UNIT 1: OVERVIEW OF THE HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM
HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM
- A system that integrates data collection,
processing, reporting and use of the information
necessary for improving health service
effectiveness.
- All health data sources: Health facility and
community data, electronic health records,
population based, human resources, financial,
supply chain and surveillance. Along with the use
and communication with this info.
- It helps manage efficiently the healthcare data. It
also helps quality patient care, reduce
operational costs and helps the management
process more organized
- Health information systems
o
Cover different systems that manage
health-related information
o
Disease surveillance systems, districtlevel routine information systems,
hospital patient administration system
(PAS), human resource management
information systems (HRMIS) and lab
information systems (LIS)
patient may experience from a specific
medicine.
3. Betterment in Patient Care
o
It provides HCWs a complete and
orderly framework that helps them
deliver service to their patients
better.
4. Hassle-free Process of Performance
Analysis
o
Access to the performance of the
staff is available and patients get to
review the service rendered to them
by the HCW which allows the head
to assess the team’s performance
.
5. Transfiguration in clinical procedures
o
Using HIS, addressing stressful
situations experienced by your
patients can be efficiently done.
6. Circumvention of Medical Errors
o
Computerized data leads to errorfree reports and information.
Therefore, errors can be avoided
and patients’ safety can be
ensured.
7. Instant and Seamless Accessibility to
Patients’ Details
o
HIS ensures that the patient’s data
are relevant and timely which is
important in the service given by
the HCW
-
Benefits
1. Organized and Coordinated Treatment
Process
o
It improves the delivery of the care and
outcomes of the patients.
2. Improved Patient Safety
o
Healthcare workers (HCWs) can save
information and share across multiple
databases to improve safety of the
patients
o
HCWs can receive alert from program
security checking about harmful effects
8. Minimized Operational Expense
9. Saving Time
o
Through computerized data, HIS
can save a lot of time in making
patient care coordinated.
10. Improved patient satisfaction
o
It improves the level of satisfaction
of the patients. If you become a
reliable HCW, you attract higher
patients.
-
Attributes (according to WHO)
o
Generation of individual-level,
facility-based and population-based
data from multiple sources
o
Capacity to detect, investigate,
communicate and contain events
that threaten public health security
o
Ability to synthesize information and
apply this knowledge
HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
The application of information processing
involving both the computer hardware and software
which improves and transforms healthcare.
It encompass the following:
1. Electronic physician’s orders and Eprescribing
o Computerized physician order entry (CPOE)
- Use of electronic or computer to
place physicians orders such as
medication orders.
- Allows electronic ordering of tests,
procedures and consultations
- Integrated with Clinical Decision
Support System (CDS) which acts as
an error prevention tool
- Some may prompt the prescriber
interventions based on clinical
guideline intervention.
2. Electronic Health Records. (“Electronic
Medical Records”)
o Electronic version of a patient’s health
record in which only a HCW in charge of a
patient’s care can access the health record.
o Personal Health Record – a variant in which
the patient controls and can change his/her
health record.
3. Clinical Decision Support (CDS)
o Provides HCWs with information and patientspecific information in which it is intended to
enhance the decision of the HCW at
appropriate times. It includes a range of tools
such as reminders, guidelines and conditionspecific order sets, patient-specific clinical
summaries, documentation templates,
investigation and diagnostic support.
4.
Electronic Sign-out and hand-off tools
o Passing patient-specific information from
one HCW to another.
5.
o
Bar Code Medication Administration
Prevent medication error
6.
Smart pumps
o IV infusion pumps equipped with
medication error-prevention software.
7.
Automated medication dispensing
technology (ADC)
o Electronic drug cabinets that store
medication at POC with controlled
dispensing and tracking of medication
distribution
8.
Retained surgical items prevention
technology
o Various technologies are used to enhance
the prevention of retained surgical items
which include barcoding and
radiofrequency (RFID) tagging of surgical
items
9. Patient electronic portals
o Online application that provides patient
access to their personal health
information.
o Also serves as a 2-way electronic
communication with the HCW and their
patient
10. Telemedicine
o Telecommunication technologies used to
facilitate patient to HCW or HCW to HCW
o Maybe synchronous with real time 2 way
video
o May also provide health information
11. Synchronous telemedicine
o Real time 2-way audio/video
communication between a patient and a
HCW.
o An E-consultation is an electronic
communication which facilitates guidance
from the HCW to the patient.
12. Remote patient monitoring (telemonitoring)
o
Patient data management system
(PDMS) are systems that
automatically retrieve data from
bedside medical equipment
-
13. Electronic incident reporting
o
Web based systems that allow
HCWs who are involved in safety
events to report such incidents
voluntarily.
o
Can be integrated with HER
o
Standardize reporting structure,
standardize incident action
workflow, rapid identification of
serious incidents and trigger
events while automating data entry
and analysis
HEALTH INFORMATICS
Application of both technology and systems
in health care
In the Philippines, Community Health
Information Tracking System (CHITS) was
made.
