve fats in the fat depot mainly belong to:
A. tryacylglycerols
B. phospholipids
C. cholesterol
D. fatty acids
E. glycolipids
ANSWER: A
Which one of the following compounds is a key intermediate in the synthesis of both triacylglycerols and phospholi
pids?
A. CDP-choline
B. Phosphatidate
C. Triacylglyceride
D. Phosphatidylserine
E. CDP-diacylglycerol
ANSWER: B
Which of the below-mentioned metabolites is formed by oxidation of fatty acids with odd amount of carbon atoms:
A. propionyl-CoA
B. butyryl-CoA
C. malonyl-CoA
D. enoil-CoA
E. acetacetyl-CoA
ANSWER: A
The hormone, which depresses the lipolysis in the fat tissue:
A. insulin
B. epinephrine
C. glucagon
D. thyroxin
E. adrenocorticotropin
ANSWER: A
Phospholipids in the organism perform such functions, except:
A. are a part of cellular membranes
B. own atherosclerotic properties
C. own antiatherosclerotic activity
D. are lipotropic factors
E. participate in the formation of blood lipoproteins
ANSWER: B
Energetic functions in the organism play the following lipids, except:
A. tryacylglycerol
B. saturated fatty acids
C. diacylglycerol
D. monounsaturated fatty acids
E. cholesterol
ANSWER: E
Glycerol is transformed into an active form by the enzyme:
A. phosphatidate phosphatase
B. glycerol kinase
C. glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase
D. glycerol phosphate acyltransferase
E. diglyceride-acyl-transferase
ANSWER: B
Splitting off acetyl-CoA in the final reaction of beta-oxidation of fatty acids is performed by the enzyme:
A. dehydrogenase
B. enolase
C. hydrase
D. lipase
E. thiolase (acetyl-CoA-acyltransferase)
ANSWER: E
Where the resynthesis of lipids takes place?
A. in a liver
B. in kidneys
C. in muscles
D. in the intestinal epithelium
E. in the spleen
ANSWER: D
In oxidation of fatty acids with odd number of carbon atoms propionyl-CoA is transformed into:
A. malonyl-CoA
B. succinyl-CoA
C. enoil-CoA
D. butyryl-CoA
E. acetacetyl-CoA
ANSWER: B
Lisophospholipids, formed after action of phospholipase A2, have the following feature:
A. activate lipase
B. hemolytic
C. form conjugates with bile acids
D. participate in phospholipids resynthesis
E. accompany absorption of fatty acids
ANSWER: B
The formation of lisophospholipids in the intestine is caused by the action of:
A. phospholipase A1
B. phospholipase A2
C. phospholipase C
D. phospholipase D
E. phospholipase B
ANSWER: B
Tryacylglycerollipase of fatty tissue is activated by:
A. adenosine triphosphate
B. guanosine triphosphate
C. adenosine diphosphate
D. cyclic adenosine monophosphate
E. guanosine diphosphate
ANSWER: D
The bile acids in bile are in conjugated condition with:
A. cholesterol
B. bilirubin
C. glycine and alanine
D. glycine and taurine
E. taurine and valine
ANSWER: D
The function of pentose-phosphate pathway in the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol is the following:
A. main energy source
B. source of acetyl-CoA
C. source of malonyl-CoA
D. source of NADPH2
E. source of NADH2
ANSWER: D
Which of the below-mentioned acids belongs to bile acids?
A. linoleic acid
B. arachidonic acid
C. oleic acid
D. cholic acid
E. myristic acid
ANSWER: D
How many enzymes are there in the palmitate synthase multienzyme complex?
A. 5
B. 2
C. 3
D. 10
E. 6
ANSWER: E
Bile acids are metabolic products of :
A. cholesterol
B. phospholipids
C. tryglycerins
D. glycogen
E. glycolipids
ANSWER: A
Hepatoenteral circulation of bile acids has such aim as:
A. fats resynthesis
B. formation of chylomicrons
C. economical usage of bile acids
D. cholesterol absorption
E. glycerol absorption
ANSWER: C
In humans, a dietary essential fatty acid is
A. Palmitic acid
B. Stearic acid
C. Oleic acid
D. Linoleic acid
E. Miristic
ANSWER: D
In mammals, the major fat in adipose tissues is
A. Phospholipids
B. Cholesterol
C. Sphingolipids
D. Triacylglycerols
E. Ketone bodies
ANSWER: D
Dietary fats after absorption appear in the circulation as
A. HDL
B. VLDL
C. LDL
D. Chylomicron
E. None of the above
ANSWER: D
Free fatty acids are transported in the blood
A. Combined with albumin
B. Combined with fatty acid binding protein
C. Combined with beta?-lipoprotein
D. In unbound free salts
E. Combined with alpha?-lipoprotein
ANSWER: A
The enzymes of beta -oxidation are found in
A. Mitochondria
B. Cytosol
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Nucleus
E. EPR
ANSWER: A
Long chain fatty acids penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane
A. Freely
B. As acyl-CoA derivative
C. As carnitine derivative
D. Requiring Na dependent carrier
E. As lipoproteins
ANSWER: C
The highest phospholipids content is found in
A. Chylomicrons
B. VLDL
C. LDL
D. HDL
E. HHL
ANSWER: D
Number of carbon atoms in cholesterol is
A. 17
B. 19
C. 27
D. 30
E. 25
ANSWER: C
The major storage form of lipids is
A. Esterified cholesterol
B. Glycerophospholipids
C. Triglycerides
D. Sphingolipids
E. Ketone bodies
ANSWER: C
Glycolysis is defined as:
A. aerobic process in which glucose is transformed to ethanol;
B. anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to pyruvate;
C. anaerobic process in which glucose is converted to pentoses and NADPH is produced;
D. aerobic process in which glucose is converted to glycogen.
E. anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to lactate;
ANSWER: E
Glycolysis takes place in:
A. mitochondria;
B. nucleus;
C. lysosomes;
D. cytoplasm;
E. none of the above.
ANSWER: D
How many molecules of ATP have to be spent during anaerobic glycolysis?
A. 1;
B. 2;
C. 3;
D. 4.
E. 0
ANSWER: B
How many substrate level phosphorylation reactions are in glycolysis?
A. 1;
B. 2;
C. 3;
D. 4.
E. 0
ANSWER: B
Lactate is formed from pyruvate in an ____________ organism in ____________ conditions.
A. yeast; aerobic;
B. animal; aerobic;
C. fungi; aerobic;
D. animal; anaerobic.
E. yeast; aerobic.
ANSWER: D
The three control sites in glycolysis are the reactions catalyzed by:
A. hexokinase, phosphofructokinase 1 and aldolase;
B. phosphofructokinase 1, aldolase and pyruvate kinase;
C. hexokinase, aldolase and pyruvate kinase;
D. hexokinase, phosphofructokinase 1 and pyruvate kinase.
E. aconitase, pyruvate dehydrogenase.
ANSWER: D
The pentose phosphate pathway consists of _____ phases:__________________ .
A. three; oxidative, hydrolytic and reductive
B. four; oxidative, nonoxidative, hydrolytic and reductive
C. two; oxidative and nonoxidative
D. two; oxidative and reductive
E. none of the above
ANSWER: C
The conversion of pyruvate to ethanol also causes the ______________.
A. oxidation of NADH
B. production of ADP
C. consumption of O2
D. generation of an ion gradient across mitochondrial membranes
E. oxidation of FADH2
ANSWER: A
The enzyme which the key regulatory step in glycogen biosynthesis is
A. Glycogen synthase
B. Glycogenin
C. Branching enzyme
D. Phosphoglucomutase
E. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
ANSWER: A
Which of the following is not regulated in glycolysis?
A. Pyruvate kinase
B. Phosphoglycerate kinase
C. Hexokinase
D. PFK-1
E. Glucokinase
ANSWER: B
Phosphorylation at the expense of ATP is catalyzed by __________.
A. protein kinases
B. phosphoryl isomerases
C. phosphatases
D. all of the above
E. None of the above
ANSWER: A
During glycolysis, isomerization occurs during which of the following reactions:
A. Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate -> dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
B. Fructose 6 phosphate -> fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
C. Glucose 6- phosphate -> fructose 6- phosphate
D. Glucose -> glucose 6- phosphate
E. Galactose -> glucose
ANSWER: C
The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is ______________.
A. lactate reductase
B. pyruvate kinase
C. lactoenolpyruvate
D. lactate dehydrogenase
E. pyruvate dehydrogenase
ANSWER: D
Which substance causes muscles to ache during strenuous exercise?
A. pyruvic acid
B. lactose dehydrogenase
C. lactate ion
D. lactic acid
E. galactose dehydrogenase
ANSWER: D
An enzyme that catalyzes conversions of L-sugars to D-sugars is called an
A. Lyase
B. Hydrolase
C. Synthetase
D. Synthase
E. Isomerase
ANSWER: E
In which of the below-mentioned glycolysis reactions substrate level phosphorylation takes place?
A. pyruvate kinase
B. aldolase
C. phosphofructokinase
D. lactate dehydrogenase
E. hexokinase
ANSWER: A
The normal concentration of lactate in blood is :
A. 4,4-6,6 mmol/l
B. 3,3-5,5 mmol/l
C. 4,4-5,5 mmol/l
D. 1-2 mmol/l
E. 5,5-6,6 mmol/l
ANSWER: D
Metabolite, formed in the process of glucose phosphorylation under influence of hexokinase is:
A. glucose-6-phosphate
B. fructose-1-phosphate
C. fructose-6-phosphate
D. glucose-1,6-diphosphate
E. fructose-1,6-diphosphate
ANSWER: A
Enzyme which catalyzes the first glycolysis reaction:
A. hexokinase
B. glucose-6-phosphatase
C. phosphorylase
D. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
E. amylase
ANSWER: A
The products, which are formed by the decomposition of fructose-1,6-biphosphate in the glycolysis:
A. glycerol, pyruvate
B. dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
C. pyruvate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate
D. lactic acid, acetyl CoA
E. acetyl CoA, glycerin
ANSWER: B
Energetic value of anaerobic glycolysis:
A. 2 ATP molecules
B. 10 ATP molecules
C. ATP molecules
D. 40 ATP molecules
E. 32 ATP molecules
ANSWER: A
How many ATP molecules are formed with complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic condition?
A. 2
B. 8
C. 38
D. 42
E. 30
ANSWER: C
Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of transformation acetaldehyde to ethanol is:
A. pyruvate decarboxylase
B. malate dehydrogenase
C. lactate dehydrogenase
D. succinate dehydrogenase
E. alcohol dehydrogenase
ANSWER: E
The end produtcs of aerobic glucose oxidation:
A. Lactic acid
B. Biotin
C. CO2 and H2O
D. Ethanol
E. Acetaldehyde
ANSWER: C
The concentration of glucose in the blood is normal. Which of the below-mentioned index proves this?
A. 3-10 mmol/l
B. 3,3-5,5 mmol/l
C. 4-8 mmol/l
D. 10-15 g/l
E. 1-2 mmol/l
ANSWER: B
Glycolysis has 2 stages. The peculiarities of preparatory stage are:
A. phosphorylation and energy secretion
B. glycolysis metabolites oxidation
C. energy usage
D. are performed the reactions of substrate phosphorylation
E. formation of pyruvate
ANSWER: C
The biological functions of glycolysis are the following, except:
A. getting energy by short way
B. ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation
C. ATP formation by substrate level phosphorylation
D. usage of intermediate metabolites for lipids synthesis
E. usage of metabolites fo glyconeogenesis
ANSWER: B
Enzymes which catalyze the same reaction are called ___________.
A. isozymes
B. complementary enzymes
C. cofactors
D. catalytes
E. prostetic group
ANSWER: A
The major regulatory enzyme of glycolysis is phosphofructokinase, the activators of which are:
A. ATP and citrate
B. AMP and ADP
C. Lactate and AMP
D. Malonate and ATP
E. Ions of Zn2+ and Na+
ANSWER: B
Cofactors of dehydrogenases are all below mentioned, except one:
A. NAD+
B. c-AMP
C. NADP+
D. FMN
E. FAD
ANSWER: B
Glucose, that transferred with blood from an intestine to liver, is utillized in all processes, except:
A. Formation of glycogen
B. Oxidation to CO2 and H2O with selection of energy
C. Convertion into fats for srorrage of energy
D. Is carried by blood to the brain as a source of energy
E. Is used for detoxification of ammonia
ANSWER: E
At starvation after the consumption of carbohydrate meal, hexoses in a liver transform into glucose-6-phosphate, wh
ich can be used in all pathways, except:
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Pentosophosphate cycle
C. Synthesis of glycogen
D. Glycolysis
E. Synthesis of fatty acids
ANSWER: E
After hard physical work at rest state some metabolic pathways of carbohydrate metabolism are active,except:
A. Glycogenesis
B. Gluconeogenesis from lactate
C. Gluconeogenesis from glycerol
D. Glycolysis, Krebs cycle
E. Gluconeogenesis from amino acids
ANSWER: D
The accumulation of pyruvate in blood, decrease of transketolase activity of red blood cells take place in a 36 year
patient, who suffers from chronic alcoholism. Insufficiency of coenzyme form of what vitamin causes such change
s?
A. Thiamine diphosphate
B. Carboxybiotin
C. Methylcobalamin
D. Phosphopyridoxal
E. Tetrahydrofolate
ANSWER: A
Which coenzymes are reduced in both glycolysis and the Krebs' cycle?
A. FAD
B. Coenzyme A
C. Manganese
D. NAD
E. Vitamin A
ANSWER: D
The ____ is the organ with an absolute requirement for blood glucose as its major energy source.
A. Brain
B. Heart
C. Skeletal muscle
D. Liver
E. Kedney
ANSWER: A
The monosaccharide that can be considered the most important source of energy in the body is:
A. Glucose
B. Glycogen
C. Starch
D. Fructose
E. Galactose
ANSWER: A
Select the sugar that is an important component of nucleotides:
A. Fructose
B. Ribose
C. Galactose
D. Glucose
E. Sucrose
ANSWER: B
The conversion of glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water are both a:
A. Catabolic and reduction reaction
B. Anabolic and oxidation reaction
C. Catabolic and oxidation reaction
D. Anabolic and reduction reaction
E. B and C only
ANSWER: C
The complete oxidation of glucose ultimately yields as products:
A. Acetyl CoA
B. Carbon dioxide and water
C. Lactic acid
D. Pyruvate
E. O2
ANSWER: B
The metabolic pathway that results in the splitting of a glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules is:
A. Glycolysis
B. Oxidative phosphorylation
C. Krebs cycle
D. Cori cycle
E. Decarboxilation of pyruvate
ANSWER: A
If oxygen is unavailable, the pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted into:
A. Alcohol
B. Lactic acid
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Acetyl CoA
E. Water
ANSWER: B
Which of these cofactors participates directly in most of the oxidation-reduction reactions in the fermentation of glu
cose to lactate?
A. ADP
B. ATP
C. FAD/FADH2
D. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
E. NAD+/NADH
ANSWER: E
Which of the following enzymes acts in the pentose phosphate pathway?
A. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
B. Aldolase
C. Glycogen phosphorylase
D. Phosphofructokinase-1
E. Pyruvate kinase
ANSWER: A
Pyruvate is converted to lactate during anaerobic metabolism. This reaction produces one
A. H2O
B. ATP
C. FAD.
D. NAD+.
E. None of the above.
ANSWER: D
In anaerobic respiration, lactic acid is released into the blood from skeletal muscle. When oxygen is available, most
of the lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic acid and glucose in the
A. Liver.
B. Skeletal muscle
C. Heart.
D. Lung.
E. Kidney
ANSWER: A
Excess glucose after a meal will first form glycogen in a process called
A. Glycolysis.
B. Glycogenesis.
C. Lipogenesis.
D. Lipolyosis.
E. Gluconeogenesis
ANSWER: B
The end product of sugar metabolism is/are?
A. Maltose, lactose and sucrose
B. Carbon dioxide, water and heat and energy
C. Urea
D. Glucose and other simple sugars
E. Glycerol
ANSWER: B
The production of glucose-breakdown products from protein is called
A. Glycolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Glycogenesis
D. Glycogenolysis
E. Cory cycle
ANSWER: B
Glycogenolysis refers to
A. The formation of glycogen
B. The formation of urea
C. Conversion of fat and/ or protein to glucose
D. The anaerobic metabolism of glucose
E. Conversion of glycogen to glucose
ANSWER: E
Anaerobic metabolism refers to the generation of ATP:
A. Without the involvement of ADP
B. Without the use of glycogen
C. Without the use of oxygen
D. In the absence of available oxygen
E. By the conversion of pyruvate to lactate
ANSWER: C
In general, the higher intensity of exercise, the greater the proportional contribution of:
A. Aerobic energy production
B. Anaerobic energy production
C. The TCA cycle (Krebs’ cycle) to the production of ATP
D. The electron transfer chain to the production of ATP
E. Fat oxidation
ANSWER: B
The conversion of one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate results in the net formation of:
A. Six molecules of water
B. Two molecules of ATP
C. Three molecules of ATP
D. Thirty-eight molecules of ATP
E. Thirty-nine molecules of ATP
ANSWER: B
The enzymes of glycolysis are located in the:
A. Mitochondrion
B. Nucleus
C. Cytoplasm
D. Lysosomes
E. Interstitial fluid
ANSWER: C
Cori’s cycle transfers
A. Glucose from muscles to liver
B. Lactate from muscles to liver
C. Lactate from liver to muscles
D. Pyruvate from liver to muscles
E. Nonbe of the above
ANSWER: B
The blood sugar raising action of the hormones of suprarenal cortex is due to
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogenolysis
C. Glucagon-like activity
D. Due to inhibition of glomerular filtration
E. Glycoyisis
ANSWER: A
Glucose tolerance is decreased in
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Hypopituitarisme
C. Addison’s disease
D. Hypothyroidism
E. Anemia
ANSWER: A
The tissues with the highest total glycogen content are
A. Muscle and kidneys
B. Kidneys and liver
C. Liver and muscle
D. Brain and Liver
E. Liver and lungs
ANSWER: C
Physiological glycosuria is met with
A. Renal glycosuria
B. Alimentary glycosuria
C. Diabetes Mellitus
D. Alloxan diabetes
E. Steroid diabetes
ANSWER: B
The synthesis of glucose from lactate, glycerol, or amino acids is called:
A. Glycogenolysis
B. Glycolysis
C. Lipolysis
D. Gluconeogenesis
E. Transamination
ANSWER: D
Which of the below-mentioned diseases can be diagnosed by the method of sugary loading?
A. Ishemia
B. Hepatitis
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Titania
E. Anemia
ANSWER: C
Glucocorticoids increase the level of glucose in the blood by activation of:
A. Glycogenogenesis
B. Glycogenolysis
C. Gluconeogenesis
D. Ketogenesis
E. Glycolysis
ANSWER: A
How many grams of glucose is it necessary for a patient to perform a method of sugary loading
A. 1 g per 1 kg of body weight
B. 100 g
C. 20 g
D. 50 g
E. 1 mg per 1 kg of body weight
ANSWER: A
Value of kidney threshold for glucose:
A. 5-7 mmol/l
B. 8-10 mmol/l
C. 10-15 mmol/l
D. 2-3 mmol/l
E. 15-20 mmol/l
ANSWER: B
Deficit of which enzyme causes the I type glycogenosis?
A. Glucose-6-phosphatase
B. Hexokinase
C. Aldolase
D. Glycogen synthetase
E. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
ANSWER: A
The breakdown of glycogen to free glucose occurs
A. In the liver by phosphorolysis.
B. In the muscles by phosphorolysis
C. In the liver by hydrolysis.
D. In the muscles by hydrolysis.
E. The first two choices are both correct.
ANSWER: A
The process in which glucose is converted to a storage form
A. Is called glycogenesis
B. Requires vitamin A.
C. Results in beta oxidation
D. Occurs in the liver only
E. Is very energy consuming
ANSWER: A
All of the following enzymes involved in the flow of carbon from glucose to lactate (glycolysis) are also involved in
the reversal of this flow (gluconeogenesis) except:
A. 3-phosphoglycerate kinase.
B. Aldolase.
C. Enolase.
D. Phosphofructokinase-1.
E. Phosphoglucoisomerase.
ANSWER: D
Which of the following is a cofactor in the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase?
A. ATP
B. Cu2+
C. Heme
D. NAD+
E. NADP+
ANSWER: D
Glycogen is converted to monosaccharide units by:
A. Glucokinase.
B. Glucose-6-phosphatase.
C. Glycogen phosphorylase.
D. Glycogen synthase.
E. Glycogenase.
ANSWER: C
How many substrate level phosphorylation reactions are in glycolysis?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4.
E. 0
ANSWER: B
ADP and AMP ___________________ gluconeogenesis.
A. Stimulate
B. Inhibit
C. Do not effect
D. ADP stimulates and AMP inhibits
E. ADP inhibits and AMP stimulates
ANSWER: B
Which of the following is not a precursor for gluconeogenesis?
A. Alanine
B. Glycerol
C. Oxaloacetate
D. Acetate
E. Pyruvat
ANSWER: D
The conversion of noncarbohydrate molecules into glucose, is an example of
A. Glycogenolysis.
B. Glycogenesis.
C. Gluconeogenesis
D. Glycolysis
E. Krebs cycle
ANSWER: C
A lack of blood glucose would have the greatest effects on
A. The brain.
B. The heart.
C. The liver.
D. Skeletal muscles
E. Cardiac muscle
ANSWER: A
In glycolysis, how is ATP formed?
A. Through deamination
B. Through oxidative phosphorylation
C. Through substrate level phosphorylation
D. Through transfer of electrons
E. Through chemiosmosis
ANSWER: C
The conversion of glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate is a
A. Glycolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Glycogenolysis
D. Glycogenesis
E. Krebs cycle
ANSWER: C
The anaerobic conversion of 1 mol of glucose to 2 mol of lactate by fermentation is accompanied by a net gain of:
A. 1 mol of ATP.
B. 1 mol of NADH.
C. 2 mol of ATP.
D. 2 mol of NADH.
E. 38 mol of ATP.
ANSWER: C
Galactosemia is a genetic error of metabolism associated with:
A. Deficiency of galactokinase.
B. Deficiency of UDP-glucose.
C. Deficiency of Galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase.
D. Excessive ingestion of galactose.
E. Inability to digest lactose.
ANSWER: C
In the alcoholic fermentation of glucose by yeast, thiamine pyrophosphate is a coenzyme required by:
A. Aldolase.
B. Hexokinase.
C. Lactate dehydrogenase.
D. Pyruvate decarboxylase.
E. Transaldolase.
ANSWER: D
The process of polysaccharides digestion in the gastrointestinal tract is catalyzed by:
A. Sucrase
B. Lactase
C. Maltase
D. alfa-amylase.
E. Lipase
ANSWER: D
Glycolysis is defined as:
A. Aerobic process in which glucose is transformed to CO2 and H2O;
B. Anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to pyruvate;
C. Anaerobic process in which glucose is converted to pentoses and NADPH is produced;
D. Aerobic process in which glucose is converted to glycogen.
E. Anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to lactate;
ANSWER: E
The possible metabolic pathways for pyruvate in anaerobic conditions are:
A. Conversion to lactate or acetyl CoA
B. Conversion to ethanol or acetyl CoA
C. Conversion to lactate or ethanol
D. Conversion to lactate or ethanol or acetyl CoA.
E. Convertion to malonate or bile acids
ANSWER: C
The enzyme which the key regulatory step in glycogen biosynthesis is
A. Glycogen synthase
B. Glycogenin
C. Branching enzyme
D. Phosphoglucomutase
E. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
ANSWER: A
Which is not a function of the main products of the pentose phosphate pathway?
