IMPORTANT SAFETY TIPS
FOR
CONSTRUCTION SITE
ISSUED BY
Tata Consulting Engineers Limited
Construction Business Unit Pune, India
FOREWORD
Dear TCE –ites,
Implementation of construction activities in a safe manner
requires liberal use of common sense, little precautions and strict
adherence to the safe working practices defined in Safety Manual.
We in TCE have always given high priority to ensure safe working
and take pride in not compromising safety under any
circumstances.
We are committed to safety of human life and the works at site
and sincerely believe in putting in all endeavors to collectively
improve work processes and share responsibility towards safety,
health and environmental conditions at work site and aim for
making each site a zero accident site. Your skills and knowledge
are very important to your family, yourself and the project; protect
these assets by working safely.
This document is for guidance and is a quick reference to the
general safety standards. These are derived from our safety
manual, years of observations, practical experience within our
sites and outside. Accidents are preventable. Your personal
involvement in accident prevention is essential to ensure safe and
accident-free working environment in our organization.
A.S. Prabhudesai
Senior Vice President, CNBU
2
INDEX
Sl. No
Description
Page No.
1
Safety, health and environment policy
2
Ten commandments of safety for site supervision
3
Accidents
4
Office safety
5
Safety in electrical works
6
Safety in use of ladder
7
Safety in scaffolding
8
Safety while working at heights and below ground level
9
Safety in using hand tools/machines
10
Safety in use of cranes and excavation machines
11
Safety in material handling
12
Safety in gas cutting and welding operation
13
Safety in confined space working
14
Safety in Tunneling
15
Safety on roads
16
Safety in housekeeping
17
Fire safety
18
Personal protective equipment
19
First-aid & Emergency plan
20
Do‟s and Don‟ts
21
Safety Audit
3
Tata Consulting Engineers Limited
SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT POLICY
We at Tata Consulting Engineers Limited (TCE) are committed to continually
improving our performance related to Safety, Health and Environment.
Towards this end, TCE will ensure that
• Safe and healthy environment is provided to all its employees at their
workplaces,
• Safe work practices are observed at all project sites that it is
associated with,
• Environment friendly practices are adopted in meeting its own needs,
• Where relevant, environment friendly solutions are advocated to its
Customers,
• Safety, Health and Environmental hazards are proactively identified
and risks are assessed and controlled,
• Employees are trained to perform their work in a safe and
environmentally responsible manner.
TCE will implement this policy in compliance with all applicable Safety,
Health and Environmental codes and standards as well as legal and statutory
requirements.
Chief Executive Officer
&
Managing Director
4
TEN COMMANDMENTS OF SAFETY SUPERVISION
1. Care for all people at work sites as you would care for people at
home. Ensure each workman and staff understands and accepts their
personal responsibility towards safety.
2. Know the rules of safety that apply to the work you supervise. A
situation should never arise that one of the workman was injured due
to lack of awareness about the safety rules of the job.
3. Anticipate the risks that may arise from changes in equipment or
methods. Make use of the expert safety advice available to help you
guard against such risks.
4. Encourage workmen to discuss with you the hazards involved in their
work. No job should proceed where a question of safety remains
unanswered. Openness to the ideas of workmen provides first hand
knowledge that will help you prevent needless loss and suffering.
5. Instruct workmen to work safely, as you would guide and counsel
your family at home with persistence.
6. Consistently follow-up your instructions to them, see to that the
workmen make use of safe guards provided.
7. Set a good example. Demonstrate safety in your habit and personal
conduct.
8. Investigate and analyze every unsafe event / accident, however
insignificant it may be, where minor injuries go unheeded, a crippling
accident may strike later.
9. Co-operate fully with those in any organization who are actively
concerned with employee‟s safety. Their dedicated purpose is to
keep all workmen fully able on the job and cut the heavy toll of
accident.
10. Remember: Not only does accident prevention reduce human
suffering and loss; it is also a good business practice. Safety,
therefore, is one of our prime obligations – to our Company, Fellow
Managers and Fellow Men and to the society.
5
ACCIDENTS
Generally accidents happen due to unforeseen, uncontrolled and unplanned events.
They could lead to personal injury or damage to property.
Causes of Accidents
1.
Unsafe Acts:
Violation of:
Safety norms.
Safety rules.
Safety Instructions.
Safe working practices
Not using:
Personal Protective Equipment
Safety guards.
Safety gadgets.
Proper tools.
Good housekeeping practices.
Personal attitude:
Casual attitude
Failure to recognize potential dangers
Horseplay at work places
Disturbing concentration of others by talking
Operating without training, without knowing, without experience or
without orders etc.
Personal factors:
Impulsiveness
Lack of attention / sleep
Irresponsibility
Defective vision
Accident proneness
Food habits and drinks / drug habits
Psycho-physical characteristics
Worry and emotion
Age, sex, physical fitness
6
2.
Unsafe Conditions
Bad selection of men, machinery, material and methods.
Faulty design of machine
Insufficient and inadequate guards
Inadequate air, light and environment
Absence of caution boards / Notice boards / place cards
Improper maintenance or non performance of periodical maintenance.
Faulty purchase / Lowest Quotation.
3.
Natural Calamities
Heavy down pour
Lightning
Floods
Landslide
Collapsing of building
Earthquake
Tornado etc.
Prevention of Accidents
1. ENGINEERING METHODS
To keep the danger zone guarded.
To keep the person away from danger zone.
To maintain good housekeeping at the work place.
2. EDUCATION AND TRAINING (INDUCTION) :
Orientation program for each new recruit about safety rules and regulations,
safety procedures and work methods, accident reporting systems etc.
7
OFFICE SAFETY
HAZARDS
Slipping, tripping and falling at a level or to a lower level.
Fire hazard
ORDER OF RESPONSIBILTY
 Office Head / Site In-charge / Safety Officer/ Engineer / Supervisor
PRECAUTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Do not Smoke in offices
Keep gangways clear
Ensure emergency exit route is clear
Maintain good housekeeping.
Provide proper ventilation
Plan the layout of furniture or equipment so that you are not colliding with object or
working in poor light.
7. See adequate illumination is provided at work places all lamps and fittings have been
cleaned and maintained. Check the Lux level periodically.