Information systems, informatics principles
and information technology as it is applied to
healthcare
Accdg. To Hussain and Babalghith (2013),
the 4 major focus are:
1. Medical/ Bio Informatics – physician
based; attracts medical students
2. Nursing Informatics- clinical researchbased; attracts nursing students
3. Public Health Informatics – public health
and surveillance-based; attracts public
health students
4. Applied Informatics- Flow of medical
information in an electronic
environment; process, policy and
technological solutions.
Health Informatics in the cloud
o The Cloud – Remote storage via the
internet
o 83% of health care organizations are
making use of cloud-based applications
which let them store the health care
data
o Advantages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Integrated and efficient patient care
because it offers a single access
point that allows multiple doctors to
review lab results which lets the
doctors to spend more time deciding
and performing patient treatment
- Better management since the
accumulation of electronic records
will allow more meaningful data
mining that can better assess the
health of the general public.
o
Disadvantages:
- Potential Risks to Personal
information since it makes it
vulnerable to data breaches
- Cloud Setup Seems Cumbersome
since some HCWs have a difficulty
dealing with technology.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Data – Raw facts; no meaning until organized
Information – Organized and grouped data
Informatics – Processing information and
development of information systems
Health Informatics – Application of tech and systems
in health care
Laboratory Informatics – Use of tech and
information systems to process and communicate
information in the clinical laboratory
E H R and E M D – Computerized medical record
Computerized Provider Order Entry – Digital entry
of instructions for the diagnosis and treatment of
patients
Hospital Information System – A system that is
often linked with other digital systems that handle
information of the hospital
Laboratory Information System – System that
handles lab information; typically interfaced to HIS
Interface – Hardware and software that allow
electronic communication between two computer
systems; allowed even if they use different
programming languages.
Unidirectional Interface – Transmits electronic
information in one direction
Bidirectional interface – Transmits electronic
information in two directions
Middleware – Interface between analyser and LIS
System Verification – Documentation that LIS
functions as expected; Required by regulatory
agencies
15. Personal Computer (PC)- “microcomputer”/
“desktop”; stand-alone computer with CPU, monitor,
hard drive etc.
16. Server – Computer with large amount of memory and
storage capacity that stores data accessed by other
computers
17. Maniframe – Large-capacity computer designed to
support many users at once with little to no downtime;
today, it means compatible with the IBM System/360
series
18. Supercomputers – Computers on forefront of their
processing and they contain hundreds of CPU.
19. Hardware – Physical parts of the computer
20. CPU- Executes software instructions; Runs the
operating system; Processes data and produces
output
21. Random Access Memory (RAM)- Used for
temporary storage of programs data; Content is lost
every time the computer is turned off.
22. Read-only Memory (ROM)- Part of memory that is
permanently protected from being modified, erased or
written over
23. Hard drive – magnetic-coated metal plate inside the
CPU for storing data
24. Disk drive - Device that reads data stored on
magnetic or optical disk and writes data onto disk for
storage
25. Optical disks- Compact disks (CDs), Digital Versatile
Disk (DVDs)
26. Peripheral Devices – Input / output and information
storage components
27. Input Devices – Devices that deliver data to a
computer
28. Output Devices- Devices by which computer delivers
data ex. Printers, monitors
29. Modem – Input/ output devices that allows computers
to communicate over telephone lines
30. Software- Programs that tell a computer what to do
31. Operating System Software – Controls basic
functions of a computer
32. Application Software – Programs designed to meet
the specific needs of users
33. Word Processor- Application program that allows
manipulation of text
34. Spreadsheet- Application program to manipulate
numbers and perform math calculation
35. Database – Application program to organize, sort and
retrieve data
36. Broswer- Provides access to the internet (ex. Google
Chrome)
37. Malware – Malicious software that can damage
computers
38. Local Area Network (LAN)- Computer netwrork that
connects computers in close geographic proximity;
collection of hardware connected by atleast one
server through cables or wireless network
39. Wide Area Network (WAN) – Connects users over a
larger geographic area
40. Internet – Global system of interconnected computer
networks
41. Intranet – Computer network within an organization;
only within employees
42. Extranet – Extension of a private network onto the
internet where authorized persons can access it
43. Wi-Fi or “wireless fidelity” – Allows wireless access
to computer networks via radio waves; standard is
limited to 10 ft.
44. Protocol - Common set of signals and rules that the
network uses for communication
45. Ethernet – One of the 1st protocols developed for
connecting computers
46. The World Wide Web or The Web – Body of
information accessed via the internet ; by Sir Tim
Berners- Lee
47. The Transmission Control Policy (TCP)- Protocol
computers use to exchange data; Allows e-mail and
other content of websites to be sent electronically
48. Internet Protocol (IP) address – Unique address
used by electronic devices to communicate with each
other on a computer network
49. Health Level 7 standard (HL7) - Standardized
message protocol that facilitates the exchange of
medical data among computer systems
50. Community Health Information Network (CHIN) –
Network of computers in a community that shares
information on patients
51. Telemedicine – Use of technology to send
healthcare – related info for diagnosis and treatment
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