A. To maintain the reduced form of iron in hemoglobin.
B. To provide reducing power for the synthesis of fatty acids.
C. To serve as precursors in the biosynthesis of RNA and DNA
D. To raise the concentration of cAMP.
E. Produce pentoses
ANSWER: D
In the Cori cycle, gluconeogenesis occurs in _____ and glycolysis in ______.
A. Liver; muscle
B. Liver; liver
C. Muscle; muscle
D. Muscle; liver
E. Heart; brain
ANSWER: A
The main hormones that regulate the synthesis and decomposition of glycogen are:
A. Insulin, glucocorticoids, thyroxin
B. Glucagon, glucocorticoids, vasopressin
C. Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine
D. Glucocorticoids, glucagon, epinephrine
E. Thyroxin, insulin, glucocorticoids
ANSWER: C
The sequence of glucose oxidation to lactate in peripheral tissues, delivery of lactate to the liver, formation of glucos
e from lactate in the liver, and delivery of glucose back to peripheral tissues is known as the ______.
A. Glyoxylate cycle
B. Kreb's cycle
C. Cori cycle
D. Gluconeogenesis cycle
E. Glycogenolysis
ANSWER: C
How long at starvation humans use glycogen stored in the liver?
A. 10 minutes
B. 4 hours
C. 24 hours
D. 1 week
E. 2 weeks
ANSWER: C
Lysolecithin is formed from lecithin by removal of
A. Fatty acid from position 1
B. Fatty acid from position 2
C. Phosphorylcholine
D. Choline
E. Oxygen
ANSWER: B
Free glycerol cannot be used for triglyceride synthesis in
A. Liver
B. Kidney
C. Intestine
D. Adipose tissue
E. Pancreas
ANSWER: D
Pancreatic lipase requires for its activity:
A. Co-lipase
B. Bile salts
C. Phospholipids
D. Co-lipase and Bile salts
E. Phospholipase
ANSWER: D
Oxidation of fatty acids occurs
A. In the cytosol
B. In the matrix of mitochondria
C. On inner mitochondrial membrane
D. On the microsomes
E. In the EPR
ANSWER: B
Carnitine is required for the transport of
A. Triglycerides out of liver
B. Triglycerides into mitochondria
C. Short chain fatty acids into mitochondria
D. Long chain fatty acids into mitochondria
E. Aminoacids into cytoplasm
ANSWER: D
Carnitine acylcarnitine translocase is present
A. In the inner mitochondrial membrane
B. In the mitochondrial matrix
C. On the outer surface of inner mitochondrial membrane
D. On the inner surface of inner mitochondrial membrane
E. In cytoplasm
ANSWER: A
Co-lipase is a
A. Bile salt
B. Vitamin
C. Protein
D. Phospholipid
E. Lipoprotein
ANSWER: C
Plasma becomes milky
A. Due to high level of HDL
B. Due to high level of LDL
C. During fasting
D. After a meal
E. Before meal
ANSWER: D
Sphingomyelins:
A. Phospholipids
B. Complex proteins
C. Nitrolipids
D. Alcohols
E. Aminoacids
ANSWER: A
For extramitochondrial fatty acid synthesis, acetyl CoA may be obtained from
A. Citrate
B. Isocitrate
C. Oxaloacetate
D. Succinate
E. Succsinil-CoA
ANSWER: A
Fatty acids are oxidized by
A. alpha-oxidation
B. beta-oxidation
C. gama-oxidation
D. delta-oxidation
E. alfa-syntheses
ANSWER: B
Long chain fatty acids are first activated to acyl CoA in the
A. Cytosol
B. Mitochodria
C. Ribosomes
D. Microsome
E. EPR
ANSWER: A
Long chain acyl CoA penetrates mitochondria in the presence of
A. Palmitate
B. Carnitine
C. Sorbitol
D. DNP
E. cAMP
ANSWER: B
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase converts Acyl CoA to beta-unsaturated acyl-CoA in presence of the coenzyme:
A. NAD+
B. NADP+
C. ATP
D. FAD
E. TPP
ANSWER: D
Carboxylation of acetyl—CoA to malonyl — CoA takes place in presence of
A. FAD+
B. Biotin
C. NAD+
D. NADP+
E. TPP
ANSWER: B
Fatty acid synthesis takes place in the presence of the coenzyme:
A. NAD+
B. Reduced NAD
C. NADP+
D. Reduced NADP
E. TPP
ANSWER: D
The triacyl glycerol present in plasma lipoproteins are hydrolyzed by
A. Linqual lipase
B. Pancreatic lipase
C. Colipase
D. Lipoprotein lipase
E. Bile acids
ANSWER: D
Amphiphatic lipids are
A. Hydrophilic
B. Hydrophobic
C. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
D. Lipophilic
E. Apophilic
ANSWER: C
The free fatty acids (FFA) of plasma:
A. metabolically inert
B. mainly bound to beta -lipoproteins
C. stored in the fat
D. mainly bound to serum albumin
E. bound gamma-globulins
ANSWER: D
In the extra mitochondrial synthesis of fatty acids, CO2 is utilized
A. To keep the system anaerobic and prevent regeneration of acetyl CoA
B. In the conversion of malonyl to CoA hydroxybutyryl CoA
C. In the conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA
D. In the formation of acetyl CoA from 1 carbon intermediates
E. All of these
ANSWER: C
All long chain fatty acids with even number of carbon atoms are oxidized to a pool of _________ by beta-oxidation.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
CO2
Propionic acid
Acetic acid
Acetyl CoA
CoA
ANSWER: D
What is the subcellular site for the beta- oxidation of fatty acids?
A. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria
C. Lysosome
D. Cytosol
E. Inner membrane
ANSWER: B
A diet containing this fat is helpful in lowering the blood cholesterol level.
A. Unsaturated
B. Saturated
C. Vitamin enriched
D. Refined
E. Water-soluble vitamins
ANSWER: A
Phospholipase A2 is an enzyme which removes a fatty acid residue from lecithin to form
A. Lecithin fragments
B. Phosphotidic acid
C. Glyceryl phosphate
D. Lysolecithin
E. Isoenzyme
ANSWER: D
Pancreatic lipose is an enzyme which hydrolyzes fats. It acts as a/an
A. peptidase
B. hydrolase
C. carbohydrates
D. dehydrogenase
E. isomerase
ANSWER: B
Acyl carrier protein is involved in the synthesis of
A. protein
B. glycogen
C. fatty acid outside the mitochondria
D. fatty acid in the mitochondria
E. glucose
ANSWER: C
During each cycle of beta-oxidation of fatty acid, all the following compounds are generated except
A. NADH
B. H2O
C. FADH2
D. Acetyl CoA
E. Butiryle-CoA
ANSWER: B
In beta-oxidation of fatty acids which of the following are utilized as co-enzymes?
A. NAD+ and NADP+
B. FAD H2 and NADH + H+
C. FAD and FMN
D. FAD and NAD+
E. PLP and TPP
ANSWER: D
Which enzyme requires adenosylcobalamin as a cofactor?
A. carnitine acyl transferase I
B. methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
C. enoyl-CoA hydratase
D. propionyl-CoA carboxylase
E. catalase
ANSWER: B
How many cycles of beta-oxidation are required to completely process a saturated C18 fatty acid?
A. 6
B. 8
C. 9
D. 18
E. 7
ANSWER: B
How many QH2 and NADH are produced by one round of the beta-oxidation pathway?
A. 1 each
B. 1 QH2 and 2 NADH
C. 2 each
D. 2 QH2 and 1 NADH
E. 3 each
ANSWER: A
Ethanolamine, serine and choline can be cleaved from glycerophospholipids by
A. Phospholipase A1
B. Phospholipase A2
C. Phospholipase B
D. Phospholipase C
E. Phospholipase D
ANSWER: E
Glycerol is converted to ___________ when it is used for gluconeogenesis.
A. dihydroxyacetone phosphate
B. phosphoenolpyruvate
C. oxaloacetate
D. 3-phosphoglycerate
E. glucose-6-phosphate
ANSWER: D
Elevated levels of the hormone ________ stimulates the conversion of triacylglycerols stored in adipose cells to free
fatty acids and monoacylglycerols to provide energy when carbohydrate stores are depleted.
A. insulin
B. epinephrine
C. testosteron
D. ergosterol
E. STH
ANSWER: B
The main sources of NADPH for fatty acid biosynthesis is:
A. TCA cycle
B. oxidative phosphorylation
C. the pentose phosphate pathway
D. glycolysis
E. glycogenolysis.
ANSWER: C
The common precursor for the synthesis of triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyletanolamine is:
A. choline
B. CDP-choline
C. 1,2-diacylglycerol
D. none of the above
E. citrate
ANSWER: C
The end product of cytosol fatty acid synthetase in humans is
A. Oleic acid
B. Arachidonic acid
C. Linoleic acid
D. Palmitic acid
E. Palmitoleic acid
ANSWER: D
HDL is synthesized and secreted from
A. Pancreas
B. Liver
C. Kidney
D. Muscle
E. Lung
ANSWER: B
Starvation and untreated diabetes both result in symptoms of ketosis, one of which is the presence of ketone bodies i
n urine. Which of the following is a ketone body?
A. Lactic acid
B. Glucose
C. Stearic acid
D. Acetoacetic acid
E. Acetic acid
ANSWER: D
Cholesterol is transported from liver to extrahepatic tissues by
A. Chylomicrons
B. VLDL
C. HDL
D. LDL
E. Carnitin
ANSWER: D
Elevated plasma level of the following projects against atherosclerosis:
A. Chylomicrons
B. VLDL
C. HDL
D. LDL
E. IDVDL
ANSWER: C
The bile salts are:
A. Enzymes for digesting food in the small intestines
B. Detergents for breaking up large fat globules to small ones
C. Stimulants to pancreatic secretion of enzymes
D. The major ingredients of gallstones
E. Reabsorbed primarily by the gallbladder
ANSWER: B
Which one of the following pairs of metabolic pathways occur in mitochondria?
A. Fatty acid synthesis, ketogenesis
B. Citric acid cycle, beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids
C. Ketogenesis, cholesterol synthesis
D. Pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis
E. Gluconeogenesis, pyrimidine synthesis
ANSWER: B
Beta-oxidation results in the formation of:
A. Pyruvate.
B. Acetyl-CoA.
C. Carbon monoxide.
D. Oxaloacetate.
E. Glucose
ANSWER: B
The correct sequence of events that occurs when fatty acids are used to generate ATP is:
A. Beta-oxidation, electron transport chain, deamination.
B. Electron transport chain, beta-oxidation, glycolysis.
C. Beta-oxidation, TCA cycle, electron transport chain.
D. Glycolysis, beta-oxidation, TCA cycle.
E. Glycolysis, electron transport chain, deamination
ANSWER: C
Fatty acid oxidation occurs mostly within mitochondria, but fatty acids can't easily cross the mitochondrial membran
e. How do they pass?
A. Attached to alcohols
B. As esters of carnitine
C. As amides of glycine
D. Attached to esters of alcohols
E. As bile acids or salts
ANSWER: B
Which lipoprotein contains high levels of cholesterol?
A. HDL
B. Chylomicron
C. VLDL
D. IDL
E. LDL
ANSWER: E
85% of blood cholesterol is produced
A. In the liver.
B. By the breakdown of worn out RBCs in the spleen
C. By the ingestion of too much chocolate in the diet.
D. From the breakdown of fatty acids in the digestive system.
E. In the pancrease
ANSWER: A
Most products of fat digestion are transported in the lymph as
A. Glycerol.
B. Fatty acids.
C. Chylomicrons
D. Cholesterol.
E. HDL
ANSWER: C
A low density lipoproteins would contain
A. A high protein content.
B. A high cholesterol content
C. A low lipid content.
D. A high lipid content.
E. A high triacylglycerol content.
ANSWER: B
A lipoprotein associated with high risk of coronary atherosclerosis is
A. LDL
B. VLDL
C. IDL
D. HDL
E. IDVDL
ANSWER: A
The highest phospholipids content is found in
A. Chylomicrons
B. VLDL
C. LDL
D. HDL
E. IVLDL
ANSWER: D
The major lipid in chylomicrons is
A. Triglycerides
B. Phospholipids
C. Cholesterol
D. Free fatty acids
E. Lanosterol
ANSWER: A
Number of carbon atoms in cholesterol is
A. 17
B. 19
C. 27
D. 30
E. 18
ANSWER: C
Chylomicron remnants are catabolised in
A. kidney
B. Adipose tissue
C. Liver
D. Liver and intestine
E. Lung
ANSWER: D
VLDL remnant may be converted into
A. VLDL
B. LDL
C. HDL
D. Chylomicrons
E. Cholesterol
ANSWER: B
Pancreatic lipase converts triacylglycerols into
A. 2, 3-Diacylglycerol
B. 1-Monoacylglycerol
C. 2-Monoacylglycerol
D. 3-Monoacylglycerol
E. 5-Monoacylglycerol
ANSWER: C
Ketone bodies are formed in
A. Kidney
B. Liver
C. Heart
D. Intestines
E. Muscles
ANSWER: B
Antioxidant have the ability to:
A. Level the processes of free-radical oxidation of lipids
B. Depress beta-oxidation of fatty acids
C. Activate fat decomposition
D. Activate the processes of peroxidation
E. Depress ketogenesis
ANSWER: A
Enzyme lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) performs the following function:
A. Removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues and its transportation to the liver
B. Formation of chylomicrons
C. Formation of alpha-lipoproteins
D. Resynthesis of lipids
E. Formation of cell membranes structure
ANSWER: A
The oxidation of glycerol in aerobic conditions to CO2 and H2O causes the formation of :
A. 9 ATP molucules
B. 1 ATP molucules
C. 3 ATP molucules
D. 22 ATP molucules
E. 15 ATP molucules
ANSWER: D
The normal amount of cholesterol in blood plasma is:
A. 3-7 mmol/l
B. 10-15 mmol/l
C. 20-25 mmol/l
D. 1-3 mmol/l
E. 5-7 mmol/l
ANSWER: A
?Hormone found associated with neurophysin in secretory granules:
A. Oxytocin
B. Vasopressin
C. Both oxytocine and vasopresine
D. Neither oxytocine nor vasopressin
E. Melanotonin
ANSWER: C
Hormone produced by anterior pituitary:
A. Oxytocin
B. Vasopressin
C. Both oxytocine and vasopresine
D. Prolactin
E. Melanotonin
ANSWER: D
Hormone secreted in response to angiotensin II
A. Cortisol
B. Aldosteron
C. Both cortisol and aldosteron
D. Neither cortisol nor aldosterone
E. Prolactin
ANSWER: B
Hormone that stimulates testosterone production:
A. Luteinizing hormone
B. Follicle stimylating hormone
C. Growth hormone
D. Melanocitostimulating hormone
E. Thyroid hormones
ANSWER: A
Hormone that stimulates the production of estradiol by the immature ovarian follicle:
A. Luteinizing hormone
B. Prolactin
C. Thyroid stimulating hormone
D. Growth hormone
E. Follicle stimulating hormone
ANSWER: E
Hormone that stimulates the production of progesterone by the corpus luteum:
A. Luteinizing hormone
B. Prolactin
C. Thyroid stimulating hormone
D. Growth hormone
E. Follicle stimulating hormone
ANSWER: A
Hormones can be any of these types of molecules EXCEPT
A. Proteins
B. Glycoproteins
C. Polypeptides
D. Glycolipids
E. Steroids
ANSWER: D
Hormones that bind to plasma proteins
A. Bind reversibly
B. Establish an equilibrium between free hormones and bound hormones
C. Must be free hormones to diffuse through the capillary walls.
D. Usually bind only to specific types of plasma proteins.
E. All of these
ANSWER: D
How do glucocorticoids affect on carbohydrate metabolism?
A. Repress gluconeogenesis
B. Activate gluconeogenesis
C. Activate glycolisis
D. Stimulate the transport of glucose into cells
E. Stimulate pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
ANSWER: B
How do glucocorticoids affect on lipid metabolism?
A. Activate lypolysis and transformation of fats into carbohydrates
B. Inhibit lypolysis and transformation of fats into carbohydrates
C. Activate the synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol in liver
D. Stimulate the synthesis of triacylglycerols and chylomicrones in the walls of intestine
E. Activate oxidation of fatty acids and formation of ketone bodies
ANSWER: A
How do glucocorticoids affect on protein metabolism?
A. Promote the synthesis of proteins in all organs
B. Promote the synthesis of proteins in liver and activate their decomposition in connective and muscle tissues
C. Promote the proteolysis in all organs
D. Stimulate the transport of amino acids in cells
E. Activate the transformation of carbohydrates to proteins
ANSWER: B
How iodine containing hormones are transported in blood?
A. In the free state
B. Connected with albumins
C. Connected with w-globulins
D. Connected with C-globulins
E. Connected with C-globulins
ANSWER: B
How sex hormones affect the protein metabolism?
A. Stimulate disintegration of proteins
B. Activate conversion of proteins into carbohydrates
C. Stimulate the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids
D. Activate transaminases of amino acids
E. Activate the synthesis of urea
ANSWER: C
How thyroid hormones affect lipid metabolism?
A. Stimulate the synthesis of triacylglycerols
B. Stimulate lipogenesis and synthesis of cholesterol in liver
C. Activate formation of chylomicrones in intestine and VLDL in liver
D. Activate mobilization of fats and their oxidation
E. Activate the synthesis of phospholipids in liver
ANSWER: D
Hypofunction of thyroid gland in children results in:
A. Gigantism
B. Graves disease
C. Toxic goiter
D. Dwarfing
E. Cretinism
ANSWER: E
In excess of this hormone uncoupling of the tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation takes place. Decrease o
f ATP formation and increase of heat formation occur. What hormone is it?
A. Cortizol
B. Thyroxine
C. Progesteron
D. Parathormone
E. Glucagon
ANSWER: B
In the "second messenger" theory, which is the first messenger?
A. cAMP
B. Hormone
C. Enzyme
D. Receptor
E. All of the above
ANSWER: D
Intracellular hormone receptors are located
A. Floating freely in the cytoplasm of target cells
B. In the nucleus
C. In the mitochondria
D. In the endoplasmic reticulum
E. Both a and b
ANSWER: A
Lipid-soluble hormones
A. Can bind to plasma proteins
B. Attach to intracellular receptors in target cells
C. Tend to have slower onset and longer duration
D. Include steroids
E. All of these
ANSWER: A
More potent thyroid hormone:
A. Unsulin
B. T3
C. Equal potent
D. Vasopressin
E. Prolactin
ANSWER: B
Name a biological active compound which is the derivative of arachidonic acid:
A. Prostaglandin
B. Thyroxine
C. Noradrenaline
D. Cholin
E. Ethanolamine
ANSWER: A
Name female sex hormones?
A. Estradiol, estrione, estrone, progesterone
B. Testosterone, estrione, estrole
C. Cortisone, progesterone, estrione, estrole
D. Progesterone, corticosterone, estrione, estrole
E. Testosterone, estrole, corticosterone, estrione
ANSWER: A
Name hormone that is synthesized from cholesterol by cells of the adrenal cortex:
A. Luteinizing hormone
B. Growth hormone
C. Cortisol
D. Insulin
E. Prolactin
ANSWER: C
Name hormone that stimulates the synthesis of milk proteins:
A. Luteinizing hormone
B. Prolactin
C. Thyroid stimulating hormone
D. Growth hormone
E. Follicle stimulating hormone
ANSWER: B
Name hormone which release is inhibited by thyroxine:
A. Luteinizing hormone
B. Prolactin
C. Thyroid stimulating hormone
D. Growth hormone
E. Follicle stimulating hormone
ANSWER: C
Parathyroid hormone stimulates the formation of active form of vitamin D:
A. In liver
B. In blood
C. In brain
D. In intestine
E. In kidneys
ANSWER: E
Parathyroid hormone stimulates the formation of active form of vitamin D:
A. In liver
B. In blood
C. In brain
D. In intestine
E. In kidneys
ANSWER: E
Prostaglandins are synthesized from:
A. Cholesterol
B. Amino Acids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Fatty Acids
E. Vitamins
ANSWER: D
Sex hormones are secreted by ________________.
A. All endocrine tissues of the body
B. The inner cortex of the adrenal medulla
C. The inner cortex of the adrenal medulla and the gonads
D. The gonads
E. Pancreas
ANSWER: D
Steroid hormones are synthesized from:
A. Fatty acids
B. Glucose
C. Phospholipids
D. Amino acids
E. Cholesterol
ANSWER: E
The hypothalamus has a dual function in that it
A. Sends nerve impulses and also makes hormones
B. Is both a nervous and olfactory organ
C. Belongs to both the nervous and circulatory systems
D. Is found connected to both kidneys
E. All of the above
ANSWER: A
The insufficient production of mineralocorticoids (Addison diseases, bronze diseases) is accompanied with muscle
weakness. This is explained by the excretion with urine increased amount of ions of:
A. Na+
B. K+
C. H+
D. Ca2+
E. Mg2+
ANSWER: A
The islets of Langerhans are found in the:
A. Kidney
B. Adrenal gland
C. Pancreas
D. Pituitary gland
E. Liver
ANSWER: C
The large gland located on either side of the larynx is the:
A. Parathyroid gland
B. Pituitary gland
C. Thyroid gland
D. Adrenal gland
E. Pancreas
ANSWER: C
The largest number of hormones binds to
A. Membrane-bound receptors and control ion channels.
B. Membrane-bound receptors and activate G proteins.
C. Membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate intracellular proteins.
D. Intracellular receptors.
E. Only C
ANSWER: D
What are the two main hormones secreted by the pancreas?
A. Epinephrine and Insulin
B. Melatonin and Glucagon
C. Insulin and Glucagon
D. Glucagon and Norepinephrine
E. Glucagon and vasopressin
ANSWER: C
The synthesis of sex hormones is controlled by:
A. Central nervous system
B. Neurophysin
C. Hormones of hypothalamus
D. Aldosterone
E. Gonadotropic hormones of hypophysis
ANSWER: E
The target of the hormone Erythropoietin is:
A. White Blood Cells
B. The Kidneys
C. Bone Marrow
D. Right Atrium of the Heart
E. All listed
ANSWER: C
This hormone stimulates the formation of 1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol in kidneys. What hormone is it?
A. Calcitonin
B. Thyroxine
C. Triiodthyronine
D. Parathormone
E. Thyrotropin
ANSWER: D
Thyroid hormone more to be completely absorbed following oral administration
A. Thyroxine
B. Triiodothyronine
C. Both equally absorbed
D. Neither absorbed orally, requires parenteral administration
E. Vasopressin
ANSWER: D
Water-soluble hormones
A. Have a long half-life.
B. Have a short half-life.
C. Bind to intracellular receptors.
D. Both a and c
E. Only A
ANSWER: C
What is a precursor for the synthesis of corticosteroids?