8. See that furniture is ergonomically designed.
9. Provide adequate visuals in offices where narrow alleys with abrupt turns exist.
10. See carpets are not worn out.
11. See that walking surface is not slippery.
12. See all air conditioners or Air Handling Units are well maintained.
13. See that all electrical fittings are well maintained.
14. Check that three pin plugs and sockets have been provided on all electrical equipment
in use.
15. See that fire detection & alarm system is functional
16. Check that sufficient fire extinguishers are provided and maintained
17. See sufficient numbers of employees know the location of the fire extinguishers & know
to operate fire extinguishers.
18. See first-aid boxes are provided, location is known and are well maintained.
19. See emergency preparedness plan is ready and communicated to all.
20. Ensure to display emergency contact numbers & persons such as Police, Fire,
Ambulance, Hospital etc.
21. Maintain and operate lifts as per statutory requirement.
22. Check noise levels periodically
23. Ensure proper portable water and sanitation facilities.
8
SAFETY IN ELECTRICAL WORKS
HAZARDS
The main hazards in electrical works are electrocution, burns, fire and explosion.
When working on high altitude there are possibilities of slipping and falling.
ORDER OF RESPONSIBILTY
 Site In-charge / Safety Officer / Engineer / Supervisor
PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not attempt to work on electrical apparatus unless authorized to do so.
2. Do not stand on wet or damp floor while working. Preferably use wooden or rubber mat
base (insulating material) for standing.
3. Use of Metallic ladders should be avoided for repairing of electrical works.
4. Any employee noticing defective electrical equipment should report it to the concerned
authority.
5. Wherever necessary take Work Permit from concerned authority.
6. All wire must be treated as live wire until it is positively known that they are dead.
7. To know whether there is a current in the line or not , do not try to know it by touching
8. Wiring shall be installed in such a manner that it is not subjected to physical damage.
9. Repair and maintenance works of electrical line or equipment should be done by
qualified authorized electrician using insulated tools only. Hand gloves and tools with
insulated handles must be used.
10. Portable electrical equipment is generally equipped with a ground wire. If such ground
wires are not provided, they must be installed and the equipment should not be used till
such time that the earthing is provided.
11. Lockable (without key) type three pin Plug and sockets assembly should be preferred for
power receptacles for temporary power connection so that the plug does not come out
easily.
12. Earth leakage protection device shall be used for the ground fault protection. The rating
of ELCB shall be 30 mA and the ELCB should clear the fault within 200 milli-second
time.
13. Label all the receptacles on temporary racks with the circuit voltages present and
identification of source of power.
14. Do not close switches of a line after work, unless you get written “line clearance”
information from the concerned authorized officer saying that all men or material and
earthing on line have been removed.
15. Do not use water, soda acid or foam fire extinguishers on electrical fires as they may
result in fatal shock. Switch off the power supply and use only dry powder or carbondioxide fire extinguishers.
9
SAFETY IN USE OF LADDERS
HAZARDS
Slipping and falling from heights.
Toppling of ladders
ORDER OF RESPONSIBILTY
 Site In-charge / Safety Officer / Engineer / Supervisor
PRECAUTIONS
1. While placing ladder the horizontal distance from the base of ladder to the vertical plane
of support should be approximately one fourth of ladder length. ( The ladder bottom
should be 1 meter from the object against which the top is leaning if the ladder length is
4 meter). Therefore angle of ladder legs with ground should be approximately 75.52 o
2. Never use an unsound ladder.
3. Before using a ladder inspect for missing cleat or cracked rungs.
4. Ladder should not be painted
5. Ensure that ladder is set on a firm level base.
6. Do not place a ladder close to live electric wiring.
7. Have a man at the foot to hold the ladder or lash the top of ladder securely against
resting face.
8. Do not carry load on person while climbing or descending the ladder-use a hoist line
9. Do not lean sideways from a ladder- it is safe to move the ladder after the person has
alighted.
10. Never lash two ladders to make longer one.
11. Face a ladder climbing or descending
12. Never slide down of ladder.
13. Mobile scaffold / ladders / telescopic ladder shall be maintained properly. Attached
wheel locks, riggers etc. should be always functional. No person should be allowed to
stand on top when these are being moved.
14. Preferably use cage ladder for back rest.
15. Use fall arrestors with full body safety belt or double hook safety belt.
16. In the event of more height and numbers of ladders required, after every ladder provide
a landing platform for rest and next ladder rungs should be at 900 to earlier ladder to
essentially break continuous traverse.
10
SAFETY IN SCAFFOLDING
HAZARDS
Fall of persons
Fall of material and articles
Failure of scaffolding due to overloading
Failure of the scaffolding members during erection and dismantling
Contact with energized lines.
Environmental
ORDER OF RESPONSIBILTY
 Site In-charge / Safety Officer / Engineer / Supervisor
PRECAUTIONS
1. The scaffold must be Double scaffolding, sturdily built and properly secured.
2. The scaffold must not be overloaded.
3. Scaffold higher than 3 meters above the ground must be equipped with minimum two
level hand rails approximate 1.2 meter decking for top hand rail.
4. If a scaffold is intended for holding bolts, flanges, bricks, etc., it should have a toeboard installed to prevent material from falling as well as person slipping and falling.
5. Decking on scaffold have minimum gaps in between and must be properly secured.
Minimum square floor opening grills / grating or chequered plate be used for flooring to
avoid falling of objects such as nuts, bolts, washers etc.
6. Scaffold build over passage ways should provide a head clearance of not less than two
meters
7. All scaffolds shall have installed ladders or other suitable means for vertical ascent.
Portions of scaffold, however, may be used as rungs of ladder.
8. Minimum two accesses / approaches to be ensured for every scaffold.
9. Before erecting scaffold near any electrical lines or exposed electrical equipment,
concerned people should consult their authorities to determine what special precautions
are required to be taken. Scaffolds should be ensure not to be with in range of flux
linkage of electrical conductors
10. Scaffold built in or extending into roadways and walkways shall bear red light markers at
night and red flag markers during the day.
11. Provide adequate workspace to enable workmen to move freely in connection with their
work.
12. Scaffolding on hot equipment should be constructed and maintained in a manner to
prevent fire. Wooden planks should be kept such a way that it will not touch the hot
equipment. As far as possible use of wooden planks be avoided and minimum square
floor opening grills / grating or chequered plate clamped securely using nuts & bolts be
preferred.
11
SAFETY WHILE WORKING AT HEIGHTS AND BELOW GROUND LEVEL
HAZARDS
A condition or situation that could result into fall
A condition or situation that could result in person getting buried.
ORDER OF RESPONSIBILTY
 Site In-charge / Safety Officer / Engineer / Supervisor
PRECAUTIONS
1. Check whether there is a safe method of getting to and from the work area with
minimum two accesses / exits.
2. Decide what particular equipment will be suitable for the job and the conditions on site.
3. All employees should secure properly, tools and other material on platform; scaffolds or
any other elevated points so that they will not fall. Use minimum square floor grill /
grating or chequered plate for base (floor) & toe guard / board for avoiding fall of
materials or slippage & fall of person. Tie hand tools to belts.
4. Make sure that scaffolding and ladders are as per safety standard norms. Ladder be
preferably cage ladder & scaffolds should have minimum two level hand rails with top
layer at 1.2 m from scaffold floor level.
5. Check any equipment provided by another company is safe on site before using it.
6. If no other means of providing a safe place of work at height is available, then
appropriately anchored harness should be worn; whenever harnesses are used a
method must be available to enable people to be rescued from fall and being left
suspended in their harness by way of achor from nearest permanent structure or
lifelines.
7. When selecting a safe system of work at heights, all the risks have to be considered
before one method is selected. For example, if nets are selected, is there adequate
clearance under the nets to prevent injury to those who may fall into them? If harnesses
are used, is there sufficient clearance from the ground to allow the shock absorbing
lanyard or inertia reel to fully extend.
8. Physical condition and suitability of steps, rung ladders.
9. Helmet with chin straps, in working condition.
10. Safety belt with double lanyard with arrangement for life line support.
11. Manila rope used as lifeline or for any other purpose shall be checked before each
application and in each shift, when it is in use.
12. Area on ground beneath the height where job is being executed has been properly
barricaded / fenced indicating danger, displaying necessary placards.
13. Concerned departmental personnel whose work may get affected by the job have been
identified and communicated.
12
14. Any work at height shall be carried out only in presence of skilled supervisor.
15. Only trained persons shall be allowed to work at height. Workers will have to be
permitted to work at height only after clearing height phobia test and upon certification by
registered medical practitioner to that effect.
16. If working at height includes gas cutting and welding, working in gaseous hazardous
area, near electrical installation, work permit should be obtained from authorized
agencies separately for each hazard.
Below ground level
1. While making excavations, trial pits must be excavated to detect existing services if any, in
the alignment of the excavation.
2. Concerned agencies who have provided the services be formally informed of the program
for excavation so that they can send their representative at the place of excavation.
3. Care should be exercised to ensure that any buried cable or services are not damaged.
Clearance must be obtained from Utility Department as regard layout / routing of buried
services to ensure not to foul with excavation.
4. Employees must properly barricade all excavations, manholes, valve boxes, pipe tranches
etc., if such opening is to be left over-night in a frequented location; it is the responsibility of
the group doing the work at such location to ensure that necessary arrangements are made
for installing caution signs, barricade etc.
5. Where shoring, bracing or other types of supports are considered necessary for excavation,
they should be provided by those executing the job.
6. Excavation 1.5 M more in depth shall be provided with minimum two ladders for access.
Hot Work Permit be secured for deep excavation jobs where head is below grade.
7. No equipment, material be stored within 2 to 2.5 meters from the edge of the open
excavation.
8. Edge of the excavation should not be vertical but should be profiled outwards at the top to
avoid fall of soil. Which could entrap personnel.
13
SAFETY IN USING HAND TOOLS / MACHINES
HAZARDS
Hit by flying object
Cut or hand injury
ORDER OF RESPONSIBILTY
 Site In-charge / Safety Officer / Engineer / Supervisor
PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not transfer the tools from one man to another by throwing. Instead hand them over
in a safe way.
2. Tools should be used only for the purpose for which they are designed and should be
inspected periodically for defects. Return defective tools to tool room for repairs.
Redeploy such defective tools only after the repairs are done to eliminate the defects in
totality.
3. Provide a fitness tag with date of checking on tools after each inspection.
4. Tools having burns, cracks, mushroomed heads, and broken, loose or splintered handle
must not be used. Return such tools to tool room.
5. Always use a “holder” with a chisel or drill when sledging.
6. No edged or pointed tools shall be carried in pockets or belt, or transported unless they
are fully protected.
7. A screw driver should not be used as a chisel or lever.
8. When using screw driver do not hold material in hand.
9. Electrician should use tools with only insulated handles.
10. Non-sparking tools shall be used, wherever explosive or flammable material is present.
11. When handling springs or cutting wires or material under tension, use caution to prevent
its flying back or springing.
12. Do not leave tools hanging on platform, pipes, and work tables or on the machinery
which on falling may cause injury.
13. Take care and avoid using tools which do not have handle. As they may cause injury.
14. Ensure to use tools such as grinding machines with proper safety guard in place.
15. Electrically operated hand tools such as drilling machines, grinding machines should be
used only with three pin plugs and sockets with proper earthings.
16. Electrical cable used in hand tool should be of rated capacity and as far as possible joint
free.
17. Ensure use of proper hand gloves, face shields, goggles etc. based on the tools to be
used.
18. Do not use over size spanners with packing for tightening nuts or bolts.
14
SAFETY IN USE OF CRANES AND EXCAVATION MACHINES
HAZARDS
Capsizing / Toppling
Collapse / Failure of boom.
Object falling from height
Swinging / Load hitting adjacent structure
ORDER OF RESPONSIBILTY
 Site In-charge / Safety Officer / Engineer / Supervisor
PRECAUTIONS
1. Crane shall be stationed for operation only on firm ground. Tyre mounted Hydraulic
crane with telescopic boom must be leveled on out riggers and load of crane must be on
out riggers and not on tyres.
2. All mobile cranes shall meet the Motor Vehicle Act and other statutory requirements, and
be operated by experienced and licensed operators having valid license only.