A. Tyrosine
B. Arachidonic acid
C. Phenylalanine
D. Cholesterol
E. Glycerol
ANSWER: D
What is another name for thyroxine?
A. Tetraiodothyronine
B. Thyroid
C. Thymus
D. Triiodothyronine
E. Lipotropic hormon
ANSWER: A
What is the function of aldosterone?
A. Represses reabsorption of sodium, activates reabsorption of water
B. Activates reabsorption of sodium, activates reabsorption of water
C. Represses reabsorption of sodium, represses reabsorption of water
D. Represses the excretion of potassium ions from organism, activates reabsorption of sodium
E. Represses the excretion of potassium ions from organism, represses reabsorption of sodium
ANSWER: B
What is the function of calcitonin?
A. Promotes the transition of calcium from bones to blood, inhibits reabsorption of phosphorus in kidney
B. Promotes the transition of calcium from blood to bones, stimulates reabsorption of phosphorus in kidney
C. Promotes the transition of calcium from blood to bones, inhibits reabsorbtion of phosphorus in kidney
D. Promotes the transition of calcium from bones to blood, stimulates reabsorption of phosphorus in kidney
E. Inhibits the exit of calcium from bones, activates reabsorption of phosphorus in kidney
ANSWER: C
What is the function of parathormone?
A. Promotes transition of calcium from bones to blood, inhibits reabsorbtion of phosphorus in kidney
B. Promotes transition of calcium from blood to bones, stimulates reabsorption of phosphorus in kidney
C. Promotes transition of calcium from blood to bones, inhibits reabsorbtion of phosphorus in kidney
D. Promotes transition of calcium from bones to blood, stimulates reabsorption of phosphorus in kidney
E. Inhibits the exit of calcium from bones, inhibits reabsorption of phosphorus in kidney
ANSWER: A
What is the half-life time of iodine containing hormones?
A. 20 min
B. 1 week
C. 20 sec
D. 60 min
E. 1 month
ANSWER: B
What is the name of disease that is developed in hyperfunction of thyroid glands:
A. Cretinism
B. Mixedema
C. Gigantism
D. Graves disease
E. Dwarfism
ANSWER: D
What is the nature of iodthyronines?
A. Proteins
B. Peptids
C. Derivatives of amino acid
D. Derivates of fatty acids
E. Steroids
ANSWER: C
What is the target of ACTH?
A. Most cells
B. Thyroid gland
C. Mammary glands
D. Adrenal cortex
E. Adrenal medulla
ANSWER: D
Where is hormone calcitonin synthesized?
A. In parathyroid glands
B. In a hypophyses
C. In a thyroid gland
D. In a pancreas
E. In adrenal glands
ANSWER: C
Where progesterone is formed?
A. In follicles of ovaries
B. In adrenal cortex
C. In testicules
D. By a yellow body and placenta
E. By follicles, adrenal cortex, testicules
ANSWER: D
Which hormone directly affects blood pressure?
A. ADH
B. Insulin
C. PTH
D. ACTH
E. Glucagon
ANSWER: A
Which hormone has steroid nature?
A. Calcitonine
B. Parathormone
C. Norepinephrine
D. Epinephrine
E. Estrone
ANSWER: E
Which hormone has the greatest effect on metabolism?
A. GH
B. Thyroxine
C. TSH
D. ACTH
E. FSH
ANSWER: B
Which hormone has the greatest influence on the ability to secrete milk?
A. Oxytocin
B. Estrogen
C. Prolactin
D. Progesterone
E. Vasopressin
ANSWER: C
Which hormone is produced in the Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans:
A. Melatonin
B. Glucagon
C. Insulin
D. Calcitonin
E. Vasopressin
ANSWER: C
Which hormone is the derivative of the unsaturated fatty acids?
A. Estradiol
B. Progesterone
C. Noradrenaline
D. Testosterone
E. Prostaglandins
ANSWER: E
Which hormone opposes the effects of parathyroid hormone?
A. Calcitonin
B. Glucagon
C. Growth hormone
D. Prolactin
E. Vasopressin
ANSWER: A
Which hormone stimulates the uterine contraction:
A. Oxytocin
B. Aldosterone
C. Vasopressin
D. Prolactin
E. Cortisol
ANSWER: A
Which hormone works antagonistically to parathormone:
A. Triiodothyronine
B. Insulin
C. Estrogen
D. Calcitonin
E. Vasopressin
ANSWER: D
Which hormones act on the genetic apparatus of cell?
A. Protein nature
B. Peptide nature
C. Hormones - derivates of amino acids
D. Steroid nature
E. Polipeptide nature
ANSWER: D
Which hormones are the derivates of cholesterol?
A. Adrenal cortex, sex hormones
B. Tropic hormones of hypophysis
C. Vasopressine and oxytocine
D. Thyroid gland hormones
E. Glucagon and insulin
ANSWER: A
Which hormones regulate the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus?
A. Liberins and statins
B. Parathormone and calcitonin
C. Thyroid hormones and glucagon
D. Calcitonin and somatostatin
E. Calcitonin and glucagon
ANSWER: B
Which iodthyronines do you know?
A. Тriiodthyronine, diiodthyronine
B. Tetraiodthyronine, triiodthyronine
C. Thyroxine, calcitonin
D. Calcitonin, parathormone
E. Thyroxine, diiodthyronine
ANSWER: B
Which microelement is needed for the synthesis of hormones of thyroid glands?
A. Iron
B. Fluorine
C. Iodine
D. Cobalt
E. Zinc
ANSWER: C
Which of the following is true of epinephrine?
A. Acts only throught the phosphatidylinositol biphosphate system
B. Is synthesized from tyrosine
C. Decreases the level of cAMP in liver cells
D. Functions like a steroid hormone
E. Is produced from estradiol
ANSWER: B
Which of these hormone types bind to intracellular receptors?
A. Proteins
B. Glycoproteins
C. Polypeptides
D. Epinephrine
E. Steroids
ANSWER: A
Which of these hormones is made by the posterior pituitary?
A. FSH
B. LH
C. ACTH
D. ADH
E. Prolactin
ANSWER: D
Which of these hormones is secreted in the liver?
A. Renin
B. Somatomedin
C. Erythropoietin
D. Estrogen
E. Insulin
ANSWER: B
Which symptoms are typical for hypofunction of thyroid gland?
A. Increase of body temperature, exophthalmia, loss of weight
B. Sweat, increased body temperature
C. Lowering of basic metabolism, lowering of body temperature, and swelling.
D. Loss of weight, increase sweating, mucosa edema.
E. Hyperpigmentation, obesity
ANSWER: C
Which two hormones are released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
A. ADH and GH
B. ACTH and TSH
C. ADH and oxytocin
D. TRH and CRH
E. Insulin and glucagon
ANSWER: C
Polyuria can occur in
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Diarrhoea
C. Acute glomerulonephritis
D. High fever
E. All of the above
ANSWER: A
A diuresis of a healthy adult is about:
A. 1000 – 2000 ml daily
B. 500 – 1000 ml daily
C. 1000 –3000 ml daily
D. 100 – 500 ml daily
E. 3000 – 5000 ml daily
ANSWER: A
A pH of urine in a norm is:
A. 5,3 – 6,8
B. 3,5 – 5
C. 2,1 – 4,3
D. 1,45 – 1,85
E. 5,5 – 7,5
ANSWER: A
About the kidney insufficiency testify decrease of filtration to:
A. 40 ml/min
B. 50 ml/min
C. 70 ml/min
D. 60 ml/min
E. 80 ml/min
ANSWER: A
Amount of uric acid which excreted daily is:
A. Not excreted
B. 10-12 g/day
C. 4-8 mg/day
D. 270-600 mg/day
E. 2-5 g/day
ANSWER: D
Glomerular filtration mostly depends on
A. Permeability of glomerular filter
B. Endothelia of capillaries
C. Level of filtration pressure
D. Hydrostatical pressure
E. Oncotic pressure
ANSWER: A
Haematuria can occur in
A. Haemolytic anaemia
B. Mismatched blood transfusion
C. Yellow fever
D. Stone in urinary tract
E. All of these
ANSWER: D
Hormone associated with diuresis:
A. Oxytocine
B. Vasopressin
C. Both oxytocine and vasopresin
D. TTH
E. ACTH
ANSWER: B
How is the increase of acidity of urine named?
A. Hyperaciduria
B. Glucosuria
C. Ketonuria
D. Creatinuriya
E. Hyperacidity
ANSWER: A
How is the increase of day's diuresis named?
A. Anuria
B. Polakiuria
C. Oligouria
D. Ischuria
E. Poliuria
ANSWER: E
How many ascorbic acid in normal condition is excreted per day with urine:
A. 20-30 mg
B. 113,5-170,5 mg
C. 10-28 g
D. 80-100 mg
E. 18-33 g
ANSWER: A
Structural – functional unit of kidneys is:
A. Glomerulus
B. Kidney papilla
C. Capsule of Bowmen
D. Neuron
E. Nephron
ANSWER: E
The amino acid which detoxicated benzoic acid to form hippuric acid is
A. Glycine
B. Alanine
C. Serine
D. Glutamic acid
E. Tyrosine
ANSWER: A
The amount of urea in patient's urine is normal. Which of the listed indexes are true in this case?
A. 10-15 g
B. 20-40 g
C. 10-35 g
D. 25-30 g
E. 50-60 g
ANSWER: D
The concentration of what substance is increased in the blood at disorders of excretory function of kidneys?
A. Uric acid and creatinine
B. Creatinine and urea
C. Creatinine and creatin
D. Creatinine and indican
E. Uric acid and indican
ANSWER: B
The concentration of which substance is increased at an alkaptonuria?
A. Leukotrienes
B. Phenyl-pyruvic acid
C. Melatonin
D. Gomogentisic acid
E. Erythropoietin
ANSWER: D
The constant increase of uric acid concentration in blood is named:
A. Uremia
B. Hyperazotemiya
C. Hyperacidaminemiya
D. Hyperlaktatemiya
E. Hyperuricemia
ANSWER: E
The excretion of chlorides with urine decreases at all of the followings states, except:
A. Vomiting
B. Diabetes insipidus
C. Diarrhea
D. Addison disease
E. Icenko – Cushing disease
ANSWER: D
The insufficient production of mineralocorticoids (Addison diseases, bronze diseases) is accompanied with muscle
weakness. This is explained by the excretion with urine increased amount of ions of:
A. Na+
B. K+
C. H+
D. Ca2+
E. Mg2+
ANSWER: A
The kidney threshold of glucose is:
A. 8 - 9 mmol/l
B. 5 – 10 mmol/l
C. 1 – 5 mmol/l
D. 1 – 2 mmol/l
E. 10 – 15 mmol/l
ANSWER: A
The man's daily secretion of creatinine with urine is:
A. 3-5 g
B. 4-6 g
C. 8-10 g
D. 7-9 g
E. 1-2 g
ANSWER: E
What level of urine’s density at oliguriya?
A. Close to low
B. Low
C. Normal
D. High
E. Close to normal
ANSWER: D
What level of urine’s density at polyuria?
A. Normal
B. High
C. Low
D. Close to low
E. Close to normal
ANSWER: C
What pathology is developed in the absence of phenylalanine-4-monooxygenase?
A. Phenylketonuria.
B. Alkaptonuria
C. Galactosemia.
D. Hyperglycemia.
E. Achilia
ANSWER: A
What substances are precursors of creatin?
A. Creatinine, glycine, arginine
B. Urinary acid, urea
C. Indican, organic acids
D. Hyaluronic acid, methionine
E. Glycine, arginine, methionine
ANSWER: E
Which hormone increases sodium and water reabsorption by renal tubule cells:
A. Oxytocine
B. Aldosterone
C. Vasopressin
D. Prolactin
E. Cortisol
ANSWER: C
Which hormone intensify reabsorption of sodium in renal tubules?
A. glucagon
B. insulin
C. foliculin
D. aldosterone
E. vasopressin
ANSWER: D
Which hormone regulates the excretion of chlorides with urine?
A. Aldosterone
B. Insulin
C. Testosteron
D. Corticotropin
E. Cortisol
ANSWER: A
Which hormones take part in formation of urine:
A. Aldosterone and ADH
B. Insulin and STH
C. Aldosterone and TTH
D. Adrenalin and FSH
E. Oxytocin and ADH
ANSWER: A
Which medicine is used to increase solubility of urates - salts of uric acid for patients with gout:
A. Solutin of KCl
B. Chenodesoxycholic acid
C. Cholic acid
D. Salts of lithium and anturan
E. Solutin of NaCl
ANSWER: D
Which of the buffer systems supports constant urine pH?
A. citrate
B. hemoglobin
C. hydrocarbonate
D. protein
E. oxyhemoglobin
ANSWER: C
Which types of polyuria do you know?
A. Physiological and pathological
B. Real and unreal
C. Renal and extra renal
D. Pancreatic and nonpancreatic
E. Primary and secondary
ANSWER: C
With urine of a healthy adult is excreted the following product of bilirubin disintegration:
A. urobilin
B. stercobilin
C. mesobilin
D. biliverdin
E. verdoglobin
ANSWER: A
For muscle contractionis necessary
A. ATP
B. Proteins
C. Cells
D. Water
E. Vitamins
ANSWER: A
A muscle fibre relaxes when:
A. The nerve stimulus is removed
B. The nerve stimulus is too forceful
C. The actin binding sites are uncovered
D. The actin binding sites are saturated
E. All the ATP is used up
ANSWER: A
For maintenance of normal elasticity and regeneration of skin and its appendages is needed the sufficient amount of
vitamin:
A. A
B. C
C. B12
D. K
E. B1
ANSWER: A
For the function of muscles important significance has creatinphosphate which appears from a creatin and ATP. Na
me amino acids which are needed for the synthesis of creatin:
A. Glycine, proline, cystein
B. Methionine, leucine, phenilalanin
C. Glycine, arginine, methionine
D. Arginine, tryptophane, lisyne
E. Valine, leucine, isoleucine
ANSWER: C
For very high force muscle contractions lasting 1-2 seconds, the initial energy source is from:
A. glycolysis
B. Creatine phosphorylation
C. Phosphocreatine stores
D. ATP stores
E. None of the above
ANSWER: D
From what albumins built filaments of muscles?
A. Albumins and globulins
B. Actin and miosin
C. Albumins and histons
D. Tubulins and actin
E. Calmodulin and tropomiosine
ANSWER: B
Major proteins of connecive tissue are:
A. Fibroin and keratin
B. Albumins and globulins
C. Collagene and elastin
D. Myosin and actin
E. Protamines and histons
ANSWER: C
Mineralization of organic matrixe of bone tissue is related to the big energy outlay, mainly due to the breaking up of:
A. Ketone bodies
B. Fatty acids
C. Glycogen
D. Proteins
E. Amino acids
ANSWER: C
Movement of food through the digestive tract results from the action of
A. Cardiac muscle
B. Smooth muscle
C. Skeletal muscle
D. Undifferentiated muscle
E. Tendon
ANSWER: B
Mucin – one of the basic components of saliva, for chemical nature is complex protein, namely:
A. Metalloprotein
B. Nukleoprotein
C. Phosphoprotein
D. Glycoprotein
E. Lipoprotein
ANSWER: D
Myosin and actin make up:
A. Osteoblasts
B. Collagen
C. Myofibrils
D. Red marrow
E. Desmosoms
ANSWER: C
Name enzyme determination of which in blood is most informing at first hour after the origin of heart attack of myo
cardium:
A. Aspartataminotransferase
B. Alaninaminotransferase
C. Laktatdehidrogenase
D. Creatine phosphokinase MB
E. Glutamatdehidrogenase
ANSWER: D
Nitric oxide mediates this effect on vascular smooth muscle:
A. Smooth muscle relaxation
B. B. Smooth muscle contraction
C. No effect
D. Provide production of energy
E. Smooth muscle protection
ANSWER: A
Select the correct statement regarding the cells of connective tissue.
A. Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper
B. Connective tissue cells are nondividing
C. Connective tissue does not contain cells
D. "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells
E. Connective tissue contain all type of cells
ANSWER: A
The affection of collagenic fibers structure by the lack of vitamin C in the organism is caused by enzymes activity m
alfunction:
A. Glycosyltransferase
B. Lysine hydroxylase and lysine oxidase
C. Lysine hydroxylase and proline hydroxylase
D. Procolagenpeptidase
E. Colagenase
ANSWER: C
The cells that act to guard and protect the body are:
A. Connective cells
B. Nervous cells
C. Endocrine cells
D. Epithelial cells
E. Muscle cells
ANSWER: A
Which of these tissue types does NOT contain collagen fibers?
A. Areolar connective tissue
B. Dense regular connective tissue
C. Skeletal muscle
D. Cartilage
E. Bone
ANSWER: E
Which one of the following is not a type of tissue?
A. Epithelial
B. Nervous
C. Connective
D. Muscle
E. Endocrine
ANSWER: E
Which term describes a band of dense regular connective tissue that attaches two bones?
A. Aponeurosis
B. Tendon
C. Ligament
D. Capsule
E. Vessels
ANSWER: B
Which two classes of cells are found in connective tissue proper?
A. Resident cells and wandering cells
B. Mast cells and fibroblasts
C. Adipocytes and leukocytes
D. Macrophages and mesenchyme cells
E. Neitrofills and basofils
ANSWER: B
Which type of tissue facilitates movement of the skeleton or organ walls?
A. Epithelial
B. Muscular
C. Connective
D. Nervous
E. Blood
ANSWER: B
Which type of tissue will be found immediately below the skin and most epithelial layers?
A. Loose connective tissue
B. Adipose tissue
C. Fibrous connective tissue
D. Hyaline cartilage
E. Bone
ANSWER: A
Your heart is a muscle that is made up of highly specialized _______.