3. All mobile cranes must have Load Chart, Angle Indicator, Level Indicator, Safe Load
Indicator, and Boom Back Stop.
4. A crane should never be overloaded beyond 85% of its rated capacity
5. Do not carry loads above people / no one must walk under a suspended load. Load
movement are must be cordoned off / barricaded & entry restricted.
6. No person is allowed to ride on loads being carried.
7. Never use crane for side pulls.
8. The operator should not leave his position at the control while the load is suspended and
till the load is released & there is no load on the crane hook.
9. Only authorized persons shall make sling hitches and give signals for operation.
10. Ensure a tag line or a guide rope/s held by an experienced person / s in case of a freely
swinging load.
11. All exposed moving parts shall be adequately guarded, and the crane must be provided
with automatic braking device in case of power failure. Load exceeding 75% of the crane
capacity or load lifted above a building or a structure, and load being lifted by 2 cranes is
considered Critical Load. Lifting of all such loads shall be approved by a team
comprising Contract Administrator, Construction Manager and Crane Inspector.
12. Due permission must be obtained if the crane is to be operated in the vicinity of electrical
lines, and proper clearances maintained.
13. Before commencing travelling or when the hook approaches near or over personnel,
warning signal should be sounded.
14. When work is stopped crane should be kept in parking position and ignition key in
possession of authorized operator. Under no circumstances key should be made
15
available to the cleaner of crane. In case of hydraulic operated telescopic boom must be
totally taken in and made horizontal and hook for any crane should not be allowed to
swing the hook must be anchored to crane body).
15. Crane to be deployed must be with latest valid load test certificate issued by
Government approved Competent Person and condition of all parts such as , drum, wire
ropes, hook, brake for drum, pulleys, boom, hydraulic system including pumps, locks etc.
must be duly certified by Government approved Competent Person.
Excavation Machines
16. Tyre mounted cranes shall be equipped with outriggers to properly stabilize the crane
while operating.
17. On all mobile cranes the hoist and boom drums shall be provided with pawl or dog
(without counter weight) in addition to the brake to hold the load and the boom when
suspended.
18. The operator shall not leave the cab while master clutch is engaged.
19. Cranes or shovels setting on steep slopes / grades shall be securely blocked or secured
with a tail hold.
20. In addition to the qualified / experienced operator, there shall be another crew as an oiler
/ rigger / signaler to guide the operator when his vision is obscured / impaired, and be
available as a „second person required skill‟ if and when need arises during any
emergency.
21. Control handles, levers and switches shall be marked to show their functions and how
they should be operated, and shall be designed such that they cannot be operated
accidentally.
22. Where ground is soft or uneven, timbering and planking shall be used to provide firm
foundation and distribution of the load.
23. All persons shall keep away from the shovel‟s swing and shall not be permitted to stand
at the back of the shovel or in line with the swing of the dipper during operation or
movement of the shovel.
24. Unauthorized persons shall not be allowed on the shovel nor shall the operator engage
himself in conversation with anyone while operating the machine.
25. The shovel dipper shall rest on ground or on blocking during shutdown periods.
16
Hand Signals for Overhead Cranes
17
Hand Signal for Mobile Cranes
18
Hand Signals
19
SAFETY IN MATERIAL HANDLING
HAZARDS
Object falling from height
Swinging / Load hitting adjacent structure
ORDER OF RESPONSIBILTY
 Site In-charge / Safety Officer / Engineer / Supervisor
PRECAUTIONS
1. Every machine and tackle should bear following marking:
Identification mark or number ( related to the test certificate)
Safe Working Load
Date of proof load test (Stamping).
2. It should be ensured that the load is safe and when slung, is as secure in the air as it
was on the ground.
3. The weight of the load must not exceed the safe working load of the slinging gear
4. The load must be contained or held securely by the slinging gear.
5. The load must to so slung that it will not suffer collapse, changes of form or posture or
internal displacement when subjected to jerk, swings and bumps after the initial
tightening.
6. The load must not damage or be damaged by the slinging gear.
7. The slinging method should be suitable for the type of load to be lifted having adequate
means of attachment to the load and the lifting appliances.
8. Never use a sling that has stretched or a hook that has begun to straighten. Take
defective equipment out of service.
9. Load compress gas cylinders only in a cradle or similar device.
10. While hooking or unhooking load, keep hand out of pinch point. Use hand hooks
wherever possible.
11. Do not drag, throw or drop the slings
12. When releasing the slings, make sure that they are entirely free from load.
13. Never walk under the load or permit others to do so.
14. Use standard signal, make sure the load is safe and warn everyone to stay well out of
the way in case the load would swing or fall.
20
SAFE WORKING LOADS OF VARIOUS ROPES
TYPES
FACTOR OF
SAFETY
DIAMETER
NYLON
9
S.W.L.
POLYESTER
9
INCH
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
3/4
13/16
MM
4.7
6.4
7.9
9.5
11.1
12.7
14.3
15.9
19.0
20.6
WT. PER
METER
KG
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.05
0.07
0.10
0.12
0.16
0.22
0.25
7/8
1
1 1/16
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 5/16
1 1/2
1 5/8
22.2
25.4
27.0
28.6
31.8
33.3
38.1
41.3
0.30
0.39
0.43
0.51
0.60
0.67
0.82
1.01
1005
1260
1450
1660
1890
2165
2670
3275
0.37
0.45
0.51
0.59
0.69
0.78
0.99
1.22
905
1105
1285
1485
1670
1890
2355
2870
0.22
0.27
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.57
0.71
865
1055
1205
1380
1585
1775
2245
2720
1 3/4
2
2 1/8
2 1/4
44.5
50.8
54.0
57.2
1.23
1.41
1.62
1.92
3930
4635
5340
6300
1.46
1.76
2.00
2.34
3415
4030
4735
5390
0.85
1.03
1.19
1.37
3250
3930
4610
5215
KG
50
80
125
185
250
320
400
520
715
855
WT. PER
METER
KG
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.19
0.26
0.31
21
S.W.L.
POLYPROPYLENE
6
KG
50
60
125
185
250
320
400
500
630
780
WT. PER
METER
KG
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.16
0.19
S.W.L.