A. Cartilage
B. Tissue
C. Ligaments
D. Red blood cells
E. Bone
ANSWER: B
Your skeletal muscles are also called
A. Smooth muscle
B. Striated muscle
C. Better teeth
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
ANSWER: B
A deficiency of vitamin B12 causes
A. Beri-Beri
B. Scurvy
C. Perniciuos anemia
D. Ricket
E. Pellagra
ANSWER: C
A provitamin D synthesized in human beings is
A. Ergosterol
B. 7-Dehydrocholesterol
C. Cholecalciferol
D. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol
E. All of these
ANSWER: B
A vitamin which can be synthesized by human beings is:
A. Thiamin
B. Niacin
C. Folic acid
D. Cyanocobalamin
E. Both B and C
ANSWER: B
An important function of vitamin A is
A. To act as coenzyme for a few enzymes
B. To play an integral role in protein synthesis
C. To prevent hemorrhages
D. To maintain the integrity of epithelial tissue
E. A and C only
ANSWER: D
Anti-egg white injury factor is:
A. Pyridoxine
B. Biotin
C. Thiamin
D. Liponic acid
E. Niacin
ANSWER: B
Biotin is a coenzyme for:
A. Pyruvate carboxylase
B. Acetyl CoA carboxylase
C. Propionyl CoA carboxylase
D. All of these
E. None of these
ANSWER: D
Biotin is a coenzyme of the enzyme:
A. Carboxylase
B. Hydroxylase
C. Decarboxylase
D. Deaminase
E. Dehydrogenase
ANSWER: A
Biotin is required as a coenzyme by:
A. Anaerobic dehydrogenases
B. Decarboxylases
C. Aerobic dehydrogenases
D. Carboxylases
E. All of these
ANSWER: D
Chemically, lipoic acid is:
A. Saturated fatty acid
B. Unsaturated fatty acid
C. Amino acid
D. Sulphur containing fatty acid
E. Keto acid
ANSWER: D
Coenzyme A contains a nitrogenous base which is:
A. Adenine
B. Guanine
C. Choline
D. Ethanolamine
E. Tymine
ANSWER: A
Conversion of retinal into retinol requires the presence of:
A. PLP
B. NADPH
C. FADH2
D. Lipoic acid
E. Both B and C
ANSWER: B
Daily requirement of niacin is
A. 5 mg
B. 10 mg
C. 20 mg
D. 35 mg
E. 20 g
ANSWER: C
Daily requirement of vitamin C in adults is about:
A. 500 mg
B. 25 mg
C. 70 mg
D. 200 mg
E. 70 g
ANSWER: C
Deficiency of Vitamin A causes
A. Xeropthalmia
B. Hypoprothrombinemia
C. Megaloblastic anemia
D. Pernicious anemia
E. Beri-Beri
ANSWER: A
Deficiency of vitamin C causes:
A. Beri-beri
B. Pellagra
C. Pernicious anaemia
D. Scurvy
E. Both A and D
ANSWER: D
Deficiency of vitamin D causes
A. Rickets and osteomalacia
B. Tuberculosis of bone
C. Hypothyroidism
D. Skin cancer
E. Cretinism
ANSWER: A
Ergosterol is found in
A. Animals
B. Plants
C. Bacteria
D. Fish
E. All of these
ANSWER: B
FAD is a coenzyme for
A. Succinate dehydrogenase
B. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
C. Sphingosine reductase
D. All of these
E. None of these
ANSWER: D
Fat soluble vitamins are
A. Soluble in alcohol
B. One or more Propene units
C. Stored in liver
D. Cause hypervitaminosis
E. All these
ANSWER: D
In the body 1 mg of niacin can be produced from:
A. 60 mg of pyridoxine
B. 60 mg of tryptophan
C. 30 mg of tryptophan
D. 30 mg of pantothenic acid
E. 60 g of tryptophan
ANSWER: B
Intrinsic factor is chemically a:
A. Protein
B. Glycoprotein
C. Mucopolysaccaride
D. Peptide
E. Amino acid
ANSWER: B
NAD is required as a coenzyme for
A. Malate dehydrogenase
B. Succinate dehydrogenase
C. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
D. HMG CoA reductae
E. Carboxylases
ANSWER: A
Niacin can be synthesised in human beings from
A. Histidine
B. Phenylalanine
C. Tyrosine
D. Tryptophan
E. Histamine
ANSWER: D
Niacin contains a
A. Sulphydryl group
B. Carboxyl group
C. Amide group
D. All of these
E. None of these
ANSWER: B
Niacin deficiency is common in people whose staple food is
A. Wheat
B. Polished rice
C. Maize and /or sorghum
D. Fish
E. Meat
ANSWER: C
Niacin is synthesized in the body from:
A. Tryptophan
B. Tyrosine
C. Glutamate
D. Aspartate
E. None of the above
ANSWER: A
Niacin or nicotinic acid is a monocarboxylic acid derivative of:
A. Pyridine
B. Pyrimidine
C. Flavin
D. Adenine
E. Glutamic acid
ANSWER: A
On exposure to light rhodopsin forms
A. All trans-retinal
B. Cis-retinal
C. Retinol
D. Retinoic acid
E. All of the above
ANSWER: A
Pantothenic acid contains an amino acid which is:
A. Aspartic acid
B. Glutamic acid
C. Alanine
D. Alfa-aminoisobutyric acid
E. None of these
ANSWER: C
Pellagra is caused due to the deficiency of:
A. Ascorbic acid
B. Pantothenic acid
C. Pyridoxine
D. Niacin
E. Aspartic acid
ANSWER: D
Pellagra occurs in population dependent on:
A. Wheat
B. Rice
C. Maize
D. Milk
E. Meat
ANSWER: C
Provitamin D3 is
A. Cholecalciferol
B. Ergosterol
C. 7-Dehydrocholesterol
D. Ergocaliferol
E. All of these
ANSWER: C
Provitamins A include
A. Retinal
B. Retionic acid
C. Carotenes
D. Retinol
E. Cis-retinal
ANSWER: C
Pyridoxal phosphate is a coenzyme for
A. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase
B. Glutamate pyruvate transaminase
C. Tyrosine transaminase
D. All of these
E. Glutamate carboxylase
ANSWER: D
Pyridoxine deficiency can be diagnosed by measuring urinary excretion of
A. Pyruvic acid
B. Oxaloacetic acid
C. Xanthurenic acid
D. None of these
E. All of these
ANSWER: C
Rhodopsin contains opsin and:
A. 11-cis-retinal
B. 11-trans-retinal
C. All-cis-retinal
D. All trans-retinal
E. All of these
ANSWER: A
Riboflavin deficiency can cause
A. Peripheral neuritis
B. Diarrhoea
C. Angular stomatitis
D. Beri-beri
E. Pernicious anaemia
ANSWER: C
Riboflavin deficiency symptoms are:
A. Glossitis
B. Stomatis
C. Crags
D. Both glossitis and crags
E. Diarrea
ANSWER: D
Scurvy is caused due to the deficiency of
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin D
C. Vitamin K
D. Vitamin C
E. Vitamin E
ANSWER: D
Sterilised milk lacks in
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin D
C. Vitamin C
D. Thiamin
E. Vitamin E
ANSWER: C
Sulphydryl group of coenzyme a is contributed by:
A. Alanine
B. Aminoisobutyric acid
C. Methionine
D. Thioethanolamine
E. Tyrosine transaminase
ANSWER: D
The central heavy metal cobalt of vitamin B12 is coordinately bound to
A. Cyanide group
B. Amino group
C. Carboxyl group
D. Sulphide group
E. Hydroxyl group
ANSWER: A
The enzymes with which nicotinamide act as coenzyme are:
A. Dehydrogenases
B. Transaminases
C. Decarboxylases
D. Carboxylases
E. Tyrosine transaminase
ANSWER: A
The following is required for the formation of coenyzme A:
A. ATP
B. GTP
C. CTP
D. None of these
E. AMP
ANSWER: A
The most important natural antioxidant is
A. Vitamin D
B. Vitamin E
C. Vitamin B12
D. Vitamin K
E. All of these
ANSWER: B
The most potent vitamin D metabolite is
A. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol
B. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
C. 24, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
D. 7-Dehydrocholesterol
E. All of these
ANSWER: B
The pellagra preventive factor is:
A. Riboflavin
B. Pantothenic acid
C. Niacin
D. Pyridoxine
E. Ascorbic acid
ANSWER: C
The requirement of vitamin E is increased with greater intake of
A. Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Polyunsaturated fat
D. Saturated fat
E. Ascorbic acid
ANSWER: C
The vitamin having the highest daily requirement among the following is:
A. Thiamin
B. Ribovflavin
C. Pyridoxine
D. Ascorbic acid
E. Niacin
ANSWER: D
Tocopherols prevent the oxidation of
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin D
C. Vitamin K
D. Vitamin C
E. A and B
ANSWER: A
Vitamin A is stored in the body in:
A. Liver
B. Adipose tissue
C. Reticuloendothelial cells
D. Both A and B
E. All of these
ANSWER: A
Vitamin B12 is synthesized by:
A. Bacteria only
B. Plants only
C. Animals only
D. Fish only
E. All of the above
ANSWER: A
Vitamin B12 is transported in blood by:
A. Albumin
B. Transcortin
C. Transcobalamin I
D. Transcobalamin II
E. All of these
ANSWER: D
Vitamin B12 is:
A. Not stored in the body
B. Stored in bone marrow
C. Stored in liver
D. Stored in RE cells
E. All of these
ANSWER: C
Vitamin C activity is present in:
A. D-Ascorbic acid
B. D-Dehydroascorbic acid
C. L-Ascorbic acid
D. Both A and B
E. Both B and C
ANSWER: C
Vitamin C enhances the intestinal absorption of:
A. Potassium
B. Iodine
C. Iron
D. Calcium
E. None of these
ANSWER: C
Vitamin C is required for the synthesis of:
A. Bile acids from cholesterol
B. Bile salts from bile acids
C. Vitamin D from cholesterol
D. All of these
E. None of these
ANSWER: A
Vitamin E reduces the requirement of
A. Iron
B. Zinc
C. Selenium
D. Magnesium
E. Sodium
ANSWER: C
Vitamin required in conversion of folic acid to folinic acid is
A. Biotin
B. Cobalamin
C. Ascorbic acid
D. Niacin
E. Cholecalciferol
ANSWER: C
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol promotes absorption of:
A. P
B. Cu
C. Zn
D. Na
E. Ca
ANSWER: E
Choose the chemical nature of vitamin B5:
A. Amino acid
B. Nicotinic acid
C. Pantothenic acid
D. Ascorbic acid
E. Citric acid
ANSWER: B
Clinical manifestation of riboflavin deficiency are all, except:
A. Growth inhibition
B. Loss of hair
C. Inflammatory processes of lips
D. Defect of nervous system
E. Keratitis
ANSWER: D
Consumption of raw eggs can cause deficiency of
A. Biotin
B. Pantothenic acid
C. Riboflavin
D. Thiamin
E. Ascorbic acid
ANSWER: A
Corneal vascularisation is found in deficiency of the vitamin:
A. B1
B. B2
C. B3
D. B6
E. D
ANSWER: B
Differences of water-soluble vitamins from fat-soluble vitamins are all, except:
A. Are included into coenzymes
B. Don't have provitamins
C. Are not included into the membranes
D. Hypervitaminoses are not peculiar for them
E. Usually have provitamins
ANSWER: A
Early symptoms of vitamin A deficiency:
A. Muscle dystrophy
B. Lungs inflammation
C. Liver cancer
D. Xerophthalmia ("dry eyes")
E. Petechias
ANSWER: D
Epileptiform convulsion in human infants have been attributed to the deficiency of the vitamin:
A. B1
B. B2
C. B6
D. B12
E. D
ANSWER: C
Flavoenzymes take part in the following biochemical processes, except:
A. Oxidative degradation of pyruvate
B. Oxidative degradation of fatty acids
C. Oxidative degradation of amino acids
D. Serves as carrier of acyl groups
E. Take part in the process of electron transport.
ANSWER: D
For hypovitaminosis of vitamin Е are proper such symptoms:
A. Xerophtalmia, keratomalacia
B. Dermatitis, dementia
C. Osteoporosis
D. Diarrhea, polyneuritis
E. Atrophy of muscles
ANSWER: E
Hydroxylation of vitamin D occurs in
A. Skin
B. Liver
C. Kidneys
D. Intestinal mucosa
E. Pancreas
ANSWER: B
In human body highest concentration of ascorbic acid is found in
A. Liver
B. Adrenal cortex
C. Adrenal medulla
D. Spleen
E. Pancreas
ANSWER: B
Lack of vitamin K causes:
A. Diarrhea
B. Kakheksiya
C. Growth retardation
D. Hemorrhages
E. Steatoreya
ANSWER: D
Lipid soluble vitamins are:
A. Coenzymes
B. Modulators of cell membranes
C. Regulators of secretion of digestive juices
D. Transport of substances
E. Mediators of nervous system
ANSWER: B
Main function of bioflavonoids is:
A. Take part in metabolism of epinephrine
B. It necessary for hydroxylation of cholesterol
C. Support the elasticity of capillaries
D. Reduce the disulfide bonds to sulphhydryl bonds
E. Participation in respiratory chain
ANSWER: C
Main function of coenzyme A is:
A. A carrier of methyl group
B. Removal of hydrogen atom from specific substrate
C. Catalyze reaction of carbohydrate metabolism
D. A carrier of acyl groups
E. Participation in respiratory chain
ANSWER: D
Name biologicaly active form of vitamin D:
A. Ergocalciferol
B. Cholecalciferol
C. 7-dehydrocholesterol
D. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
E. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
ANSWER: A
Name provitamins of vitamin A:
A. Flavonoids
B. Cholecalciferol
C. Carotenoids
D. Hesperedin
E. Dehydroascorbic acid
ANSWER: C
Name the active coenzyme form of vitamin B2:
A. TMP, TDP
B. NAD, NADP
C. FMN, FAD
D. Coenzyme A
E. THFA
ANSWER: C
One manifestation of vitamin A deficiency is
A. Painful joints
B. Night blindness
C. Loss of hair
D. Thickening of long bones
E. All of these
ANSWER: B
Pantothenic acid is a constituent of the coenzyme involved in:
A. Decarboxylation
B. Dehydrogenation
C. Acetylation
D. Oxidation
E. All of these
ANSWER: C
Pantothenic acid was identified as:
A. Coenzyme Q
B. Metalloenzyme
C. Flavoenzyme
D. Coenzyme A
E. Pyridine coenzyme
ANSWER: D
Pyridoxal phosphate is central to:
A. Deamination
B. Amidation
C. Carboxylation
D. Transamination
E. Oxidation
ANSWER: D
Pyridoxal phosphate is the active coenzyme form of vitamin:
A. B1.
B. B2.
C. B3.
D. B6.
E. B12
ANSWER: D
Pyridoxine can biologically convert into such compounds:
A. Pyridine and thiamin
B. Propionil and pyridine
C. Pyridoxal and pyridoxamine
D. Nicotine and nicotinamide
E. Pyridine coenzyme
ANSWER: C
Retinal is a component of
A. Iodopsin
B. Rhodopsin
C. Cardiolipin
D. Glycoproteins
E. Lipoproteins
ANSWER: B
Retinal is reduced to retinol in intestinal mucosa by a specific retinaldehyde reductase utilising
A. NADPH + H+
B. FAD
C. NAD
D. NADH + H+
E. PLP
ANSWER: A
Rhodopsin includes a protein:
A. Crioglobulin
B. Opsin
C. Transpherin
D. Pepsin
E. Tyrosine
ANSWER: B
Richest source of vtamin D is
A. Fish liver oils
B. Margarine
C. Egg yolk
D. Butter
E. Meat
ANSWER: A
Subacute combined degeneration of cord is caused due to deficiency of
A. Niacin
B. Cobalamin
C. Biotin
D. Thiamin
E. Ascorbic acid
ANSWER: B
The active form of vitamin D (1,25-dihydrocholecalciferol) maintain in an organism a constant level of:
A. Potassium and phosphorus
B. Calcium and phosphorus
C. Iron and calcium
D. Iron and magnesium
E. Magnesium and manganese
ANSWER: B
The analogue of vitamin K which takes part in the tissue respiration is:
A. Vikasol
B. Ubiquinone
C. Naphtoquinon
D. Tocopherol
E. Cytochrome
ANSWER: B
The antivitamin of vitamin K is:
A. Vikasol
B. Cholecalciferol
C. Dikumarol
D. Thiamin
E. Holin
ANSWER: C
The biochemical function of water soluble vitamins depends on their ability to convert into coenzyme forms. In whi
ch coenzyme the vitamin B2(riboflavin) transforms:
A. FMN (flavin mononucleotide)
B. NAD+ (nicotine amide dinucleotide)
C. TMP (tiaminmonofosphate)
D. TDP (thiamine diphosphate)
E. PALP (pirodoxal phosphate)
ANSWER: A
The central structure of B12 referred to as corrin ring system consists of
A. Cobalt
B. Manganese
C. Magnesium
D. Iron
E. Potassium
ANSWER: A
The coenzyme required for conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate is
A. FAD
B. NAD
C. TPP
D. Biotin
E. PLP
ANSWER: D
The component of rodopsin
A. Trans-retinol
B. Cis-retinal
C. Yodopsin
D. Trans-retinal
E. Cis- retinol
ANSWER: B
The daily requirement of riboflavin for adult in mg is
A. 0–1.0
B. 2.0-3.0
C. 2.0–3.5
D. 4.0–8.0
E. 10.6-15.5
ANSWER: B
The day requirement of vitamin C is:
A. 50-70 µg.
B. 50-70 mg.
C. 50-70 g.
D. 500-700 mg.
E. 5-7 g
ANSWER: B
The deficiency of thiamin causes disease:
A. Acute pancreatitis
B. Beri-beri
C. Pellagra
D. Liver cancer
E. Loss of hair
ANSWER: B
The deficiency of tocopherol causes many other symptoms, except:
A. Infertility in male and female
B. Degeneration of the kidneys
C. Necrosis of the liver
D. Mental retardation
E. Dystrophy of skeletal muscles
ANSWER: D
The derivates of vitamins are included in composition of coenzymes of respiratory chain. The coenzyme form of wh
at vitamin is NAD+?
A. B1
B. B2
C. B6
D. PP
E. B3
ANSWER: D
The derivates of vitamins carry out the role of coenzymes. The coenzyme form of which vitamin is a thiamine pyrop
hosphate?
A. Vitamin B5
B. Vitamin B1
C. Vitamin B2
D. Vitamin B3
E. Vitamin B6
ANSWER: B
The disease pellagra is developed in the lack of vitamin:
A. Thiamin.
B. Riboflavin.
C. Nicotinic acid.
D. Pantothenic acid.
E. Ascorbic acid
ANSWER: C
The earliest symptoms of thiamin deficiency cause disorders of some system, except:
A. Nervous
B. Cardio-vascular
C. Respiratory
D. Muscular
E. Digestive
ANSWER: E
The function of coenzyme A is to take part in the following enzymatic reactions, except:
A. Fatty acid synthesis
B. Fatty acid oxidation
C. Hydrolysis of proteins
D. Pyruvate oxidation
E. Biological acetylations
ANSWER: C
The main enzymatic reaction requiring pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme is :
A. Decarboxilation
B. Transamination
C. Deamination
D. Reamination
E. Oxidation
ANSWER: B
The molecule of vitamin A contains:
A. Benzene ring
B. alfa-Ionone ring
C. beta-Carotene ring
D. All of these
E. None of these
ANSWER: B
The most specific symptoms of pellagra are all, except:
A. Dermatitis
B. Diarrhea
C. Dementia
D. Muscle dystrophy
E. Photosensibility
ANSWER: D
The precursor of CoA is:
A. Riboflavin
B. Pyridoxamine
C. Thiamin
D. Pantothenate
E. None of the above
ANSWER: D
The vitamin B1 deficiency causes
A. Ricket
B. Nyctalopia
C. Beri beri
D. Pellagra
E. Scurvy
ANSWER: C
The vitamin required as coenzyme for the action of transaminases is
A. Niacin
B. Pantothenic acid
C. Pyridoxal phosphate
D. Riboflavin
E. Ascorbic acid
ANSWER: C
The vitamin required for the formation of hydroxyproline (in collagen) is
A. Vitamin C
B. Vitamin A
C. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin E
E. Vitamin K
ANSWER: A
Thiamin deficiency includes
A. Mental depression
B. Fatigue
C. Beri beri
D. Muscle atrophy
E. All of these
ANSWER: E
Thiamin is oxidized to thiochrome in alkaline solution by
A. Potassium permanganate
B. Potassium ferricyanide
C. Potassium chlorate
D. Potassium dichromate
E. All of these
ANSWER: B
Thiamin occurs in cells mainly as its active coenzyme form:
A. NAD
B. FAD
C. NADP
D. TPP
E. CoA
ANSWER: D
Vitamin A or retinal is a
A. Steroid
B. Polyisoprenoid compound containing a cyclohexenyl ring
C. Benzoquinone derivative
D. 6-Hydroxychromane
E. None of the above
ANSWER: B
Vitamin B12 deficiency can be diagnosed by urinary excretion of
A. Pyruvate
B. Methylmalonate
C. Malate
D. Lactate
E. All of these
ANSWER: B
Vitamin B12 has a complex ring structure (corrin ring) consisting of four
A. Purine rings
B. Pyrimidine rings
C. Pyrrole rings
D. Pteridine rings
E. Bensol ring
ANSWER: C
Vitamin B6 deficiency may occur during therapy with
A. Isoniazid
B. Terramycin
C. Sulpha drugs
D. Aspirin
E. All of these
ANSWER: A
Vitamin K is a cofactor for
A. Gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid residue
B. Beta-Oxidation of fatty acids
C. Formation of Beta-amino butyrate
D. Synthesis of tryptophan
E. Synthesis of fatty acids
ANSWER: A
Vitamin K is found in
A. Green leafy plants
B. Meat
C. Fish
D. Milk
E. All of these
ANSWER: A
Vitamin K is required for normal:
A. Blood-clotting time
B. Development of bones
C. Prevent blood clotting
D. Promotes absorption of Ca in intestine
E. Demineralisation
ANSWER: A
Vitamin P - is the group of compounds, except:
A. Rutin
B. Hesperedin
C. Katechines
D. Riboflavin
E. All of above
ANSWER: D
Vitamin synthesized by bacterial in the intestine is
A. A
B. C
C. D
D. K
E. B1
ANSWER: D
Vitamins are
A. Accessory food factors
B. Generally synthesized in the body
C. Produced in endocrine glands
D. Proteins in nature
E. All of the above
ANSWER: A
Vitamins are classified into two large groups:
A. Organic and inorganic
B. Simple and complex
C. Water-soluble and fat-soluble
D. Protein-soluble and fat-soluble
E. All of above
ANSWER: C
What disease is developed in the vitamin B12 deficiency?
A. Pernicious anemia
B. Pellagra
C. Beri-beri
D. Dermatitis
E. Neuritis
ANSWER: A
What disease is developed in the vitamin C deficiency?
A. Scurvy
B. Pellagra
C. Beri-beri
D. Dermatitis
E. Neuritis
ANSWER: A
Blood is composed of:
A. Plasma and red blood cells
B. Plasma and formed elements
C. Red and white blood cells
D. Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
E. Plasma and platelets
ANSWER: B
Blood platelets are:
A. Cytoplasmic fragments
B. Free nuclei
C. A kind of red cell
D. Found only during clot formation
E. Mithochodrial fragment
ANSWER: A
Blood transports dissolved gases, bringing oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carrying
A. Carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
B. Carbon dioxide from the lungs to the tissues
C. Carbon dioxide from the interstitial fluid to the cell
D. Carbon dioxide from one peripheral cell to another
E. None of the above
ANSWER: A
Ceruloplasmin is the protein of:
A. A-globulin fraction.
B. B1-globulin fraction.
C. C2-globulin fraction.
D. D-globulin fraction.
E. Prealbumin
ANSWER: C
Chemical nature of immunoglobulins:
A. Lipoproteins
B. Glycoproteins
C. Phosphoproteins
D. Chromoproteins
E. Nukleoproteins
ANSWER: B
Choose the indexes of normal maintenance of hemoglobin in men:
A. 80-100 g/l
B. 130-160 g/l
C. 115-145 g/l
D. 70-90 g/l
E. 100-120 g/l
ANSWER: B
Colloid-osmotic pressure of blood is supported by:
A. Albumins
B. B1-globulins
C. C-globulins
D. D-globulins
E. E-globulins
ANSWER: A
Combination of haemoglobin with oxygen named:
A. Carboxyhemoglobin
B. Methemoglobin
C. Carbylaminhemoglobin
D. Carbhemoglobin
E. Oxyhemoglobin
ANSWER: E
Combination, that transported CO2 from tissues to lung named:
A. Methemoglobin
B. Carbhemoglobin
C. Oxyhemoglobin
D. Carbylaminhemoglobin
E. Carboxyhemoglobin
ANSWER: B
Connection of hemoglobin with CO is:
A. Oxyhemoglobin
B. Carbhemoglobin
C. Carboxyhemoglobin
D. Methemoglobin
E. Cyancobalamine
ANSWER: C
Contents of globulins in blood serum of healthy person:
A. 80-110 g/l
B. 50-60 g/l
C. 40-60 g/l
D. 20-35 g/l
E. 100-120 g/l
ANSWER: D
Determination blood proteins fractions of patient is possible the method of electrophoresis owing to following their
property:
A. High optical activity
B. High dyspersity
C. High hydrophilicity
D. High viscidity
E. Electric charge
ANSWER: E
Detoxification function of blood is conditioned:
A. Gas transport (CO2 and O2)
B. Transport of nutritional substances
C. Exchange of heat between tissues and blood
D. Detoxification toxic substanses by the enzymes of blood
E. Presents in blood of antibodies and by the phagocit function of leucocytes
ANSWER: D
Electrophoresis of blood proteins carry out at pH:
A. 5,5
B. 7,0
C. 8,6
D. 4,7
E. 3,0
ANSWER: C
Fibrinogen - is protein of blood which executes a function:
A. Transport
B. Structure
C. Protective
D. Regulation
E. Reduce
ANSWER: C
Fibrinogen is a precussor of:
A. Protrombin
B. Haptoglobin
C. Fibronektin
D. Fibrin
E. Fibroin
ANSWER: D
For account of what fraction of proteins observe hypoproteinemia at the diseases of liver:
A. A-globulins
B. Transferin
C. Gaptoglobin
D. Ceruloplazmin
E. Albumins
ANSWER: E
Proteins of the plasma that function in fighting infections are:
A. Albumins
B. Fibrinogen
C. Gamma globulins
D. Alpha and beta globulins
E. Prothrombin
ANSWER: C
Red blood cells are destroyed in the :
A. Lungs
B. Liver
C. Heart
D. Spleen
E. Kidney
ANSWER: D
The maintenance of total protein in blood serum of healthy person?
A. 50-60 g/l
B. 80-110 g/l
C. 65-85 g/l
D. 100-120 g/l
E. 40-60 g/l
ANSWER: C
The major component of plasma is:
A. Water
B. Nutrients
C. Protein
D. Electrolytes
E. Vitamins
ANSWER: A
The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment is the
A. Phosphate buffer system
B. Protein buffer system
C. Bicarbonate buffer system
D. Sulfate buffer system
E. Chloride buffer system
ANSWER: A
The most numerous white blood cell in normal blood is the:
A. Neutrophil
B. Lymphoctye
C. Monocyte
D. Eosinophil
E. Thrombocytes
ANSWER: A
The most powerful vesselsbroaden substance in an organism is:
A. Oxitocin
B. Histamin
C. Serotonin
D. Adrenalin
E. Bradikinin
ANSWER: E
The part of the hemoglobin molecule directly interacts with oxygen is:
A. The tertiary protein structure
B. The sodium ion
C. Globin
D. The iron ion
E. None of the above
ANSWER: D
The process that halts bleeding is called:
A. Lymphopoiesis
B. Hematocrit
C. Hemangioma
D. Hemostasis
E. None of the above
ANSWER: D
The protein that consists of four protein subunits that each contain heme is:
A. Immunoglobulin
B. Myoglobin
C. Hemoglobin
D. Myosin
E. Catalase
ANSWER: C
The several types of white blood cells are sometime collectively referred to as:
A. Erythrocytes
B. Leukocytes
C. Erythroblasts
D. Thrombocytes
E. Monocytes
ANSWER: B
The sign deficit protein of blood plasma - haptoglobin is:
A. Hemolises
B. Lowering of plasma osmotic pressure
C. Hemoglobinuria
D. Immunodeficit
E. Increase oncotic pressure
ANSWER: C
The specific binding and transport of ions of copper in blood plasma is carried out by:
A. Interferon
B. Hemoglobin
C. Haptoglobin
D. Transferin
E. Ceruloplasmin
ANSWER: E
The strongest buffer system of blood, which compose 75% from all of the buffer system of blood is:
A. Hydrocarbonate
B. Hemoglobin
C. Phosphate
D. Proteins
E. Ammonium
ANSWER: B
The three primary types of plasma proteins are:
A. Antibodies, metallo-proteins, lipoproteins
B. Serum, fibrin, fibrinogen
C. Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
D. Heme, iron, globin
E. None of the above
ANSWER: C
The type of plasma protein that helps regulate osmotic pressure is:
A. Albumin
B. Globulin
C. Fibrinogen
D. Hemoglobin
E. Oxyhemoglobin
ANSWER: A
The white blood cell that is most like the mast cell is the:
A. Basophil
B. Lymphocyte
C. Neutrophil
D. Eosinophil
E. Monocyte
ANSWER: A
What converts fibrinogen to fibrin?