KG
60
90
140
200
260
315
385
465
640
745
SAFE WORKING LOADS OF VARIOUS ROPES
TYPES
HIGH DENSITY
POLYTHYLENE
FACTOR OF
SAFETY
9
DIAMETER
INCH
MM
3 STRAND FIBRE ROPE
MANILA
SISAL
5
5
WIRE ROPE
(6*37) FIBRE
CORE
8
WT. PER
S.W.L.
METER
KG
KG
WT.PER
METER
S.W.L.
WT.PER
METER
S.W.L.
WT. PER
METER
S.W.L.
KG
KG
KG
KG
KG
KG
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
3/4
13/16
7/8
4.7
6.4
7.9
9.5
11.1
12.7
14.3
15.9
19.0
20.6
22.2
0.020
0.029
0.05
0.071
0.10
0.125
0.16
0.20
0.24
66
100
150
200
300
367
500
600
700
0.03
0.06
0.11
0.20
0.25
0.34
50
120
240
395
490
695
0.03
0.06
0.11
0.20
0.25
0.34
40
95
190
315
390
590
0.33
0.45
0.60
0.74
0.92
1.32
1.58
1.88
575
775
1010
1285
1528
2285
2675
3075
1
1 1/16
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 5/16
1 1/2
1 5/8
1 3/4
25.4
27.0
28.6
31.8
33.3
38.1
41.3
44.5
0.38
0.50
0.58
0.77
0.83
-
1080
1415
1580
1915
2080
-
0.40
0.54
0.62
0.89
1.10
1.13
815
1085
1220
1675
2040
2400
0.40
0.54
0.62
0.89
1.10
1.13
650
870
970
1340
1630
1920
2.37
2.99
3.69
5.32
6.25
7.24
4060
5075
6285
9075
10660
12385
2
2 1/8
2 1/4
50.8
54.0
57.2
-
-
1.60
1.86
2.17
2810
3265
3715
1.60
1.86
2.17
2245
2610
2975
9.46
10.68
11.98
16135
18285
20450
22
SAFE WORKING LOAD OF 2 LEG SLING AT VARIOUS ANGLES
Safe working
load of sling
marked on
sling 900 legs
apart
Tonnes
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
86
90
95
100
P X Cos
450
Safe
working
load at 00
Safe working
load at 300
legs apart
Safe working
load at 600
legs apart
Safe working
load at 1200
legs apart
Test load to be
applied at 00
Tonnes
1.414
2.828
4.242
7.070
14.14
21.21
28.28
35.35
42.42
49.49
56.56
63.63
70.70
77.77
84.84
91.91
98.98
106.05
113.12
120.19
127.26
134.33
141.40
P
Tonnes
1.365
2.730
4.095
6.820
13.650
20.460
27.280
34.100
40.920
47.740
54.600
61.420
68.240
75.060
81.880
88.700
95.520
102.340
109.160
115.980
122.800
129.620
136.440
P x Cos
150
Tonnes
1.225
2.450
3.675
6.125
12.250
18.375
24.500
30.625
36.750
42.875
49.000
55.125
61.250
67.375
73.500
79.625
89.750
91.875
98.00
104.125
110.250
116.375
122.500
P x Cos
300
Tonnes
0.707
1.414
2.121
3.535
7.070
10.605
14.14
17.675
21.21
24.745
28.28
31.815
36.35
38.885
42.42
45.955
49.49
53.25
56.56
60.095
63.63
67.165
70.70
P x Cos
600
Tonnes
2.828
5.656
8.484
14.140
28.28
42.42
56.56
70.70
84.84
98.98
113.12
127.26
141.40
155.54
169.68
183.82
197.96
212.10
226.24
240.38
254.52
268.66
282.80
23
SAFETY IN GAS CUTTING AND WELDING OPERATIONS
HAZARDS
Electrocution
Fire and burns
Explosion.
ORDER OF RESPONSIBILTY
 Site In-charge / Safety Officer / Engineer / Supervisor
PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not weld or burn on any container where flammable material are stored or explosive
gas accumulated inside.
2. Welder should use proper welding dress such as face shields or goggles, aprons, gloves
and gumboots.
3. Gas cylinder must be protected from heat, extreme weather conditions, falling or
damage of any kind.
4. Compressed air must not be used to blow or clean welding and cutting equipments as it
may carry moisture or oil.
5. Do not use electrical conduits as earth conductors.
6. All connection must be clamped or bolted securely and tight to avoid arching. Insulation
of leads must be checked and leaks rectified.
7. Welding cable or gas tubes must not be dragged or pulled along the floor. They must be
lifted to avoid damaged to them.
8. Whenever welding or cutting operation is done on elevated places, make sure that the
sparks do not fly or fall on equipment or material and cause fire. Provide a suitable
shield or screen to arrest the flying sparks.
9. Welding cable or gas tube must be protected from any damages due to contact with
sharp material or falling sparks.
10. Gas tubes must be frequently inspected for deterioration or leak, as such leaks tend to
fire or explosion risks.
11. Goggles or welding screen must be used while chipping & grinding. Brush must be used
for cleaning welding metal.
12. Ensure use of proper keys for opeming / closing valves of gas cylinders.
13. Do not role gas cylinders. Keep Gas Cylinders in up right condition mounted on trolleys
& properly chained.
14. Use proper friction gas lighter and do not use an electric arc.
24
SAFETY IN CONFINED SPACE WORKING
HAZARDS
Presence of toxic gases inside vessels or pipeline in harmful concentration.
Presence of explosive gases in the vessel or pipeline, which may cause an explosion
when heated or ignited.
Danger of asphyxiation for want of oxygen for breathing and also by presence of rich
concentration of Nitrogen inside the vessel in case the vessel had been purged with
Nitrogen (inert gas).
ORDER OF RESPONSIBILTY
 Site In-charge / Safety Officer / Engineer / Supervisor
PRECAUTIONS
1. Effectively isolate the equipment or pipeline from the process.
2. Pipeline connecting the piece of equipment or pipelines, to be closed with blank flanges.
Do not rely upon valves.