A. Thrombin
B. Thromboxane A2
C. Factor XIII
D. Tissue thrombopla
E. ADP
ANSWER: A
What is the difference between serum and plasma?
A. Plasma contains calcium; serum does not.
B. Plasma does not have blood cells; serum does.
C. Plasma contains fibrinogen; serum does not.
D. Plasma contains albumin; serum does not.
E. Plasma contain zinc; serum does not.
ANSWER: C
What is the organ that pumps blood all throughout the human body?
A. The lungs
B. The heart
C. The kidneys
D. The blood vessels and capillaries
E. The spleen
ANSWER: B
What method is it possible to distribute on separate fractions the proteins of blood plasma?
A. Biuret
B. Electrophoresis
C. Heller reaction
D. Polarimetric
E. Roberts-Stolnikov
ANSWER: B
What part of the blood carries minerals, vitamins, sugar, and other foods to the body's cells?
A. Plasma
B. Platelets
C. Red corpuscles
D. Macrophage
E. Eosinophil
ANSWER: A
What protein, assigned for transport, does hemoglobin bind ti in the reticuloendotelial system of the liver?
A. Haptoglobin
B. Albumin
C. Ferritin
D. Transferrin
E. Ceruloplasmin
ANSWER: A
When oxygen is carried by the blood, it is bonded to
A. Platelets
B. Antibodies
C. Plasma
D. Hemoglobin
E. Water
ANSWER: D
Which cell count tends to be elevated when an individual has an allergy or parasitic worms?
A. Red blood cells
B. Erythrocyte
C. Esinophil
D. Platelet
E. Monocites
ANSWER: C
Which element in the blood is round and colourless?
A. Plasma
B. Platelets
C. Red blood cells
D. White blood cells
E. Globulins
ANSWER: D
Which indexes of blood in men indicate hypohemoglobinemia?
A. 100 g/l
B. 130 g/l
C. 145 g/l
D. 155 g/l
E. 160 g/l
ANSWER: A
Which indexes of blood in women indicate hypohemoglobinemia?
A. 120 g/l
B. 130 g/l
C. 145 g/l
D. 115 g/l
E. 80 g/l
ANSWER: E
Which is the most common type of blood cell in a healthy human?
A. Erythrocytes
B. Monocytes
C. Lymphocytes
D. Eosinophils
E. Basophils
ANSWER: A
Which of the following would decrease blood pressure?
A. An increase in the enzyme renin
B. An increase in blood volume
C. A decrease in Angiotensin II
D. An increase in hematocrit
E. A decrease of globulins
ANSWER: A
Which plasma proteins help to regulate osmotic pressure and blood volume?
A. Albumins
B. Beta - globulins
C. Fibrinogens
D. Alfa- globulins
E. E - globulins
ANSWER: A
Which plasma proteins help transport lipids in the bloodstream?
A. Albumins
B. Alpha and beta globulins
C. Fibrinogen
D. Gamma globulins
E. Prealbumins
ANSWER: A
Why is oxygen important to blood and to the cells?
A. Oxygen helps the blood to clot
B. Oxygen brings food to the cells
C. Oxygen is necessary for cell growth and energy
D. Oxygen is not important - carbon dioxide is the most important substance to the body
E. Oxygen is not important – oxygen free radical is the most important
ANSWER: C
A deficiency in complement proteins or in their regulators can result in
A. blood in the urine from erythrocyte lysis
B. decreased levels of certain complement proteins in the circulation
C. immune complex disease
D. increased numbers of infections
E. All of the above can result from complement deficiencies
ANSWER: C
Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion?
A. Calcium
B. Chloride
C. Sodium
D. Phosphorus
E. Hydrogen
ANSWER: E
All of the following processes can be activated by complement except
A. inflammation
B. antibody production
C. cytolysis
D. opsonization
E. none of the above
ANSWER: B
Allergic reactions are mediated by
A. IgA
B. IgG
C. IgD
D. IgE
E. All of the above
ANSWER: D
HDL carry out a transport of:
A. Free fatty acids to the liver
B. Cholesterol from a liver in extra hepatic tissues
C. Cholesterol from tissues to the liver
D. Triacylglycerols from an intestine
E. Glycerol from adipose tissue to the liver
ANSWER: A
Low density lipoproteins transport ________________ from __________ to _________________.
A. triacylglycerols; intestine; liver
B. cholesterol; liver; peripheral tissues;
C. cholesterol; peripheral tissues; liver
D. triacylglycerols; liver; adipose tissue and muscles
E. triacylglycerols; liver; muscles
ANSWER: B
Name glycogenic amino acids:
A. Valine, phenilalanine
B. Leucine, tryptophan
C. Glutamate, aspartate
D. Serine, isoleucine
E. Methionine, valine
ANSWER: E
Normal level of uric acid in blood is:
A. 0,12-0,46 mmol/l
B. 1,7-2,05 mmol/l
C. 20-40 grammes/л
D. 3,3-5,5 mmol/l
E. 3-8 mmol/l
ANSWER: A
On the surface of lymphoid cells (B-lymphocytes) proteins -receptors which recognize and specifically link antigens
are placed. Which chemical nature of these receptors?
A. Histons
B. Proteins
C. Krioglobulines
D. Immunoglobulines
E. Globin
ANSWER: D
Once vaccinated, you have had a primary exposure to specific antigens. If you ever encounter this antigen again, you
will mount a rapid immune response due to:
A. cytotoxic T cells
B. antibodies
C. antigen presenting cells
D. memory cells
E. all of the above
ANSWER: D
The major amino acid that is released from muscle and converted to glucose in the liver is:
A. Alanine
B. Glutamine
C. Valine
D. Aspartate
E. Glutamate
ANSWER: A
The minimum number of polypeptide chains in an immunoglobulin is
A. Two
B. Four
C. Five
D. Six
E. One
ANSWER: B
The most abundant immunoglobulin in plasma is
A. IgA
B. IgG
C. IgM
D. IgD
E. IgE
ANSWER: B
The plasma and urine of patients with maple syrup urine disease contain elevated levels of each of the following ami
no acid, except:
A. Valine
B. Leucine
C. Lysine
D. Isoleucine
E. none of above
ANSWER: C
The possible reason of the increase of uric acid content in blood:
A. Action of ionizing radiation
B. Kidney insufficiency
C. Leucosis
D. Burns
E. Malignant tumor
ANSWER: B
Choose enzyme which carries out conjugation of toxic substances with glucuronic acid:
A. Uridiltransferase
B. UDP-dehydrogenase
C. UDP-glyucuroniltransferase
D. Acetyltransferase
E. Glucokinase
ANSWER: C
Decomposition of liver’s glycogen
A. Glucose is generated
B. Electrons are passed along cytochromes
C. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms are released, and two molecules of ATP form
D. Oxaloacetic acid is regenerated from coenzyme A
E. Lipids are generated
ANSWER: A
Detoxification of toxic substances takes a place in all of tissues and organs, but a leading place belongs to the:
A. Kidney
B. Blood
C. Intestine
D. Liver
E. Lung
ANSWER: D
Detoxification of xenobiotics (pharmaceutical drugs, epoxides,arenoxydes, aldehydes, nitro derivates etc.) as well as
endogenous metabolites (estradiol, prostaglandins and leukotrienes take place in the liver by means of their conjuga
tion with:
A. Phosphoadenosine
B. Aspartate
C. Glycine
D. S-adenosylmethionine
E. Glutathion
ANSWER: E
During glycogenolysis in liver - glycogen transforms into glucose-1-phosphate under act of enzyme:
A. Glucokinase
B. Hexokinase
C. Phosphatase
D. Phosphorylase
E. Phosphokinase
ANSWER: D
During the rest after hard physical work in a liver will be stimulated:
A. Glykolysis
B. Glycogenolysis
C. Gluconeogenesis from lactat
D. Gluconeogenesis from amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of fatty acids
ANSWER: C
Name enzyme in the ornitine cycle which conduces to the formation of urea:
A. Argininosuccinate lyase
B. Argininosuccinate synthetase
C. Malatdehydrogenase
D. Arginase
E. Fumarathidratase
ANSWER: D
Name substance which takes part in reaction formation active form of glucuronic acid:
A. ATP
B. UTP
C. c-AMP
D. TTP
E. CTP
ANSWER: B
Name the enzyme of urea cycle which results to formation of intermediate metabolite argininosuccinate:
A. Argininosuccinate lyase
B. Succinatdehydrogenase
C. Succinatoxidase
D. Arginase
E. Argininosuccinate synthetase
ANSWER: E
Nonbiological foreign chemicals are termed:
A. Antibiotics
B. Probiotics
C. Prebiotics
D. Xenobiotics
E. Neurobiotics
ANSWER: D
Oxidation of ketone bodies takes place every where, except:
A. Myocardium
B. Skeletal muscles
C. Kidney
D. Brain
E. Liver
ANSWER: E
Pentoses which appear from glucose-6-phosphate in the pentosophosphate cycle can be utillized in such aims:
A. On the biosynthesis of nucleotides
B. On the construction of nucleic acids
C. On the construction of coenzymes
D. Transformation in to fructose-6-phosphate
E. All adopted processes are correct
ANSWER: E
Pentosophosphate cycle oxidation of glucose provides reconstraction of NADPH such processes:
A. Synthesis of fatty acids
B. Synthesis of cholesterol
C. Synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol
D. Inactivation of steroid hormones
E. All adopted processes are correct
ANSWER: E
The contents of urea in blood of healthy:
A. 1-3 mM/l
B. 2-4 mM/l
C. 3-8 mM/l
D. 10-12 mM/l
E. 20-30 mM/l
ANSWER: C
The function of bile salts is to:
A. Bind with simple sugars
B. Emulsify fats
C. Digest proteins
D. Absorb water
E. Regulate water-salt metabolism
ANSWER: B
The increase maintenance of indican in urine of patient with disbacterios of intestine testifies about:
A. Kidney disease
B. Strengthening fermentation of carbohydratess in an intestine
C. Strengthening hydrolysis of fats
D. Violetion functions of liver
E. Normal harmless function of liver
ANSWER: E
The increase of total bilirubin content at the expense of indirect (free) fraction was detected in the blood plasma of a
patient suffering from icterus. There is also a high level stercobilin in the feces and urine. The level of direct (linked)
bilirubin in the blood plasma is within the normal range. What type of icterus is observed in this case?
A. Machanical
B. Hepatic
C. Hemolitic
D. Icterus of newborn
E. Gilbert disease
ANSWER: C
The liver produces bile salts that aid in the digestion of:
A. Fats
B. Proteins
C. Carbohydrates
D. Sugars
E. Vitamins
ANSWER: A
The liver stores ______ for energy
A. Nucleic acids
B. Glycogen
C. Glucose
D. Vitamins
E. Simple proins
ANSWER: C
The low level of what metabolite in hepatocytes does predetermine braking of Krebs cycle and strengthens a ketoge
nesis?
A. ATP and CTP
B. ADP and AMP
C. Acetyl-KoA
D. Oxaloacetate
E. Fatty acids
ANSWER: D
The main enzyme responsible for activation of xenobiotics is:
A. Cytochrome P-450
B. Glutation S-transferase
C. NADH cytochrom P-450 resuctase
D. Glucuronil transferase
E. Pyruvatdehydrogenase
ANSWER: A
The primary function(s) of the liver is (are):
A. Bile production
B. None of the above
C. Hematological regulation
D. All the above
E. Metabolic regulation
ANSWER: A
Typical biochemical features of serum in obstructive jaundice include
A. Raised bilirubin
B. Increased acid phosphatase
C. Increased alkaline phosphatase
D. Increased amylase
E. Hepatitis B surface antigen
ANSWER: A
What coenzyme is needed for synthesis in the liver of cholesterol, higher fatty acids, nucleic acids?
A. NADP
B. NADPH
C. FMN
D. FAD
E. Tiamindiphosphate
ANSWER: B
What enzyme transform glucose of meal in liver on glucose-6-phosphate?
A. Phosphoglucomutase
B. Phosphatase
C. Hexokinase
D. Fructokinase
E. Glucosisomerase
ANSWER: C
Which bile acids in most promote formation of gall-stones?
A. Cholic
B. Litocholic
C. Glycocholic
D. Taurocholic
E. Desoxycholic
ANSWER: B
Which component in bile helps to emulsify fat in the duodenum?
A. Bilirubin
B. Biliverdin
C. Bile salts
D. Cholesterol
E. Ketone bodies
ANSWER: C
Which from the adopted substances that are synthesized in liver do not „go to the export”, that not utillized other tiss
ues?
A. Glucose
B. Hormonoids
C. Fats
D. Ketone bodies
E. Proteins of blood plasma
ANSWER: B
Which molecule represents the storage form of glucose in the liver?
A. Glycogen
B. Glucagon
C. Disaccharide
D. Lactic acid
E. Pyruvate
ANSWER: A
Which of the following are liver waste products?
A. Bilirubin
B. Bile salts
C. Cholesterol
D. Electrolytes
E. Cholesterol
ANSWER: A
Which of the following has the most affinity for oxygen?
A. Hemoglobin F
B. Blood substitute
C. Hemoglobin A
D. Hemoglobin S
E. Bens-Jonce protein
ANSWER: A
Which of the following is a function of the adult liver?
A. Glycogen storage
B. Detoxification
C. Synthesis of clotting proteins
D. Urea formation
E. All of the above
ANSWER: E
Which of the following organs functions to remove poisonous substances and works to keep the contents of blood co
nstant?
A. Esophagus
B. Stomach
C. Duodenum
D. Pancreas
E. Liver
ANSWER: E
Which of the following organs produces bile?
A. Gallbladder
B. Liver
C. Duodenum
D. Stomach
E. Large intestine
ANSWER: B
Which organ has the most metabolically active cells?
A. Pancreas
B. Liver
C. Stomach
D. Small intestine
E. Lung
ANSWER: B
Which substanses activate a gluconeogenesis?
A. Glucagon
B. Oxaloacetate
C. PVA
D. Glucockortikoids
E. All of these
ANSWER: A
ADH test is based on the measurement of
A. Specific gravity of urine
B. Concentration of urea in urine
C. Concentration of urea in blood
D. Volume of urine in ml/minute
E. Concentration of uric acid in blood
ANSWER: A
?Which of the following condition is characterized by ketonuria but without glycosuria?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Diabetes insipidus
C. Prolonged starvation
D. Addison’s disease
E. Pellagra
ANSWER: C
Obesity is accumulation of _______ in the body.
A. Water
B. NaCl
C. Fats
D. Proteins
E. Vitamins
ANSWER: C
One of the leading pathogenetic chains in the development of radial pathology is the intensification of free-radical o
xidation processes. What matters are the main source of free radicals formation?
A. Water
B. Lipids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Proteins
E. Metal ions
ANSWER: B
Analysis of patient's lipogram showed the increase of some lipoproteins level. Choose the most atherogenic represen
tative of lipoproteins:
A. LDL
B. HDL
C. Chylomicrons
D. VLDL
E. Albumins
ANSWER: A
What blood index proofes diagnosis atherosclerosis?
A. Increase of total lipids in blood
B. Increase of ketone bodies in blood
C. Increase of high density liporoteins
D. Decrease of phospholipids in blood
E. Increase of low density liporoteins
ANSWER: E
After observation of a patient with diabetes mellitus ketonemia and ketonuria were established. Which of the below
-mentioned substances is the precussor of ketone bodies?
A. Acetyl-CoA
B. Oxaloacetate
C. alpha-ketoglutarate
D. Cholesterol
E. Unsaturated fatty acids
ANSWER: A
Ketone bodies can be used as the source of energy in the following organ(s) except:
A. In the brain (after a week of fasting it adapts to use it)
B. In the heart
C. In the liver
D. Renal cortex
E. None of the above
ANSWER: C
Splitting off acetyl-CoA in the final reaction of beta-oxidation of fatty acids is performed under effect of enzyme:
A. Dehydrogenase
B. Enolase
C. Hydrase
D. Lipase
E. Thiolase (acetyl-CoA-acyltransferase)
ANSWER: E
Fatty acid oxidation occurs:
A. Only in adipose tissue
B. Within liver parenchyma
C. Within mitochondria of many tissues
D. Only within arterial epithelium
E. Only within venous epithelium
ANSWER: C
For prevention of fatty liver degeneration is recommended to eat cheese. What essential amino acid, necessary for
phospholipids synthesis, is there in cheese?
A. Arginine
B. Proline
C. Valine
D. Lysine
E. Methionine
ANSWER: E
Bile acids are excreted into the intestine where they become bile salts due to:
A. The alkaline environment within the intestine
B. The acidic environment of the stomach
C. Alkaline hydrolysis
D. Formation of esters
E. Formation of amides due to the relatively high temperature and low rate of flow
ANSWER: A
N-end amino acids in the proteins splitt off by:
A. Dipeptidase
B. Carbooxypeptidase
C. Aminopeptidase
D. Elastase
E. Endopeptidase
ANSWER: C
GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid), which belongs to inhibiting mediators of central nervous system, is a product of
glutamic decarboxylation. What vitamin prescription is appropriate by convulsive state, caused by decrease if GAB
A formation?
A. B1
B. B9
C. B6
D. B5
E. B2
ANSWER: C
Patient has the diagnosis “malignant carcinoid”, amount of serotonine in blood increased greatly. Name amino acid,
able to form this biogenic amine:
A. Alanine
B. 5-oxytryptophane
C. Leucine
D. Threonine
E. Methionine
ANSWER: B
Coenzyme of amino acids decarboxylases is:
A. Thymidine diphosphate
B. Favin adenine dinucleotide
C. Favin mononucleotide
D. HS-CoA
E. PLP
ANSWER: E
Which of the following is not an amino acid?
A. Glutamic acid
B. Aspartic acid
C. Glutamine
D. Palmitic acid
E. Leucine
ANSWER: D
What type of covalent bonds link the amino acids in a protein?
A. Peptide bonds
B. Hydrogen bonds
C. Ionic bonds
D. Glycosidic bonds
E. Ester bonds
ANSWER: A
The newborn suffers from improper milk digestion due to lower activity of rennin. Rennin acts on casein of milk in
infants in presence of
A. Mg++
B. Zn++
C. Co++
D. Ca++
E. Fe++
ANSWER: D
A lipotropic factor was prescribed for the patient with liter cirrhosis. Which amino acid is a lipotropic factor?
A. Lysine
B. Leucine
C. Tryptophan
D. Methionine
E. All of these
ANSWER: D
The patient's Ritis' ratio (AsAT\AlAT) equals 0,8. Which disease does it testify?
A. Hepatitis
B. Pancreatitis
C. Gastritis
D. Cardiac infarction
E. Nephritis
ANSWER: A
The patient's Ritis' ratio (AsAT/AlAT) equals 2,8. Which disease does it testify?
A. Hepatitis
B. Pancreatitis
C. Gastritis
D. Cardiac infarction
E. Nephritis
ANSWER: D
All the following statements about pepsin are correct, except
A. It is smaller than pepsinogen
B. It is formed by the action of HCl on its precursor
C. Its optimum pH is 1.0–2.0
D. It hydrolyses the C-terminal and N-terminal peptide bonds of proteins
E. Cleaving the peptide bond formed by aromatic amino acids
ANSWER: A
As a result of amino acids decarboxylation in the organism are formed:
A. Ammonia, urea, creatine
B. Amines, diamines
C. Polypeptides, uric acid
D. Dipeptides, xanthine
E. Allantion, indican
ANSWER: B
What biologically active substance is formed in the process of decarboxylation of 5-hydroxytryptophane?
A. Corticosterone
B. Thyroxine
C. Serotonine
D. Histamine
E. Anserine
ANSWER: C
The acceptor of amino group in the processes of transamination is:
A. Pyruvate
B. Oxaloacetate
C. Alpha-ketoglutarate
D. Fumarate
E. Dioxyacetonephosphate
ANSWER: C
Which of the following is an amino acid that is found in proteins?
A. Adenosine
B. Adenine
C. Alanine
D. Linoleic acid
E. Creatine
ANSWER: C
Zymogen is
A. An intracellular enzyme
B. Serum enzyme
C. A complete extracellular enzyme
D. An inactive enzyme
E. Lipids
ANSWER: D
Number of amino acids present in the dietary proteins:
A. 22
B. 23
C. 20
D. 19
E. 12
ANSWER: C
Histidine is converted to histamine through the process of
A. Transamination
B. Decarboxylation
C. Oxidative deamination
D. Urea cycle
E. TCA
ANSWER: B
Physiologically active configuration of amino acids:
A. L
B. D
C. A
D. For some amino acids it is either of two
E. C
ANSWER: A
Naturally occurring amino acids have
A. L-Configuration
B. D-Configuration
C. DL-Configuration
D. F-Configuration
E. FD-Configuration
ANSWER: A
Which one of the following is an essential amino acid?
A. Arginine
B. Tyrosine
C. Phenylalanine
D. Proline
E. Serine
ANSWER: C
Which amino acid is a lipotropic factor?
A. Lysine
B. Lecuine
C. Tryptophan
D. Methionine
E. Alanin
ANSWER: D
Deamination is ______ of amino group.
A. Removal
B. Addition
C. Supplementation
D. Transfer
E. None of these
ANSWER: A
The milk protein in the stomach of the infants is digested by
A. Pepsin
B. Trypsin
C. Chymotrypsin
D. Rennin
E. Amilase
ANSWER: D
Achylia gastrica is said to be when absence of
A. Pepsin only
B. Both pepsin and HCl
C. HCl only
D. Bile
E. All of these
ANSWER: B
The neutral amino acids for absorption need
A. TPP
B. PLP
C. NAD+
D. NADP+
E. FAD
ANSWER: B
Protein anabolism is stimulated by
A. ACTH
B. Testosterone
C. Glucagon
D. Epinephrine
E. Norepinephrine
ANSWER: B
The metabolism of protein is integrated with that of carbohydrate and fat through
A. Oxaloacetate
B. Citrate
C. Isocitrate
D. Malate
E. Fumarate
ANSWER: A
Amino acids provide the nitrogen for the synthesis of
A. Nitrogen bases
B. Uric acid
C. Glycolipids
D. Chondroitin sulphates
E. None of these
ANSWER: A
The transaminase activity needs the coenzyme:
A. ATP
B. PLP
C. FAD+
D. NAD+
E. TPP
ANSWER: B
Oxidative conversion of many amino acids to their corresponding –ketoacids occurs in mammalian:
A. Liver and kidney
B. Adipose tissue
C. Pancreas
D. Intestine
E. Stomach
ANSWER: A
Inactive zymogens are precursors of all the following gastrointestinal enzymes except
A. Carboxypeptidase
B. Pepsin
C. Amino peptidase
D. Chymotrypsin
E. Trypsin
ANSWER: C
Which of the amino acid produces a vasodilator on decarboxylation?
A. Glutamin acid
B. Histidine
C. Ornithine
D. Cysteine
E. Valine
ANSWER: B
The milk protein in the stomach of the infants is digested by
A. Pepsin
B. Trypsin
C. Chymotrypsin
D. Rennin
E. Carboxypeptidase
ANSWER: D
The percentage of nitrogen retained in the body after absorption of diet represents
A. Digestibility coefficient of proteins
B. Biological value of proteins
C. Protein efficiency ratio
D. Net protein utilisation
E. All of these
ANSWER: B
What contents of free hydrochloric acid is in the gastric juice?
A. 10-20 mmol/l
B. 20-40 mmol/l
C. 40-60 mmol/l
D. 60-80 mmol/l
E. 80-100 mmol/l
ANSWER: B
Which enzyme cleaves proteins in the stomach?
A. Trypsin
B. Chymotrypsin
C. Carboxypeptidase
D. Enterokinase
E. Pepsin
ANSWER: E
Which pathological component appears in the gastric juice in cancer of the stomach?
A. Lactic acid
B. Hydrochloric acid
C. Acetic acid
D. Sulfuric acid
E. Citric acid
ANSWER: A
Which enzyme activates the trypsinogen?
A. Chymotrypsin
B. Carboxypeptidase
C. Enterokinase
D. Trypsin
E. Aminopeptidase
ANSWER: C
Which compounds are formed during the oxidative deamination of amino acids?
A. Keto acid and ammonia.
B. Saturated fatty acid and ammonia.
C. Unsaturated fatty acid and ammonia.
D. Keto acid and H2O.
E. Ammonia
ANSWER: A
Which enzyme takes part in oxidative deamination of amino acids?
A. Pyridine-linked oxidase.
B. Pyridine-linked dehydrogenase.
C. Pyridine-linked carboxypeptidase
D. Pyridine-linked transferase.
E. Pepsin
ANSWER: B
Which vitamins take part in deamination of amino acids?
A. B6
B. B3
C. B5
D. B1
ANSWER: C
Which of the following is an essential amino acid?
A. Glutamine
B. Proline
C. Methionine
D. Cysteine
E. Asparagine
ANSWER: C
What chemical compound is formed in reaction of amino acids transamination?
A. Ammonia.
B. H2O.
C. Alpha-Keto-acid.
D. Acetyl CoA.
E. CO2.
ANSWER: C
Bioactive amines are formed in reaction of:
A. Transamination.
B. Decarboxylisation.
C. Oxidation.
D. Deamination.
E. Hydrolytic deamination
ANSWER: B
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) transfers an amino group from alanine to:
A. Pyruvate
B. Alpha-ketoglutarate
C. Oxaloacetate
D. Methionine
E. Carbamoyl phosphate
ANSWER: B
What disease can be proved by increase of AsAT in blood?
A. Parotiditis
B. Gastritis
C. Pancreatitis
D. Cardiac infarction
E. Pneumonia
ANSWER: D
By decarboxylation of histidine______ is formed:
A. Tyramine
B. Histamine
C. Putrescine
D. Cadaverine
E. Serotonine
ANSWER: B
Coenzyme of amino acids decarboxylases is:
A. Thymidine diphosphate
B. Flavin adenine dinucleotide
C. Flavin mononucleotide
D. HS-CoA
E. PLP
ANSWER: E
Name the compound in the urine, which is a marker of protein putrescence in the intestine:
A. Urates
B. Urea
C. Creatinine
D. Indican
E. Lactic acid
ANSWER: D
Amino acids from N-end in the proteins are splitted off by
A. Dipeptidase
B. Carbooxypeptidase
C. Aminopeptidase
D. Elastase
E. Endopeptidase
ANSWER: C
The amount of general acidity in gastric juice of a patient P. is normal. Which of the listed numbers is true in this cas
e?
A. 30-40 mM/l
B. 40-60 mM/l
C. 20-30 mM/l
D. 30-50 mM/l
E. 20-40 mM/l
ANSWER: B
To endopeptidases belong all below-mentioned enzymes, except:
A. Pepsin
B. Elastase
C. Carboxypeptidase
D. Chymotrypsin
E. Trypsin
ANSWER: C
The activator of trypsinogen is:
A. Hydrochloric acid
B. Chymotrypsin
C. Enterokinase
D. Aminopeptidase
E. Carboxypeptidase
ANSWER: C
Achylia is lack of:
A. Gastric juices acidity
B. Pepsin in gastric juices
C. Pepsin and hydrochloric acid in gastric juices
D. Free hydrochloric acid in gastric juices
E. Lactic acid in gastric juices
ANSWER: C
Aspartate amino transferase produses the following for transamination:
A. Glutamic acid and pyruvic acid
B. Glutamic acid and oxaloacetic acid
C. Aspartic acid and pyruvic acid
D. aspartic acid and keto adipic acid
E. None of these
ANSWER: B
The main enzymatic reaction requiring pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme is :
A. Reduction
B. Transamination
C. Deamination
D. Reamination
E. Oxidation
ANSWER: B
Pyridoxal phosphate is the active coenzyme form of vitamin:
A. B1.
B. B2.
C. B3.
D. B6.
E. B12
ANSWER: D
Absorption of Vitamin B12 requires the presence of:
A. Pepsin
B. Hydrochloric acid
C. Intrinsic factor
D. B1
E. Rennin
ANSWER: C
Tryptophan could be considered as precursor of
A. Serotonin
B. Thyroid hormones
C. Melanin
D. Epinephrine
E. Norepinephrine
ANSWER: A
A limiting amino acid is an essential amino acid
A. That is most deficient in proteins
B. That is most excess in proteins
C. That which increases the growth
D. That which increases the weight gain
E. None of these
ANSWER: A
Alanine can be synthesized from
A. Glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate
B. Pyruvate and glutamate
C. Pyruvate and alpha -ketoglutarate
D. Asparate and alpha –ketoglutarate
E. All of these
ANSWER: B
All of the following are required for synthesis of alanine except
A. Pyruvate
B. alpha -ketoglutarate
C. Glutamate
D. Pyridoxal phosphate
E. Vitamin B6
ANSWER: B
The amino acid that undergoes oxidative deamination at significant rate is
A. Alanine
B. Aspartate
C. Glutamate
D. Glutamine
E. Valine
ANSWER: C
An organ which is extremely sensitive to ammonia toxicity is
A. Liver
B. Brain
C. Kidney
D. Heart
E. Spleen
ANSWER: B
Ammonia is transported from muscles to liver mainly in the form of
A. Free ammonia
B. Glutamine
C. Asparagine
D. Alanine
E. Albumine
ANSWER: D
The major site of urea synthesis is
A. Brain
B. Kidneys
C. Liver
D. Muscles
E. Lungs
ANSWER: C
Daily excretion of nitrogen by an adult man is about
A. 15–20 mg
B. 1.5–2 gm
C. 6–17 gm
D. 15–20 gm
E. 2-3 mg
ANSWER: C
Which amino acid is a lipotropic factor?
A. Lysine
B. Leucine
C. Tryptophan
D. Methionine
E. All of these
ANSWER: D
NH3 is detoxified in brain chiefly as
A. Urea
B. Uric acid
C. Creatinine
D. Glutamine
E. Alanine
ANSWER: D
In humans, NH3 is detoxified in liver as
A. Creatinine
B. Uric acid
C. Urea
D. Uronic acid
E. Salts of uric acid
ANSWER: C
From two amino acids peptide bond formation involves removal of one molecule of
A. Water
B. Ammonia
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Carboxylic acid
E. Carbon mooxide
ANSWER: A
In human and other ureotelic organisms, the end product of amino acid nitrogen metabolism:
A. Bile acids
B. Ketone bodies
C. Urea
D. Barium sulphate
E. Ammonia
ANSWER: C
Oxaloacetate is converted to aspartic acid by
A. Reductase
B. Oxidase
C. Transaminase
D. Catalase
E. Decarboxylase
ANSWER: C
Pancreatic juice contains all of the following except
A. Trypsinogen
B. Lipase
C. Cholecystokinin
D. Chymnotrypsinogen
E. Elastase
ANSWER: C
The milk protein in the stomach of an adult is digested by
A. Pepsin
B. Rennin
C. HCl
D. Chymotrypsinogen
E. Elastase
ANSWER: A
Only one type of digestive juice contains carbohydrate, protein and fat-digesting enzymes. Which one is it?
A. Pancreatic juice
B. Saliva
C. Bile
D. Intestinal juice
E. Gastric juice
ANSWER: A
The end product of protein digestion in G.I.T. is
A. Dipeptide
B. Tripeptide
C. Polypeptide
D. Amino acid
E. Peptide
ANSWER: D
The main site of urea synthesis in mammals is
A. Liver
B. Skin
C. Intestine
D. Kidney
E. Lung
ANSWER: A
The enzymes of urea synthesis are found in
A. Mitochondria only
B. Cytosol only
C. Both mitochondria and cytosol
D. Nucleus
E. Lysosoms
ANSWER: C
Excess amino acids in the body are broken down to form urea in
A. Kidney
B. Liver
C. Spleen
D. Pancreas
E. Stomach
ANSWER: B
The amount of urea in patient's urine is normal. Which of the below mentioned indexes is true in this case?
A. 10-15 g
B. 20-40 g
C. 10-35 g
D. 30-35 g
E. 50-60 g
ANSWER: D
What amino acid in the process of urea biosynthesis is splitted to urea and ornithine?
A. Leucine
B. Citrulline
C. Arginine
D. Valine
E. Proline
ANSWER: C
The synthesis of urea finishes with:
A. Condencation of citrulline from NH3
B. Fermentative hydrolysis of arginine to ornithine and urea
C. Synthesis of arginine from citrulline
D. Oxidation to ornithine and urea with participation of O2 and arginine
E. Oxidation of arginine with participation of O2 to ornithine and urea
ANSWER: B
With which of the below mentioned pathways is connected the cycle of urea formation?
A. PPP
B. Tricarboxylic acid cycle
C. Gluconeogenesis
D. Glycolysis
E. Lipogenesis
ANSWER: B
Non-protein amino acid is
A. Ornithine
B. alpha-alanine
C. alpha-amino butyric acid
D. All of these
E. Serine
ANSWER: A
The following enzyme of urea cycle is present in cytosol:
A. Argininosuccinic acid synthetase
B. Argininosuccinase
C. Arginase
D. All of these
E. Ornithin-carbamoilphosphatetransferase
ANSWER: D
One of the following amino acid is solely ketogenic:
A. Lysine
B. Alanine
C. Valine
D. Glutamate
E. Arginine
ANSWER: A
Along with CO2, NH3 and ATP the amino acid that is needed in urea cycle is
A. Alanine
B. Isoleucine
C. Aspartate
D. Glycine
E. Valine
ANSWER: C
Control of urea cycle involves the enzyme:
A. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
B. Ornithine transcarbamoylase
C. Argininosuccinase
D. Arginase
E. Fumarase
ANSWER: A
ATP is required in following reactions of urea cycle:
A. Synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate and citrulline
B. Synthesis of citrulline and argininosuccinate
C. Synthesis of argininosuccinate and arginine
D. Synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate and argininosuccinate
E. All of the above
ANSWER: D
Which of the following molecules will be formed from the carbon skeleton of a ketogenic amino acid?
A. Acetyl-CoA
B. Oxaloacetate
C. Pyruvate
D. alpha-ketoglutarate
E. Acetoacetyl-CoA
ANSWER: A
The amount of urea in the patient's blood is 16 mmol/l, in daily urine 6 g. The possible reason of this state is:
A. Liver disease
B. Starvation
C. Kidney disease
D. Acidosis
E. Thyrotoxicosis
ANSWER: C
GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid), which belongs to inhibiting mediators of central nervous system, is a product of
glutamate decarboxylation. What vitamin prescription is appropriate at convulsions, caused by decrease in GABA f
ormation?
A. B1
B. B9
C. B6
D. B5
E. B2
ANSWER: C
Conversion of uridine diphosphate into deoxyuridine diphosphate requires all the following except
A. Ribonucleotide reductase
B. Thioredoxin
C. Tetrahydrobiopterin
D. NADPH
E. All listed
ANSWER: C
Cytosolic carbamoyl phosphate synthetase is inhibited by
A. UTP
B. CTP
C. PRPP
D. TMP
E. All of these
ANSWER: A
Deoxyribonucleotides are formed by reduction of
A. Ribonucleosides
B. Ribonucleoside monophosphates
C. Ribonucleoside diphosphates
D. Ribonucleoside triphosphates
E. All of these
ANSWER: C
DNA does not contain
A.
ANSWER: A
?DNA is
A. Usually present in tissues as a nucleo protein nd cannot be separated from its protein component
B. A long chain polymer in which the internucleotide linkages are of the diester type between C-3’ and C-5’
C. Different from RNA since in the latter the internucleotide linkages are between C-2’ and C-5’
D. Hydrolyzed by weal alkali (pH9 to 100°C)
E. Hydrolyzed by weal acidi (pH3 to 100°C)
ANSWER: B
DNA rich in A-T pairs have
A. 1 Hydrogen bond
B. 2 Hydrogen bonds
C. 3 Hydrogen bonds
D. 4 Hydrogen bonds
E. None of the above
ANSWER: B
During de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, the first ring compound to be formed is
A. Carbamoyl aspartic acid
B. Dihydro-orotic acid
C. Orotic acid
D. Orotidine monophosphate
E. Aspartic acid
ANSWER: B
For synthesis of CTP and UTP, the amino group comes from
A. Amide group of Asparagine
B. Amide group of glutamine
C. Alfa-Amino group of glutamine
D. Alfa-Amino group of glutamate
E. Ammonia
ANSWER: B
For the synthesis of TMP from dump, a coenzyme is required which is
A. N10- Formyl tetrahydrofolate
B. N5- Methyl tetrahydrofolate
C. N5, N10- Methylene tetrahydrofolate
D. N5- Formimino tetrahydrofolate
E. None of these
ANSWER: C
Genetic information flows from
A. DNA to DNA
B. DNA to RNA
C. RNA to cellular proteins
D. DNA to cellular proteins
E. RNA to RNA
ANSWER: B
Gout is a metabolic disorder of catabolism of
A. Pyrimidine
B. Purine
C. Alanine
D. Phenylalanine
E. Valine
ANSWER: B
In purine biosynthesis carbon atoms at 4 and 5 position and N at 7 position are contributed by
A. Glycine
B. Glutamine
C. Alanine
D. Threonine
E. THFA
ANSWER: A
In purine nucleus nitrogen atom at 1 position is derived from
A. Aspartate
B. Glutamate
C. Glycine
D. Alanine
E. THFA
ANSWER: A
Intestinal nucleosidases act on nucleosides and produce
A. Purine base only
B. Phosphate only
C. Sugar only
D. Purine or pyrimidine bases and sugars
E. All of the above
ANSWER: D
Purine biosynthesis is inhibited by
A. Aminopterin
B. Tetracyclin
C. Methotrexate
D. Chloramphenicol
E. Interferon
ANSWER: A
The cofactors required for synthesis of adenylosuccinate are
A. ATP, Mg++
B. ADP
C. GTP, Mg++
D. GDP
E. AMP
ANSWER: C
The following cannot be salvaged in human beings:
A. Cytidine
B. Deoxycytidine
C. Cytosine
D. Thymidine
E. Both A and B
ANSWER: C
The sugar moiety present in DNA is
A. Deoxyribose
B. Ribose
C. Lyxose
D. Ribulose
E. Glucose
ANSWER: A
Transcription is the formation of
A. DNA from a parent DNA
B. mRNA from a parent mRNA
C. mRNA from DNA
D. protein through mRNA
E. protein through DNA
ANSWER: C
Translation is the formation of
A. DNA from DNA
B. mRNA from DNA
C. Protein through mRNA
D. mRNA from pre mRNA
E. Protein through DNA
ANSWER: C
Which of the following contains a deoxysugar?
A. RNA
B. DNA
C. ATP
D. UTP
E. AMP
ANSWER: B
Amount of uric acid which excreted daily is:
A. Not excreted
B. 10-12 g/day
C. 4-8 mg/day
D. 270-600 mg/day
E. 2-5 g/day
ANSWER: D
Carbamoyl phosphate reacts with aspartate with formation:
A. Dihydroorotic acid
B. Orotic acid
C. Orotidine-5-phosphate
D. Carbamoyl aspartate
E. UDP
ANSWER: D
Choose enzyme which catalyses the first reaction of pyrimidine nucleotides biosynthesis:
A. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
B. Phosphoribosil transferase
C. Ornitine carbamoyl phosphattransferase
D. Aspartate aminotransferase
E. Alanine aminotransferase
ANSWER: A
Choose the substance which gives the most atoms for purine ring:
A. aspartate
B. glycine
C. glutamine
D. formyl -THF
E. CO2
ANSWER: B
De novo synthesis of purine nucleotide occurs in
A. Mitochondria
B. Cytosol
C. Microsmes
D. Ribosomes
E. Nucleus
ANSWER: B
De novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides occurs in
A. Mitochondria
B. Cytosol
C. Microsomes
D. Nucleus
E. Ribosomes
ANSWER: B
Deficiency of which of below mentioned enzyme causes orotaciduria?
A. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase ІІ
B. Aspartate carbamoyl transferase
C. Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase
D. Orotate carboxylase
E. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
ANSWER: C
Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints results in development of such desease:
A. Pellagra
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Xanthinuria
D. Gout
E. Alkaptonuria
ANSWER: D
Disorders of pyrimidine nucleotides biosynthesis inhibit all process except:
A. Biosynthesis of DNA
B. Biosynthesis of m-RNA
C. Transport of amino acid through cell’s membranes
D. Transport of amino acid from a cytoplasm to ribosomes
E. Biosynthesis of proteins
ANSWER: C
Disorders of pyrimidine nucleotides synthesis take place at blocking of primary synthesis one of them. Choose this n
ucleotide:
A. UMP
B. CMP
C. TMP
D. AMP
E. GMP
ANSWER: A
Double helical structure model of the DNA was proposed by
A. Pauling and Corey
B. Peter Mitchell
C. Watson and Crick
D. King and Wooten
E. Horbachevsky
ANSWER: C
For de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides, glycine provides
A. One nitrogen atom
B. One nitrogen and one carbon atom
C. Two carbon atoms
D. One nitrogen and two carbon atoms
E. Three carbon atoms
ANSWER: D
For DNA biosynthesis are used dАТP, dGТP, dТТP, dCТP. Which enzyme catalyses their synthesis from nucleosid
monophosphates?
A. Phosphorylase
B. Kinase
C. Phosphatase
D. Phosphodiesterase
E. Phosphoglucomutase
ANSWER: B
For the synthesis of DNA followings nucleosidphosphates is used except:
A. dАТP
B. dUТP
C. dGТP
D. dCТP
E. dТТP
ANSWER: B
For the synthesis of pyrimidine bases used all substanses except:
A. NH3
B. CO2
C. ATP
D. N2O
E. H2SO4
ANSWER: E
For transformation of inosine monophosphate to adenylate NH2 is needed. The donor of it is:
A. glycine
B. aspartate
C. glutamine
D. serine
E. methionine
ANSWER: B
Formation of deoxyribonucleotides takes place with reduction of OH-group C-2 ribose with coenzyme:
A. NADPH
B. NADH
C. FADH2
D. TPP
E. HSCoA
ANSWER: A
Four atoms of nitrogen are in purine ring. Which amino acid gives a nitrogen atom for purine synthesis?
A. alanine
B. methionine
C. aspartate
D. glutamate
E. serine
ANSWER: C
Free purine bases which can be salvaged are
A. Adenine and guanine
B. Adenine and hypoxanthine
C. Guanine and hypoxanthine
D. Adenine, guanine and hypoxanthine
E. Hypoxanthine
ANSWER: D
Genetic information originates from
A. Cistron of DNA
B. Codons of mRNA
C. Anticodons of tRNA
D. Histones of nucleoproteins
E. All of these
ANSWER: A
Gout is characterized by increased plasma levels of
A. Urea
B. Uric acid
C. Creatine
D. Creatinine
E. Ammonia
ANSWER: B
How uric acid excretes from an organism?
A. With saliva
B. With feces
C. With sweat
D. With urine
E. With hepato-enteral circulation
ANSWER: D
If the amino group and a carboxylic group of the amino acid are attached to same carbon atom, the amino acid is call
ed as
A. Alpha
B. Beta
C. Gamma
D. Epsilon
E. Delta
ANSWER: A
In DNA, the complementary base of adenine is
A. Guanine
B. Cytosine
C. Uracil
D. Thymine
E. Adenine
ANSWER: D
In humans end product of purine catabolism is
A. Uric acid
B. Urea
C. Allantoin
D. Xanthine
E. Ammonia
ANSWER: A
In nucleotides, phosphate is attached to sugar by
A. Salt bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Ester bond
D. Glycosidic bond
E. Peptide bond
ANSWER: C
In purine biosynthesis ring closure in the molecule formyl glycinamide ribosyl-5-phosphate requires the cofactors:
A. ADP
B. NAD
C. FAD
D. ATP and Mg++
E. AMP
ANSWER: D
In the pathway of de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides, all the following are allosteric enzymes except
A. PRPP glutamyl amido transferase
B. Adenylosuccinate synthetase
C. IMP dehydrogenase
D. Adenylosuccinase
E. Both A and D
ANSWER: D
In the purine nucleus, carbon 6 is contributed by
A. Glycine
B. CO2
C. Aspartate
D. Glutamine
E. THFA
ANSWER: B
In which process mononucleotides does not take part?