3. If it is practicable, one of the connecting pipe should be disconnected and the line part
suitably blanked
4. The valve and pipelines connecting the equipment should be tagged. The tags should
not be removed without approval of the person who had signed it.
5. The residual gas inside the equipment or pipeline should be vented to atmosphere at
safe location.
6. The equipment or pipe line should be purged with inert gas to remove all the hazardous
gases and should be vented at safe locations. The purging agents should be selected
after taking hazard into consideration.
7. The gases coming out of the vessel or pipe line should be checked and analysed for the
concentration of hazardous gas. In case of vessel that had been purged with nitrogen, a
wash with air should be given. Nitrogen will not support life.
8. Proper ventilation must be provided to get minimum 19.5 % oxygen
9. Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment should be worn by the workers entering
vessels. Entry of personnel should not be permitted without checking concentration of
gas by using gas meter & safe removal of gas prior to permitting entry.
10. If fire hazards are present, suitable fire fighting appliances should be kept ready on the
spot.
11. Confined spaces include deep excavations, working in tunnels, working in pressure
parts, vessels, tanks entering through manholes, etc., where along with presence of
Oxygen, concentration levels of H2S, NO2, CO & CO2 are also important. When
working at such places .escape ladders or routes, life lines, dewatering arrangements,
sufficient lighting (24 Volts), communication (telephone lines) and ventilation are
essential as per site requirement. (Refer-Safety in Tunnelling)
25
SAFETY IN TUNNELLING
HAZARDS
Rock falls.
Foul gases.
Failure of mechanical equipments.
Electrical shocks.
Poor lighting.
Handling of explosives etc.
Absence of contingency plans.
ORDER OF RESPONSIBILTY
 Site In-charge / Safety Officer / Engineer / Supervisor
PRECAUTIONS
1. Ensure that workers engaged in tunnelling use required PPE and protection clothing
preferably high visibility clothing.
2. Ensure to practice work permit system in respect of tunnelling work since this is a
confined space working. Nobody shall be permitted to enter the tunnel without obtaining
valid work permit. It is advisable not to ever enter a tunnel alone and without a proper
two way communication system.
3. Ensure that tunnelling work is started and continuously monitored under supervision of a
competent supervisor
4. Ensure use of only proper, suitable, sound, free from parent defects, having adequate
strength material for shoring, bracing and supporting work which shall be properly,
adequately, firmly secured using wages, props etc and extended up to the bottom of the
tunnelling. These shall be regularly inspected and maintained.
5. Ensure safe access to reach safe place in the event of flooding.
6. Ensure proper barricading of the entire tunnelling area at least 1 m high along with
specific symbols, boards (placards) flags, warning notices and red “danger“ lights
clearly displayed.
7. Ensure to periodically inspect the tunnel, preferably once in a week to identify any weak
rock zone or deterioration of any rock already exposed. Identified weak rock shall be
given necessary treatment such as rock bolts, shotcrete, temporary support or
permanent support as per the requirement.
8. Ensure to safeguard against foul gases resulting either from blasting or from geology of
rock by way of designing proper ventilation system.
9. Ensure to maintain atmosphere inside the tunnel to have oxygen not less than 19.5%,
carbon monoxide not more than 0.005%, carbon dioxide not more than 0.5%, other
gases such as nitrogen fumes, methane, hydrogen sulphide etc within specified limits.
26
Ensure to have necessary instruments available at the site to detect and monitor on daily
basis %ages of methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide etc.
10. Ensure availability of sufficient numbers of oxygen breathing apparatus at the site.
11. Ensure to use wet drilling to minimise the dust generation.
12. Ensure to use only electrical battery operated ( preferably 24 volts) or pneumatic
equipments inside the tunnel.
13. Ensure to routinely check and inspect all mechanical equipment physically as well as for
performance and maintain a log book.
14. Ensure that all the electrical equipment are properly earthed and that there are no loose
contacts, loose connections anywhere in the electrical circuit so as to avoid sparking.
15. Ensure that all electrical installations are inspected, tested and maintained by qualified
and experienced electricians.
16. Ensure to use low voltage lighting system in the tunnelling work, preferably 110V to
avoid and at least minimise fatal shocks. Hand lamps and small hand tools shall be of
24V rating.
17. Ensure proper and adequate design of lighting system to have minimum level of 100 lux
illumination at working points and minimum 50 lux in the general area.
18. Ensure to protect all light fittings against excess water. Ensure to check, clean and
maintain lighting installations regularly.
19. Ensure to set up before hand the procedure to be followed in the event of misfire. In
India refer to IS: 4081 and Indian Mines Regulation in the event of any doubt.
20. Ensure to have a qualified safety engineer available at the site on permanent rolls. The
safety engineer shall have duly prepared contingency plans for evacuation in the event
of accidents.
21. Ensuring availability of properly installed and maintained communication system.
22. The safety engineer shall also ensure that emergency contact numbers, rescue
procedures are prominently displayed for general public knowledge as well first aid, fire
extinguishers, breathing apparatus, emergency lights and communication systems are
easily and readily available. Safety engineer shall also ensure general safety of men and
machinery. It shall be ensured to have different paths for vehicles and pedestrians.
23. Ensure to provide sufficient ventilation as designed and if required ensure to provide
proper exhaust.
24. Ensure use of proper working platforms with toe guards hand railing etc complete,
ladders firmly secured tied with ropes etc for doing the tunnelling job where required.
25. Ensure to use only low pollution explosives.
26. Do not permit any one to tamper with any service lines ( electrical cables, telephone
cables, water pipes, sewage pipes etc.) encountered during tunnelling; immediately
bring to the notice of the concerned supervisor and resume work upon clearance from
concerned department post inspection.
27
SAFETY ON ROADS
HAZARDS
Hitting object
Skidding
Colliding
ORDER OF RESPONSIBILTY
 Site In-charge / Safety Officer / Engineer / Supervisor
PRECAUTIONS
1. Always keep all relevant papers and show on demand – driving license, registration,
insurance, entry pass, road permit, vehicle fitness, emission certificate, etc.
2. Follow all safety rules.
3. Clear and unobstructed access / approach roads, unidirectional traffic, speed limit
boards, and designated parking places should be ensured.
4. Provide road safety caution boards at site as per road safety rule
5. Registration number plate should be in accordance with motor vehicle rules.
6. Keep the vehicle in excellent running condition. Check fitness and road worthiness of the
vehicle before taking on road.
7. Give proper signal while turning and slowing down.
8. Drive within specified speed limit. At site maintain speed limit as 10-15 Km/hr.
9. Do not use mobile phone while driving.
10. Always keep left and give signal while changing lane.
11. Keep safe distance from the vehicle ahead.
12. Do not overtake from left.
13. Do not park in No Parking area.
14. Do not drive in alcoholic condition or under influence of drug.
15. Before driving ensure that no one is under or very near to the vehicle.
16. Do not drive during no entry / safety timing.
17. Do not load the vehicle beyond capacity. Do not load vehicles resulting in overhangs /
projections etc.
18. Ensure no dust flying, solid particles / lumps falling and liquid spills on the road.
19. Do not allow any person on the deck.
20. Helper must be there to give signal while reversing. Reverse horn should be ensured to
be in working order.
21. Maintain steady driving, do not change lane or overtake.
22. Do not drive Two Wheeler without crash helmet.
23. Drive Four Wheeler using safety belt.
28
SAFETY IN HOUSEKEEPING
HAZARDS
Trips, slips and falls
Cuts and other injuries
Fire & explosion
ORDER OF RESPONSIBILTY
 Site In-charge / Safety Officer / Engineer / Supervisor
PRECAUTIONS
1. Awareness of cleanliness, timely clearances of rubbish such as piles of bricks, wood,
paper, rags, oil / water spillages, compressed gas leakage sealing and availability of
scaffoldings, ladders,
oxygen cylinders and protective equipment such as oxygen
masks would lead to good housekeeping and prevention of accident.
2. Sizes and allocation of the specific areas are to be finalized depending upon quantity and
the nature of the material to be handled, such as radiation prone, inflammable, toxic,
explosive, detonable etc. need to be identified.
3. Non smoking zones required in respect of material like methanol, petrol, diesel etc
4. Provision of covered dust bins, drums etc at various locations and rubbish dumps
clearing from time to time are to be ensured. Trips, slips and falls account for one of the
major reasons for accidents on a construction site, and most of these are caused by
rubbish and waste material or badly stacked materials. Timbers left lying around with
protruding nails can penetrate even safety boots. Rubbish build is also a cause of fire due
to carelessly thrown cigarette buts or from gas cutting / welding spatters / spark.
5. Papers, wood off cuts, straw packing, electrical off cuts are causes for fire and tripping
hazards. Material badly stacked can collapse, get damaged and injure people
6. Solution to all these is good housekeeping. Spending half an hour daily at the end of the
day or major breaks would be a good idea to keep the site tidy.
7. Adequate storage areas for all material, equipment including for but not restricted to
explosives, radiation equipment, detonators, inflammables, compressed gas cylinders,
reinforcement steel,
cement, water for drinking as well as construction use,
consumables, tools and tackles, equipment to be received and erected, wooden planks
/ blocks, winches, cranes, derricks, hoists, chain pulley blocks, pipes, fittings, Maxpullers, wire ropes, manila ropes, nylon ropes etc should be ensured.
8. Food wastes must not be thrown on ground or this will invite vermin, rats, cockroaches,
and the associated problems / diseases. Put them in trash skips or waste burning pits.
9. Site is to be prevented from fouling by making provisions and proper use of toilet
facilities.
10. Adequate provision for fire fighting system inclusive of fire water pumps, hydrants,
nozzles, hoses, sprinklers, various types of fire fighting extinguishers, water and sand
buckets should be ensured at various locations.
11. Adequate lighting, illumination in the work site should be ensured, which is also a
statutory requirement.
29
FIRE PREVENTION
HAZARDS
1. Fire and explosion
ORDER OF RESPONSIBILTY
 Site In-charge / Safety Officer / Engineer / Supervisor
PRECAUTIONS
Cause of fire
For any fire to take place, three basic things have to be present – inflammable material (in
solid, liquid or gaseous form), source of ignition and oxygen. If one of the three is cut off,
the fire cannot take place. After the fire has broken out, to extinguish the same at least one
of the above three is to be cut off.
General guidelines
Fire results from a combination of fuel, heat and oxygen. When the combustible /
inflammable substance / fuel is brought to its ignition temperature, due to availability of
ignition source / heat / sparks in presence of oxygen ( which is necessary to sustain /
continue combustion ) it will burn. Oxygen / air is always available in atmospheric
condition. Therefore, to prevent fire from bursting out, it is essential to ensure that
inflammable material is kept away from source of ignition / heat.
Following are few of the common reasons giving rise to fire:
Abuse / misuse of electrical tools.
Abuse and or misuse of electrical tools can lead to igniting created piled up rubbish such as
spilt over oils, waste paper, rags, wood, cloth etc. which remain as inflammable material
due to failure in timely disposal
Smoking in prohibited areas.
Use of torches / naked flame, lighters, match-sticks and open lights or spark producing
tools, welding arc / gas cutting set is being used to light cigarette in the vicinity of
inflammable substances can lead to fire hazard and in particular in prohibited having
inflammable substance.
As such, to prevent occurrence of fire, the above should be strictly prohibited. Prevention is
always better than cure.
30
Classification of fuels
Sl.
No.
Class
Type of fuel
Example
1
A- Solid
Fuel which is Solid in state on Wood, Paper, Cotton, Charcoal,
burning they leave Carbon as etc.
residue.
2
B- Liquid
Flammable material
are in liquid state.
3
C- Gases
Fuels which are in gaseous LPG, acetylene, Methane, Butane,
state.
etc.
4
D- Metals
Metals which can burn
Sodium, Potassium, magnesium,
etc.
5.
E- Electrical
Flammable material
PVC, rubber etc.
which Petroleum products , Diesel, Paint,
Spirit, etc.
Application of fire extinguishing agent
Sl.
N0.
Extinguishing -agent
Class of Fire
A
B
C
D
E
1
Water
Yes
No
No
No
No
2
Sand
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
3
Water – CO2
Yes
No
No
No
No
4
Foam
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
5
Dry Chem. Powder
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
6
Special DCP
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
7
CO2
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
31
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
The selection of PPE depends up on the nature and severity of the hazard, type and
concentration of contamination, duration of work and limitation of the equipment.