A. Synthesis of nucleic acids
B. Formation of nucleotide coenzymes
C. Realization of genetic information
D. Form the products of nitrogenous (nucleic) metabolism
E. Treatment of gout
ANSWER: C
Inosine monophophate is an intermediate during the de novo synthesis of
A. AMP and GMP
B. CMP and UMP
C. CMP and TMP
D. ATP and AMP
E. All of these
ANSWER: A
Intermediate products of disintegration of purine nucleotides – xanthine and hypoxanthine are products of metabolis
m:
A. TMP and ADP
B. AMP and GMP
C. CTP and ATP
D. CTP and GTP
E. CTP and TMP
ANSWER: B
Last reaction of uric acid synthesis catalyses such enzyme:
A. 5-nucleotides
B. Adenosine deaminase
C. Xantine oxidase
D. Guanine deaminase
E. Phosphorylase
ANSWER: C
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, the sex linked recessive disorder is due to the lack of the enzyme:
A. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferse
B. Xanthine oxidase
C. Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase
D. Adenosine deaminase
E. Both A and B
ANSWER: A
Medicine, which is used for treatment of gout is the structural analogue of hypoxanthine, it:
A. Salts of lithium
B. Anturan
C. Allopyrinol
D. Uridine
E. Acetilisoniazid
ANSWER: C
Name a coenzyme which takes part in transformation of dihydroorotic acid to orotic acid:
A. FAD
B. FMN
C. NAD
D. PLP
E. TDPK
ANSWER: C
Name an enzyme which catalyzes oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid:
A. Pyrophosphorylase
B. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
C. Succcinate dehydrogenase
D. Cytochrom oxidase
E. Xanthine oxidase
ANSWER: E
Name nitrogen bases that enter into the structure of DNA:
A. Guanine, uracil, thymine
B. Cytosine, uracil, thymine
C. Uracil, adenine, guanine
D. Adenine, thymine, guanine
E. Thymine, adenine, uracil
ANSWER: D
Name nitrogenous bases included into the structure of RNA:
A. Guanine, uracil, thymine
B. Cytosine, adenine, thymine
C. Uracil, adenine, guanine
D. Adenine, thymine, guanine
E. Thymine, adenine, uracil
ANSWER: C
Name products of nucleoproteins digesting:
A. Carbohydrates and lipids
B. Lipids and nucleic acids
C. Proteins and nucleic acids
D. Lipids and proteins
E. Carbohydrates and proteins
ANSWER: C
Name the first reaction of biosynthesis of purine nucleotides:
A. Reaction of ribose-5-phosphate with glycine
B. Reaction of ribose-5-phosphate with ATP
C. Reaction of aspartate and THFA
D. Condensation of pyrimidine and diazole rings with formation of purine
E. Reaction of AMF with ribose-5-phosphate
ANSWER: B
Name the structural monomers of DNA molecule:
A. Mononucleotides
B. Nucleosides
C. Nitric bases
D. Polynucleotides
E. Peptides
ANSWER: A
Name the substrate for synthesis of pyrimidine bases:
A. Cytosine
B. Ornithine
C. Carbamoyl phosphate
D. Citrate
E. Fumarate
ANSWER: C
Nitrogen at position 1 of pyrimidine nucleus comes from
A. Glutamine
B. Glutamate
C. Glycine
D. Aspartate
E. Asparagine
ANSWER: D
Nitrogen at position 3 of pyrimidine nucleus comes from
A. Glutamine
B. Glutamate
C. Glycine
D. Aspartate
E. Ammonia
ANSWER: A
Nitrogenous bases are used for the synthesis of such substances as?
A. Cholesterol
B. Carbohydrates
C. Catecholamines
D. Nucleic acids
E. Fatty acids
ANSWER: D
Normal level of uric acid in blood is:
A. 0,12-0,46 mmol/l
B. 1,7-2,05 mmol/l
C. 20-40 grammes/l
D. 3,3-5,5 mmol/l
E. 3-8 mmol/l
ANSWER: A
Nucleic acids are:
A. Mononucleotides
B. Nucleosides
C. Nucleoproteins
D. Polynucleotides
E. Dinucleotides
ANSWER: D
Nucleotides required for the synthesis of nucleic acids can be obtained from
A. Dietary nucleic acids and nucleotides
B. De novo synthesis
C. Salvage of pre-existing bases and nucleosides
D. De novo synthesis and salvage
E. Both A and B
ANSWER: D
Orotaciduriya is accompanied the followings symptoms:
A. Dermatitis of the opened areas of body
B. Bleeding, disorders of growth
C. Disorders of mental development, galactosemia
D. Disorders of physical and mental development, megaloblastic anemia
E. Diarrhea, dermatitis, demention
ANSWER: D
Purine consists of the condensed rings of two heterocycles – pyrimidine and imidazole. Which substance gives nitro
gen atoms simultaneously for pyrimidine and imidazole rings:
A. aspartate
B. formyl
C. methenil -THF
D. glycine
E. glutamine
ANSWER: E
Synthesis of purine nucleotides requires low-molecular precursors, products of metabolism:
A. Lipids and proteins
B. Carbohydrates and proteins
C. Enzymes and vitamins
D. Lipids and carbohydrates
E. Lipids and vitamins
ANSWER: B
Synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides is inhibited with the following substanse:
A. GMP
B. AMP
C. cАМP
D. UMP
E. ATP
ANSWER: D
The carbon atom at position 2 of pyrimidine nucleus is contributed by
A. CO2
B. Glycine
C. Aspartate
D. Glutamine
E. None of these
ANSWER: A
The carbon atoms of pyrimidine nucleus are provided by
A. Glycine and aspartate
B. CO2 and aspartate
C. CO2 and glutamate
D. CO2 and glutamine
E. Aspartate
ANSWER: B
The carbon of the pentose in ester linkage with the phosphate in a nucleotide structure is
A. C1
B. C3
C. C4
D. C5
E. C2
ANSWER: D
The coenzyme of uracile dehydrogenase is:
A. FAD
B. PLP
C. Coenzyme A
D. NAD
E. FMN
ANSWER: D
The constant increase of uric acid concentration in blood is named:
A. Uremia
B. Hyperazotemia
C. Hyperacidemia
D. Hyperlaktemia
E. Hyperglycemia
ANSWER: A
The correct sequence of the reactions of catabolism of adenosine to uric acid is
A. Adenosine>hypoxanthine>xanthine>uric acid
B. Adenosine>xanthine>inosine>uric acid
C. Adenosine>inosine>hypoxanthine>xanthine>uric acid
D. Adenosine>xanthine>inosine>hypoxanthine>uric acid
E. Adenosine>inosine>>uric acid
ANSWER: C
The end product of purine catabolism in man is
A. Inosine
B. Hypoxanthine
C. Xanthine
D. Uric acid
E. Urea
ANSWER: D
The enzyme required for salvage of free purine bases is
A. Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase
B. Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
C. Both (A) and (B)
D. PRPP synthetase
E. None of these
ANSWER: C
The first true pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesized is
A. UMP
B. UDP
C. TMP
D. CTP
E. AMP
ANSWER: B
The following compounds are formed in complete hydrolysis of nucleic acids, except:
A. Phosphoric acid
B. Pentoses
C. Purine bases
D. Acetic acid
E. Adenine
ANSWER: D
The genetic disorder of UMP synthesis often blocks such process:
A. Formation of carbamoylphospate
B. Reaction of carbamoylphospate with aspartate
C. Oxidation of dihydroorotic acid
D. Formation of orotidilyc acid from orotic
E. Decarboxilation of orotidilyc acid
ANSWER: D
The major determinant of the overall rate of denovo purine nucleotide biosynthesis is the concentration of
A. 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate
B. 5-phospho D-ribosylamine
C. Glycinamide ribosyl-5-phosphate
D. Formylglycinamide ribosyl-5-phosphate
E. Glucose
ANSWER: A
The nitrogen atoms of pyrimidine nucleus are provided by
A. Glutamate
B. Glutamate and aspartate
C. Glutamine
D. Glutamine and aspartate
E. Ammonia
ANSWER: D
The possible reason of uric acid excretion decrease:
A. Action of ionizing an radiation
B. Kidney insufficiency
C. Leucosis
D. Burns
E. Malignant tumor
ANSWER: B
The product of disintegration of thymine is:
A. alfa-alanine
B. Dihydrouracil
C. beta -aminoisobutyrate
D. Uredoisobutyrate
E. Ant acid
ANSWER: C
The reactions of uric acid synthesis take place mainly in:
A. Cytoplasm of hepatocytes
B. Mitochondria of myocytes
C. Nucleus of hepatocytes
D. Cytoplasm of kidney’s cells
E. Lysosomes of adrenal’s cells
ANSWER: A
The two nitrogen of the pyrimidine ring are contributed by
A. Ammonia and glycine
B. Asparate and carbamoyl phosphate
C. Glutamine and ammonia
D. Aspartate and ammonia
E. Ammonia and ammonia
ANSWER: B
Uracil and ribose form
A. Uridine
B. Cytidine
C. Guanosine
D. Adenosine
E. Uric acid
ANSWER: A
Uracil is formed in reaction of such substance decarboxilation :
A. Orotic acid
B. Aspartic acid
C. Serine
D. Glutamine
E. Histidine
ANSWER: A
_______________ join DNA fragments to the lagging strand.
A. Telomeres
B. Centromeres
C. Helicase
D. Ligases
E. Antiparallel strands
ANSWER: D
A molecule of DNA is a polymer composed of
A. Glucose
B. Amino acids
C. Fatty acids
D. Nucleotides
E. Vitamins
ANSWER: D
A reaction of the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids in the process of translation is catalyzed by:
A. Peptydyltransferase
B. Aminoacylsynthetase
C. Peptidylligase
D. Peptidase
E. Peptydylhydrolase
ANSWER: A
All of the below mentioned are the components of the protein synthesis system, except:
A. Ribosomes
B. m-RNA
C. t-RNA
D. Regulatory proteins
E. DNA
ANSWER: E
Areas of a eukaryotic gene that are represented in the final protein product are termed __________.
A. Introns
B. Mutons
C. Recons
D. Exons
E. Cistrons
ANSWER: D
By convention, the sequence of bases in a nucleic acid is usually expressed in the _________ direction
A. 3' to 1'
B. 3' to 5'
C. 1' to 3'
D. 5' to 3'
E. Clockwise
ANSWER: D
Codons are composed of:
A. Triplet sequences of nucleotide bases in mRNA
B. Triplet sequences of nucleotide bases in DNA
C. Triplet sequences of amino acids in polypeptide chains
D. Triplet sequences of deoxyribose sugars in DNA
E. None of the above
ANSWER: A
Common mechanisms of action of tetracyclin, streptomycin and levomycitin:
A. All these antibiotics inhibits replication
B. All these antibiotics inhibits transcription
C. All these antibiotics inhibits translation
D. All these antibiotics stimulate the synthesis of protein
E. All these antibiotics inhibits posttraslation modifications of protein
ANSWER: C
Conformity of A-T, G-C in the DNA molecule is defined as a rule of:
A. Watson
B. Crick
C. Chargaphe
D. Jakob
E. Starling
ANSWER: C
DNA is made up of a phosphate group, an organic base, and:
A. A protein
B. A sugar
C. A molecule of ATP
D. A fat
E. None of the above
ANSWER: B
Each unit of a nucleic acid consisting of a sugar, attached phosphate group, and base is a
A. Nucleolus
B. Nucleotide
C. Nucleosome
D. Histone
E. Genetisome
ANSWER: B
First stage of proteins biosynthesis – activation of amino acids is catalyzed by:
A. Aminoacyl-kinase
B. Aminoacyl- transferases
C. Aminoacyl-t-RNA- hydrolases
D. Aminoacyl-t-RNA- synthetases
E. Аміноаcyl-t-RNA- lyases
ANSWER: D
For the activation of amino acids in the first stage of proteins biosynthesis the following ion is needed:
A. Ca2+
B. Na+
C. K+
D. ClE. Mg2+
ANSWER: E
For the process of transcription the followings components are needed, except:
A. DNA-matrix
B. DNA-depending-RNA-polymerase
C. Nucleoside triphosphates
D. Ions of Mg2+
E. Ions of Fe2+
ANSWER: E
Genetic code is informative only when it is read in direction:
A. 5 - 3
B. From right to left
C. Direction is not important
D. 33 – 4
E. 3 - 5
ANSWER: E
Give the definition of transcription term:
A. A biosynthesis of RNA on DNA-matrix
B. Synthesis of daughter molecules of DNA
C. Synthesis of proteins, the amino acid sequence of which is determined by the nucleotide sequence of mRNA
D. Enzymatic deleting and repeating synthesis of areas of DNA
E. Moving of gene or groups of genes
ANSWER: A
How many combinations of DNA nitrogen bases are possible in a DNA triplet code?
A. 20
B. 32
C. 64
D. 128
E. 19
ANSWER: A
In a double stranded molecule of DNA, the ratio of purines : pyrimidines is:
A. Variable
B. Determined by the base sequence in RNA
C. Genetically determined
D. Always 1:1
E. Determined by the number of purines in the sense strand of the DNA
ANSWER: D
In DNA guanine always pairs with
A. Adenine
B. Cytosine
C. Guanine
D. Thymine
E. Uracil
ANSWER: D
In DNA, thymine always pairs with
A. Adenine
B. Cytosine
C. Guanine
D. Thymine
E. Uracil
ANSWER: A
In nucleic acids, the free hydroxyl group is attached to the _______________ carbon of the sugar.
A. 5'
B. 4'
C. 3'
D. 2'
E. 1'
ANSWER: C
In nucleic acids, the phosphate group is attached to the ___ carbon of the sugar.
A. 5'
B. 4'
C. 3'
D. 2'
E. 1'
ANSWER: A
In replication of DNA, the helix is opened and untwisted by
A. Ribase
B. Ligase
C. Deoxase
D. Helicase
E. Polymerase
ANSWER: D
In the DNA molecule:
A. Adenine pairs with thymine
B. Guanine pairs with thymine
C. Cytosine pairs with thymine
D. Adenine pairs with cytosine
E. All of the above are possible.
ANSWER: A
In the process of elongation there is untwisting of the double-helical DNA areas with formation of the bonds in poly
ribonucleotide chain. What bonds are formed?
A. 1,6-glycosidic
B. B-1,4- glycosidic
C. 3'-5'- phosphodiester
D. Disulfide
E. Ionic
ANSWER: C
Initiation aminoacyl-t-RNA in eukaryotes is:
A. Alanine-t-RNA
B. Histidine –t-RNA
C. Methionine –t-RNA
D. Glycine- t-RNA
E. Cysteine- t-RNA
ANSWER: C
Main enzyme which catalyzes the reaction of synthesis of both chains of DNA in prokaryotes:
A. DNA - ligase
B. DNA – polymerase D
C. DNA - synthetase
D. DNA - polymerase 3
E. DNA - ligase 5
ANSWER: D
Name nitrogen bases that enter to the structure of DNA:
A. Guanine, uracil, thymine
B. Cytosine, uracil, thymine
C. Uracil, adenine, guanine
D. Adenine, thymine, guanine
E. Thymine, adenine, uracil
ANSWER: D
Name nitrogenous bases included into the structure of RNA:
A. Guanine, uracil, thymine
B. Cytosine, adenine, thymine
C. Uracil, adenine, guanine
D. Adenine, thymine, guanine
E. Thymine, adenine, uracil
ANSWER: C
Name process which is catalyzed by aminoacyl-t-RNA synthetases?
A. Recognition and joining of amino acids to t-RNA
B. Initiation of translation
C. Elongation of polypeptide chain
D. Termination of translation
E. Synthesis of t-RNA
ANSWER: A
Name proteins that take part in the regulation of transcription in eukaryotes?
A. Albumins
B. Globulins
C. Immunoglobulins
D. Histons
E. Cathepsins
ANSWER: D
Name the mechanism of DNA replication:
A. Semiconservative
B. Conservative
C. Depressive
D. Repressive
E. Replicative
ANSWER: A
Named the structural monomers of DNA molecule:
A. Mononucleotides
B. Nucleosides
C. Nitric bases
D. Polynucleotides
E. Peptides
ANSWER: A
Nucleic acids are:
A. Mononucleotides
B. Nucleosides
C. Nucleoproteins
D. Polynucleotides
E. Dinucleotides
ANSWER: D
Nutritional mutants
A. Grow on minimal medium
B. Lack an essential metabolic protein
C. Are also called prototrophs
D. Are the same as carbon-source mutants
E. Are usually antibiotic resistant
ANSWER: B
Okazaki fragments are used to elongate
A. The leading strand toward the replication fork
B. The lagging strand toward the replication fork
C. Both strands in both directions
D. The leading strand away from the replication fork
E. The lagging strand away from the replication fork
ANSWER: D
On which of the following molecules would you find a codon?
A. Messenger RNA
B. Ribosomal RNA
C. Transfer RNA
D. Small nuclear RNA
E. Big nuclear RNA
ANSWER: A
On which of the following molecules would you find an anticodon?
A. Messenger RNA
B. Ribosomal RNA
C. Transfer RNA
D. Small nuclear RNA
E. Big nuclear RNA
ANSWER: C
Polysomes - are structures which are formed during translation from:
A. tRNA and one ribosome
B. One molecule of mRNA and several ribosomes
C. A few molecules of mRNA and a few ribosomes
D. A few molecules of mRNA and one ribosome
E. A few molecules of tRNA, mRNA and few ribosomes
ANSWER: B
Primer is synthesized by specific:
A. Primase
B. DNA – ligase
C. RNA – ligase
D. RNA - polymerase
E. None of above
ANSWER: A
Properties of genetic code are all below, except:
A. Universality
B. Interruption
C. Nonoverlapping
D. Degeneration
E. Specificity
ANSWER: B
Proteins that block the passage of RNA polymerase are called:
A. Operons
B. Activators
C. Repressors
D. Enhancers
E. Promoters
ANSWER: C
Regulatory domains of most activators interact with
A. The transcription factor complex
B. RNA polymerase
C. Repressors
D. The regulatory factor complex
E. The DNA binding domain
ANSWER: B
Regulatory proteins of the protein synthesis system on ribosomes are all below, except:
A. Factors of initiation
B. Factors of polymerization
C. Releasing-factors
D. Factors of elongation
E. Factors of termination
ANSWER: B
Replication fork has configuration like:
A. W
B. R
C. C
D. V
E. T
ANSWER: D
Represors of proteins synthesis on the level of transcription are:
A. Protamines
B. Glutelins
C. Prolamines
D. Scleroproteins
E. Histons
ANSWER: C
Reverse transcriptase (revertase or RNA-depending-DNA-polymerase) catalyzes:
A. Synthesis of m-RNA on the DNA
B. Synthesis of DNA on the DNA
C. Synthesis of tRNA on the DNA
D. Synthesis of DNA on the RNA matrix
E. Synthesis of DNA on the ribosome
ANSWER: A
RNA contains which bases?
A. Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
B. Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
C. Thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
D. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
E. None of the above
ANSWER: D
RNA synthesis on a DNA template is called __________.
A. Transformation
B. Translation
C. Transduction
D. Transcription
E. Transfection
ANSWER: D
Since the first nucleotides cannot be linked in a newly synthesized strand in DNA replication, ___________ is requir
ed
A. A DNA primer
B. DNA polymerase
C. Ligase
D. An RNA primer
E. Helicase
ANSWER: B
The acceptor region of t-RNA contains such terminal sequence of nucleotides:
A. CCA
B. CAC
C. CCU
D. GCA
E. CGA
ANSWER: A
The actual synthesis of DNA in E. coli is the function of
A. Polymerase I
B. Primase
C. Polymerase III
D. DNA ligase
E. Hirase
ANSWER: A
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain comprises the ____ structure of the protein.
A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary
D. Quaternary
E. Presecondary
ANSWER: A
The amino acids are transported to the place of synthesis of proteins in the cells by:
A. Proteins-carryer
B. r-RNA
C. t-RNA
D. Lipoproteins
E. m-RNA
ANSWER: C
The double strand model of DNA was proposed by:
A. Mitchel
B. Krebs
C. Watson – Crick
D. Knoop
E. Nirenberg
ANSWER: C
The first mRNA codon to specify an amino acid is always
A. TAC
B. UAA
C. UAG
D. AUG
E. UGA
ANSWER: B
The following compounds are formed in complete hydrolysis of nucleic acids, except:
A. Phosphoric acid
B. Pentoses
C. Purine bases
D. Acetic acid
E. Adenine
ANSWER: D
The four ribonucleotide triphosphates incorporated into mRNA are
A. Inosine, Guanine, Uracil, Thymine
B. Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
C. Cytosine, Uracil, Adenine, Guanine
D. Thymine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
E. Inosine, Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine
ANSWER: C
The genetic code is considered "degenerate" because __________.
A. The code originated from bacterial genomes
B. DNA is unstable
C. Degenerate is the name of the person who deciphered the code
D. More than one nucleotide triplet codes for the same amino acid
E. None of the above
ANSWER: D
The initiation of synthesis of RNA is started from the including of first nucleotide into the chain. What nucleotide do
es begin this process in pro- and in eukaryotes?
A. Pyrimidine nucleosidtriphosphate
B. Urydinmonophosphate
C. Desoxyribonucleosidtriphosphate
D. Purine nucleosydtriphosphate
E. Cytidyltriphosphate
ANSWER: D
The mode of action of a steroid hormone involves:
A. Binding to a cell membrane receptor
B. Activation of protein kinases
C. Binding to calmodulin
D. Covalent modification of enzyme activity
E. Modifaing gene transcription
ANSWER: A
The Okazaki fragment is synthesized in direction:
A. Along the movement of replication fork
B. 5'-3'
C. Oppositely to the movement of replication fork
D. Antiparallely to the daughter chain
E. Proportionally to the movement of new synthesized daughter chain
ANSWER: C
The operon that controls tryptophan producing genes in E. coli consists of _______________ .
A. Only one gene
B. Two genes
C. Three genes
D. Four genes
E. Five genes
ANSWER: B
The presence of DNA is important for cellular metabolic activities because DNA
A. Directs the production of enzymes
B. Is a structural component of cell walls
C. Directly increases the solubility of nutrients
D. Is the major component of cytoplasm
E. Nonproduction f enzymes
ANSWER: D
The process of copying a gene's DNA sequence into a sequence of RNA is called
A. Replication
B. Transcription
C. Translation
D. PCR
E. Posttranslation modification
ANSWER: B
The process of DNA synthesis, the nucleotides sequence of which is complementary to the sequence of RNA, is na
med:
A. Reverse transcription
B. Transcription
C. Replication of RNA
D. Replication of DNA
E. Translation
ANSWER: A
The process of producing a RNA polymer from a DNA template is called __.
A. Replication
B. Transcription
C. Translation
D. Duplication
E. Iniciation
ANSWER: B
The process of producing an amino acid polymer (polypeptide) from a RNA template is called _.
A. Replication
B. Transcription
C. Translation
D. Duplication
E. Transreplication
ANSWER: B
The process of the exchange of genetic materials between the different DNA molecules is named:
A. Replication of RNA
B. Reverse transcription
C. Recombination
D. Reparation
E. Transposition
ANSWER: C
The process of translation requires the presence of:
A. mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes
B. mRNA, ribosomes and RNA polymerase
C. DNA, mRNA and RNA polymerase
D. Chromatin, DNA and amino acids
E. Free nucleotide bases, amino acids and ribosomes
ANSWER: A
The stages of replication include:
A. Recognition of the point of replication beginning
B. Untwisting of double spiral of matrix DNA
C. Formation of fragments for the imitation synthesis of daughter's chains
D. Elongation of synthesis and termination
E. All of the above
ANSWER: E
The synthesis of new chains during replication takes place in such direction:
A. 4' – 5'
B. 7' - 8'
C. 5' - 3'
D. 2' - 6'
E. 9' - 4'
ANSWER: C
The synthesis of Okazaki fragments begins from:
A. Homonucleotide
B. Mononucleotide
C. Heteronucleotide
D. Polynucleotide
E. Primer
ANSWER: E
The synthesis of primer - fragment of RNA - takes a place in:
A. Transcription
B. Recognition
C. Reparation
D. Replication
E. Translation
ANSWER: D
The transcription of DNA to a molecule of messenger RNA occurs:
A. On the ribosomes
B. In the cytosol
C. In the nucleus
D. Only during cell division
E. When amino acids are made available by transfer RNA
ANSWER: A
Theory of induction-repression of genes activity or theory of operon was developed by:
A. Crick and Watson
B. Mitchel and Knoop
C. Jakob and Monod
D. Krebs and Knoop
E. Gorbachevsky and Parnass
ANSWER: C
There is the dynamic equilibrium between subunits and full ribosomes in the cells. Full ribosomes are formed mainl
y in period of:
A. Transcription
B. Activation of amino acids
C. Translation
D. Posttranslation modifications
E. Posttranslation modification of RNA
ANSWER: C
Three types of RNA involved in comprising the structural and functional core for protein synthesis, serving as a tem
plate for translation, and transporting amino acid, respectively, are:
A. mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
B. rRNA, tRNA, mRNA
C. tRNA, mRNA, rRNA
D. tRNA, rRNA, mRNA
E. rRNA, mRNA ,tRNA
ANSWER: A
To describe the genetic code as degenerate indicates that
A. mRNA is rapidly degraded
B. The code is not universal among organisms
C. Some amino acids have more than one codon
D. Frameshift mutations are tolerated
E. Stop codons may have corresponding tRNA molecules
ANSWER: C
Transcription factors appear to be unable to bind to a nucleosome because
A. Activators are inhibited by the configuration
B. Of inhibition of RNA polymerase
C. Of histones positioned over promoters
D. Nucleosomes are especially vulnerable to repressors
E. Operators are placed in an inaccessible position
ANSWER: B
Transcription is:
A. Activation of amino acids
B. Rewriting of information to RNA on the matrix DNA
C. Process of formation of functional ribosome
D. Process of elongation of polypeptide chain
E. Processing of m-RNA
ANSWER: B
Transcription occurs along a ____ template forming an mRNA in the ____ direction.
A. 5' to 3'; 5' to 3'
B. 5' to 3'; 3' to 5'
C. 3' to 5'; 5' to 3'
D. 3' to 5'; 3' to 5'
E. None of the above
ANSWER: B
Transfer RNA's bind during translation by the
A. Codon
B. Anticodon
C. Template
D. Operon
E. None of the above
ANSWER: B
What does a ribosome do?
A. Calls the xRNA with no codons
B. Helps create the mRNA
C. Nothing
D. Calls the tRNA with the appropriate codon
E. Explodes
ANSWER: B
What is a polypeptide?
A. A strand of DNA
B. An incomplete strand of protein (amino acids and enzymes)
C. A strand of mRNA
D. An RNA molecule
E. It doesn't exist
ANSWER: B
What is the function of tRNA?
A. Transport of amino acids
B. Transferring of genetic information
C. Formation of ribosomes
D. Storage of genetic information
E. Transport of mononucleotides
ANSWER: A
What methods of DNA replication do you know?
A. Conservative and semiconservative
B. Complete and incomplete
C. Completed and uncompleted
D. Determined and nondetermined
E. Temporal and permanent
ANSWER: A
What of the following changes have relation to posttranslation modification of proteins?
A. Formation of disulfide bonds between residues of cystein
B. Adding of cofactors or prosthetic groups
C. Formation of oligomers from a few polypeptide chains
D. Phosphorylation of some amino acids residues
E. All of the above
ANSWER: E
What role does messenger RNA play in the synthesis of proteins?
A. It catalyses the process.
B. It provides the genetic blueprint for the protein.
C. It translates the genetic code to a specific amino acid.
D. It modifies messenger RNA molecules prior to protein synthesis.
E. None of the above
ANSWER: C
What role of the rRNA does play in protein synthesis?
A. It is part of a ribosome that calles the tRNA molecules
B. It forms the mRNA
C. It creates DNA
D. It is a harmful molecule that is associated with protein synthesis
E. Play role as adaptor
ANSWER: E
What term is used to describe the process by which a segment of DNA is copied to produce a molecule of messenger
RNA?
A. Reproduction
B. Replication
C. Translation
D. Transcription
E. Recombination
ANSWER: D
What term is used to describe the process by which proteins are synthesised from a genetic code?
A. Reproduction
B. Replication
C. Translation
D. Transcription
E. Recombination
ANSWER: C
What type of DNA, except nuclear, are in the eukaryotic cells:
A. Mitochondrial
B. Lisosomal
C. Endoplasmic
D. Ribosomal
E. Mesosomal
ANSWER: A
What type of enzyme is used in recombinant DNA technology to split a specific sugar phosphate bond in each stran
d of a DNA double helix?
A. Esterase
B. Restriction enzyme
C. Lipase
D. Ligase
E. Transferase
ANSWER: A
Which enzyme catalyzes transcription of RNA on DNA matrix?
A. DNA-depending-RNA-polymerase
B. DNA-polymerase II
C. DNA-polymerase III
D. DNA-ligase
E. RNA-depending-DNA-polymerase
ANSWER: A
Which ions are needed for DNA replication?
A. Ca2+ and Na+
B. Mg2+ and Mn2+
C. Zn2+ and K+
D. Na+ and Ca2+
E. Mg2+ and Zn2+
ANSWER: E
Which molecule contains the genetic code?
A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. tRNA
D. rRNA
E. dRNA
ANSWER: B
Which nitrogenous bases make up DNA nucleotides?
A. Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
B. Adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine
C. Adenine, thymine, uracil, and cytosine
D. Adenine, thymine, guanine, and uracil
E. Adenine, thymine, uracil, guanine
ANSWER: A
Which nucleic acids contain the lowest number of nucleotides?
A. DNA
B. t-RNA
C. m-RNA
D. r-RNA
E. і-RNA
ANSWER: B
Which of the following does NOT involve introns?
A. Alternative splicing
B. Ribozymes
C. Intervening sequences
D. Heteroduplexes
E. Antisense oligonucleotides
ANSWER: B
A dysfunction of Langergans islets results in the decline of such hormones:
A. Glucagon and insulin
B. Thyroxin and calcitonin
C. Insulin and epinephrine
D. Callicrein and angiotensin
E. Parathormone and cortisol
ANSWER: A
A hormone that secreted in the pancreatic duct is
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Somatostatin
D. Lipocain
E. Cortisol
ANSWER: D
A man after 1,5 litres blood loss has suddenly reduced diuresis. The increased secretion of what hormone caused suc
h diuresis alteration?
A. Corticotropin
B. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
C. Parathormone
D. Cortisol
E. Vasopressin
ANSWER: E
ACTH- hormone of the adenohypophysis. Per oral introduction of ACTH as medical preparation ineffective because
this hormone is:
A. Decomposed with the proteolytic enzymes
B. Does not absorbed in the intestine
C. Inactivated in the cells of intestinal wall
D. Inactivated in a liver
E. Does not transferred with blood
ANSWER: A
After meal an alimentary hyperglycemia stimulates the secretion of such hormone:
A. Cortisol
B. Glucagon
C. Epinephrine
D. Norepinephrine
E. Insulin
ANSWER: E
Chemical nature of ACTH:
A. simple protein
B. derivative of amino acid
C. derivative of unsaturated fatty acid
D. hormone of peptide structure
E. steroid hormone
ANSWER: D
Chemical nature of glucagon is:
A. Peptide
B. Protein
C. Steroid
D. Derivative of amino acid
E. Derivative of arachidonic acid
ANSWER: A
Chemical nature of growth hormone:
A. simple protein
B. derivatives of amino acid
C. derivatives of unsaturated fatty acid
D. hormone of peptide structure
E. steroid hormone
ANSWER: A
Chemical nature of insulin is:
A. Protein
B. Derivative of amino acid of thyrosin
C. To the derivates of arachidonic acid
D. Oligopeptide
E. Steroid
ANSWER: A
Choose a stimulus for rennin formation
A. Diminishing of kidney blood flowing
B. Increase of kidney blood flowing
C. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D. Aldosterone
E. Hypoglycemia
ANSWER: A
Effect of insulin on a lipid metabolism is:
A. Activates the synthesis of fatty acids
B. Inhibits the synthesis of fatty acids
C. Activates converting of fatty acids into carbohydrates
D. Inhibits convention of fatty acids into carbohydrates
E. Stimulates transformation of lipids into proteins
ANSWER: A
Effect of insulin on a proteins metabolism is:
A. Activation of the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids
B. Repression of the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids
C. Reducing of permeability of cells membranes for amino acids
D. Activation of conversion of amino acids into glucose
E. Activation of conversion of amino acids into lipids
ANSWER: A
Effect of somatotropic hormone on a proteins metabolism:
A. Represses entering of amino acids into cells
B. Represses the biosynthesis of proteins, DNA, RNA
C. Activates conversion of amino acids into fats
D. Stimulates conversion of amino acids into glucose
E. Activates the biosynthesis of proteins, DNA, RNA
ANSWER: E
Epinephrine increases the glucose level in the blood by activation of:
A. glycogenolysis
B. glycolysis
C. ketolysis
D. gluconeogenesis
E. glycogenesis
ANSWER: A
Epinephrine stimulates a glycogenolysis by:
A. Activation of glycogenphosphorylase
B. Inhibition of glycogenphosphorylase
C. Activation of glycogensynthase
D. Activation of hexokinase
E. Inhibition of hexokinase
ANSWER: A
How do catecholamins influence on a lipids metabolism?
A. Activate mobilization and oxidization of fats
B. Activate lipogenesis
C. Activate synthesis of phospholipids in a liver
D. Activate formation of transport forms of lipids in a liver
E. Promote formation of chylomicrons in the wall of intestine
ANSWER: A
How does glucagon influence on a carbohydrate metabolism?
A. Activates the synthesis of glycogen in a liver
B. Activates the synthesis of glycogen in a liver and muscles
C. Activates decomposition of glycogen in a liver and muscles
D. Activates decomposition of glycogen in a liver
E. Activates the transport of glucose across cellular membranes
ANSWER: D
How does insulin influence on a lipid metabolism?
A. Represses synthesis of fats, activates a gluconeogenesis
B. Activates synthesis of fats, represses a gluconeogenesis
C. Activates synthesis of fats, activates a gluconeogenesis
D. Represses synthesis of fats, represses a gluconeogenesis
E. Participates in converting of lipids into carbohydrates, activates oxidization of fatty acids
ANSWER: B
How does insulin influence on a mineral metabolism?
A. Regulates calcium-phosphate metabolism
B. Activates a transport of potassium into a cells, and sodium from the cells
C. Activates insertionof iron into hemoglobin
D. Regulates metabolism of copper in an organism
E. Instrumental in insertion of iodine in tyrosine
ANSWER: B
How is insulin catabolised after its action?
A. Excreted from an organism in an unchanging form with urine
B. Excreted from an organism in an unchanging form with a bile
C. Excreted from an organism with a bile after oxidization in a liver
D. By the enzyme of insulinase to amino acids
E. By lysosomal enzymes in all of rissues
ANSWER: D
How is regulated intensity of insulin secretion?
A. By insulinotropin - a hormone of hypophysis
B. By insulinoliberin of hypothalamus
C. By the concentration of glucose in blood
D. By the somatic nervous system
E. By the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in blood
ANSWER: C
In liver and muscle, glycogen degradation is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
A. The activation by insulin of glycogen phosphorylase
B. The yielding of glucose-1-phosphate residues by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase
C. The activity of a 4: 4- transferase to ensure the debranching
D. The activity of a specific alpha-1, 6- glucosidase that yields free glucose residues
E. The use of inorganic phosphate by glycogen phosphorylase
ANSWER: A
Increased blood insulin specifically plays a major role in all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Glucose storage as glycogen in liver and muscle
B. Conversion of glucose to triacylglycerols in liver
C. Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle
D. Promotion of the sparing of glucose utilized for energy in the brain during a fast
E. Stimulation of transport of glucose into muscle and adipose tissue
ANSWER: B
Increased reabsorption of water from the kidney is the major consequence of which of the following hormones?
A. Cortisol
B. Insulin
C. Vasopressin
D. Glucagon
E. Aldosterone
ANSWER: C
Insulin decreases the level blood glucose by means of:
A. gluconeogenesis activation
B. gluconeogenesis oppression
C. glucose phosphorylation oppression
D. glucose with urine excretion
E. adrenalin excretion decrease
ANSWER: C
Oversecretion of which hormone causes higher growth, unproportionally large hands?
A. Somatotropic hormone
B. Epinephrine
C. Thyroxin
D. Antidiuretic hormone
E. Melanocytostimulation hormone
ANSWER: A
Specify chemical nature of hormones of a neurohypophysis:
A. Cyclic peptides
B. Simple proteins
C. Derivates of tyrosine
D. Derivates of fatty acids
E. Glycoproteins
ANSWER: A
The Beta-cells of endocrine portion of pancreas are selectively damaged by alloxan poisoning. How will it be reflect
ed in blood plasma?
A. The content of fibrinogen decrease
B. The content of albumins decreases
C. The content of sugar increases
D. The content of globulins decreases
E. The level of sugar decreases
ANSWER: C
The cause of insulin dependent diabetes (type II) is:
A. malfunction of structure and insulin receptors function
B. decreased insulin synthesis
C. increased insulin synthesis
D. increased epinephrine synthesis
E. decreased epinephrine synthesis
ANSWER: A
The cause of insulin-dependent diabetes (type I) is:
A. decreased insulin synthesis
B. increased insulin synthesis
C. increased glucocorticoids synthesis
D. increased glucagon synthesis
E. decreased glucagon synthesis
ANSWER: A
The chemical nature of tropic hormones of adenohypophysis is:
A. Simple proteins
B. Glycoproteins
C. Lipoproteins
D. Derivates of fatty acids
E. Derivates of amino acid
ANSWER: B
The feature of tyrosine metabolism is its including in the process of hormones synthesis. Choose one of them that sy
nthesizes in the adrenal medulla.
A. Thyroxin
B. Glucagon
C. Epinephrine
D. Histamine
E. Serotonin
ANSWER: C
The following are all effects of insulin EXCEPT
A. Stimulation of acetyl CoA carboxylase
B. Stimulation of the lipolytic activity of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
C. Stimulates adipose cells to synthesize and secrete LPL (lipoprotein lipase)
D. Stimulates the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
E. Increase in the number of glucose transporters in adipose cell membranes
ANSWER: B
The hormone, that depresses lipolysis in fatty tissue:
A. insulin
B. epinephrine
C. glucagon
D. thyroxine
E. adrenocorticotropin
ANSWER: A
The hormones of protein – peptide nature regulate biochemical processes with activating of adenylatecyclase. Choos
e the substance which appears as a result of this enzyme action.
A. cCМP
B. cGМP
C. cАМP
D. cТМP
E. cUМP
ANSWER: C
The hypersecretion of which hormone causes development of hyperglycemia?
A. Glucagon
B. Insulin
C. Somatomedine
D. Melanotropin
E. Vasopressin
ANSWER: A
The level of glucose in blood of a patient increases. Excess of which hormone could results such effect?
A. Epinephrine
B. Insulin
C. Testosteron
D. Norepinephrine
E. Oxytocin
ANSWER: A
The precursor of what bioactive substanse is tyrosine?
A. Glucose
B. Androsteron
C. Insulin
D. Epinephrine
E. Bilirubin
ANSWER: D
The products of hydrolysis and modification of some proteins are biologically active substances – hormones. Which
from the below mentioned proteins is precursor for lipotropin, corticotropin, melanotropin and endorphin?
A. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC).
B. Neuroalbumin
C. Neurostromin
D. Neuroglobulin
E. Thyreoglobulin
ANSWER: A
The prostaglandins are synthesized from
A. Arachidonic acid
B. Oleic acid
C. Linoleic acid
D. Linolenic acid
E. Tyrosine
ANSWER: A
The secondary mediator in the mechanism of action of epinephrine is:
A. cCMP
B. cGMP
C. cUMP
D. cTMP
E. cAMP
ANSWER: E
The secondary mediator in the mechanism of epinephrine action is:
A. cGМP
B. cАМP
C. cUМP
D. cТМP
E. cCМP
ANSWER: B
The secretion of glucagon is increased at:
A. In a postabsorptive period (after meal)
B. At starvation
C. At the use of plenty of carbonhydratess
D. At the use of plenty of lipids
E. At stress
ANSWER: B
The usage of glucose takes a place with its transport from intracellular space across cell membrane inside cells. This
process stimulates such hormone:
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Thyroxin
D. Aldosterone
E. Epinephrine
ANSWER: A
Transfer of information from the hormones of peptide nature on intracellular secondary messenger takes place with
participation of adenylatecyclase. Which reaction is catalyzed with adenylatecyclase?
A. Breaking up of ATP with formation of cАМP and pyrophosphate.
B. Breaking up ATP with formation ADF and phosphorus inorganic.
C. Synthesis ATP from AMF and pyrophosphate.
D. Breaking up of ADP with formation of AMF and inorganic phosphate.
E. Breaking up ATP with formation of AMP and pyrophosphate.
ANSWER: A
Tryptophan could be considered as precursor of
A. Melanotonin
B. Thyroid hormones
C. Melanin
D. Epinephrine
E. Both A and B
ANSWER: A
Tumor of adenohypophysis caused disorders of tropic hormones synthesis. Choose, high level of which hormone ca
uses acromegalia?
A. Melanocytostimulating
B. Insulin
C. Luteinizing
D. Somatotropic
E. Folikulostimulating
ANSWER: D
Tumors of endocrine glands enhance amounts of hormones in blood as a rule. What biochemical changes in blood c
an be at a tumor of adenohypophysis?
A. Hypoglycemia
B. Hyperglycemia
C. Hypercholesterolemia
D. Ketoacidosis
E. Acetonuria
ANSWER: B
Vasopressin has a strong antidiuretic action, stimulates the reabsorbtion of water through the membranes of kidney c
analiculies. What is its chemical nature?
A. Peptide
B. Carbohydrate
C. Steroid
D. Lipid
E. Derivate of amino acid
ANSWER: A
What from below mentioned hormones is antagonist of insulin?
A. Somatotropic hormone
B. Thyrotropic hormone
C. Calcitonin
D. Glucagon
E. Parathormone
ANSWER: D
What amino acid is a precursos for epinephrine and norepinephrine synthesis?
A. Lysin
B. Tyrosine
C. Alanine
D. Glutamic acid
E. Aspartic acid
ANSWER: B
What biochemical symptoms are specific for diabetes insipidus?
A. Hyperglycemia, glucosuria, polyuria, decreased density of urine
B. Hypoglycemia, glucosuria, polyuria, increased density of urine
C. Normoglycemia, glucosuria, normal density of urine
D. Normoglycemia, polyuria, decreased density of urine, acidosis
E. Normoglycemia, polyuria, decreased density of urine
ANSWER: E
What biochemical symptoms are specific for diabetes mellitus?
A. Hyperglycemia, glucosuria, decreased urine density
B. Hypoglycemia, glucosuria, increased urine density, acidosis
C. Hypoglycemia, glucosuria, normal urine density
D. Hyperglycemia, glucosuria, decreased urine density, acidosis
E. Hyperglycemia, glucosuria, increased urine density, acidosis
ANSWER: E
What changes in lipid metabolism may be caused by insufficiency of somatotropin excretion?
A. emaciation
B. fatty liver degeneration
C. atherosclerosis
D. obesity
E. ketonemia
ANSWER: D
What from the below mentioned hormones are catecholamins?
A. Cortisol, hydrocortisol
B. Thyroxine
C. Estriol, estradiol
D. Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
E. Insulin, glucagon
ANSWER: D
What from the below mentioned hormones activate formation of phospholipids in a liver?
A. Somatostatin
B. Insulin
C. Lipotropnic hormone
D. Thyroxine
E. Lipocain
ANSWER: E
What from the below mentioned hormones are catabolics?
A. Thyroxine
B. Catecholamins
C. Glucocorticoids
D. Sex hormones
E. Insulin and glucagon
ANSWER: B
What from the below mentioned hormones does reduce speed of lipolysis in fatty tisuues?
A. Hydrocortison
B. Epinephrine
C. Insulin
D. Somatotropin
E. Norepinephrine
ANSWER: C
What from the below mentioned hormones is not produced in adenohypophysis?
A. Somatotropic.
B. Adrenocorticotropic.
C. Melanotropin.
D. Thyrotropnin.
E. Prolactin.
ANSWER: C
What from the transferred hormones is not secreted by a pancreas?
A. Somatostatin;
B. Glucagon;
C. Somatomedin;
D. Insulin;
E. Lipocain.
ANSWER: C
What hormone promotes glycogen synthesis?
A. Glucagon
B. Epinephrine
C. Thyroxine
D. Insulin
E. Parathormone
ANSWER: D
What hormone promotes lipogenesis?
A. Epinephrine
B. Thyroxine
C. Parathormone
D. Glucagon
E. Insulin
ANSWER: E
What hormones are prodused in a pancreas?
A. Insulin, glucagon, somatomedins, lipotropic hormones
B. Insulin, glucagon, melanocytostimulation hormone, lipocain
C. Insulin, glucagon, liberines and statines
D. Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, lipocain
E. Insulin, glucagon, lipotropic hormone, oxytocin
ANSWER: D
What is the chemical nature of insulin?
A. Nucleotide
B. Protein
C. Steroid
D. Carbohydrate
E. Lipid
ANSWER: B
What metal is needed for functioning of insulin?
A. Iron
B. Copper
C. Cobalt
D. Calcium
E. Zinc
ANSWER: E
What substance is a precursor in the synthesis of prostaglandins in the organism?
A. Linolic acid
B. Palmitic acid
C. Linolenic acid
D. Oleic acid
E. Arachidonic acid
ANSWER: E
What types of metabolism does insulin influence on?
A. Only on carbohydrate
B. On carbohydrate and lipid
C. On carbohydrate and albumen
D. On carbohydrate, lipid and protein
E. On carbohydrate, lipid, protein and mineral
ANSWER: E
Where are catecholamins secrected?
A. In a thyroid gland
B. In a parathyroid glands
C. In the cortex of a suprarenal gland
D. In the medulla of a suprarenal gland
E. In the islets of Langerhans of pancreas
ANSWER: D
Where is insulin synthesized?
A. In the alfa-cells of Langergans ilets
B. In the beta-cells of Langergans ilets
C. In the delta-cells of Langergansa ilets
D. In the endothelial cells of conclusion channels of pancreas
E. In spleen
ANSWER: B
Which hormones effect on the cells genetic apparatus?
A. Protein nature
B. Peptide nature
C. Hormones - derivates of amino acids
D. Steroid hormones
E. All of above
ANSWER: D
Which of the following hormone acts on the cell genetic apparatus?
A. Insulin.
B. Testosteron.
C. Glucagon
D. Epinephrine.
E. Vasopressin
ANSWER: B
Which of the following hormone acts through the activation of adenilate cyclase?
A. Epinephrine.
B. Estrol.
C. Testosteron.
D. Cortisol.
E. Aldosteron
ANSWER: A