TYPE OF PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
1. NON-RESPIRATAORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
I. Head protection
Hazards
: Object falling, striking against object, heat spark etc.
Equipment
: Heavy duty helmet, light duty helmet.
II. Eye and Face protection
Hazards
: Dust splashes of liquid, flying particles, welding light
Equipment
: Safety spectacles, safety goggles, face shields, welding helmets
etc.
III. Ear protection
Hazards
: Hearing impairment or deafness, loss of efficiency, etc.
Equipment
: Where noise level exceeds 80 db, the use of ear protection like
Ear plug, Ear muff, Cotton-wax clad ear plug is obligatory.
IV. Hand protection
Hazards
: Materials having sharp end, sharp edges, hot metal, chemical,
corrosive etc. electrical current
Equipment
: Gloves, hand pads, finger guards.
V. Foot and leg protection
Hazards
: Hit by falling articles, contact with chemical, corrosive liquid etc.
fault current earthed through body
Equipment
: Safety shoes, gumboot, etc. with insulated rubber sole and
metallic toe cap.
VI. Body protection
Hazards
: Molten metal, flying particles, heat source, etc.
Equipment
: Coats, aprons, head to toe protection, etc.
VII. Safety belts
Hazards
: Falling from height.
Equipment
: Safety belts.
2. RESPIRATAORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Hazards
: a. Oxygen deficiency.
b. Gaseous contamination.
I. Immediate danger to life.
II. No-immediate danger to life.
III. Particulate contaminants
c. Combination of gaseous & particulate matter.
Protective Equipment
A. Supplied air
:
B. Air purifying
:
I. Air line mask, with blower.
II. Self contained breathing apparatus.
I. Chemical filter (Canister gas mask, Chemical cartridge
and Self rescue type)
II. Mechanical filters (Nuisance dusts & Micro filter)
III. Combination of chemical and mechanical filters.
32
FIRST-AID AND EMERGENCY PLAN
First –aid accomplishes two important things:
1. Making patient more comfortable
2. Reduces the chances of further injury either from loss of blood or the danger of unnecessary
movement.
What to do first
Take charge of the situation. Be tactful but firm. Call ambulance as early as possible
Keep calm do & what must be done as promptly as possible.
In case of bleeding
Tell patient that he IS going to get better.
Give him rest, and assurance.
Apply a dressing with pad if necessary and bandage firmly.
Provide treatment of wound with severe bleeding.
Clean the wound with antiseptic solution.
Try to stop bleeding.
Rush the patient to medical center or hospital.
Use tourniquet, if direct pressure on bleeding point does not stop bleeding.
In case of fractures
Make the patient comfortable.
Keep support or immobilize the affected part up to joints or both ends using splints or any
other material.
Never attempt to bring the bones to normal position.
Check bandage every five minutes to make sure that they are not too tight & do not
result in stopping blood circulation / supply.
Transport the casualty very gently especially if you suspect backbone injury.
Rush the patient to medical center or hospital.
In case of burns
If cloth catches fire wrap rug, blanket or coat around the person firmly. Do not allow him
to run in panic as movement fans flames.
Lay the person on soft covering, with head low and cover with blanket. Loosen clothing,
raise feet about 8” by propping up one end of bed. Never remove clothing unless it is
soaked with corrosive liquid or petrol.
Place burned part under slow running water or immerse in cold water.
Cover burn with clean and dry cloth.
Do not apply any antiseptic cream or lotion.
Rush the patient to medical center or hospital.
In case of electric shock
Switch off current, if this cannot be done remove supply from victim with the help of wood
or non conductive material, like hokey, walking stick, dry cloth etc.
If victim is cold, clammy, breathing is shallow and pulse is rapid and weak, then give him
reassurance. Make him comfortable.
If victim has stopped breathing, start artificial respiration immediately.
Get medical help.
In case of emergency
Know about site emergency plan where you are working.
Act as per site emergency plan.
33
If you are member of any team report to your team leader in emergency.
Do not create panic.
Reach to assembly point at the earliest.
Do not give any instruction to anybody unless you are assigned with such responsibility in
the emergency plan.
Sound a siren in case of fire.
Do’s and Don’ts
While using portable grinder
Do’s
1. Do check all wheels for other cracks or other damage before mounting.
2. Do check machine speed against approved operating speed of the wheel.
3. Do make sure that wheel hole, (threaded or unthreaded), fits machine arbor / spindle
properly and flange are clean flat and of proper type for the wheel you are using.
4. Do run wheel in protected area for one minute before grinding.
5. Do use the wheel guard furnished with machine.
6. Do always wear protective safety glasses or face shield.
7. Use blotters provide with the wheel.
8. Use proper three pin plug & socket.
9. Use hand gloves of appropriate type.
Don’ts
1. Don‟t use wheels which have been dropped or otherwise damaged.
2. Don‟t use a grinding wheel that has rated speed less than speed of grinder.
3. Don‟t use excessive pressure when mounting wheel between flanges. Tighten nut only
enough to hold wheel firmly.
4. Don‟t handle machine carelessly.
5. Don‟t mount more than on a wheel on a single arbor.
34
SAFETY AUDIT
FREQUENCY OF AUDIT
1. Once in every two months with questionnaire
ORDER OF RESPONSIBILTY
 Site In-charge / Safety Officer / Engineer / Supervisor
Safety audit is a technique to systematically evaluate & appraise the effectiveness of a safety
program under execution. This helps to improve and upgrade the existing safety program.
Safety audit is a methodology to critically evaluate safety program and performance in terms of
accident frequency, severity rates, identification and control of hazards and assessment of
financial losses on account of bad performance. Safety audit can also be categorized as basic
audit, self audit and professional audit. Basic audit means ensuring that all basic elements of the
safety program are implemented including analysis of qualitative, quantitative, setup, procedures
and controls, hazard identification education, training and maintenance of relevant records. Self
audit involves analysis of elements such as leadership and administration,
training, inspection
procedures, inventory and job analysis of critical jobs, investigations of accidents / incidents,
emergency preparedness, rules and regulations, group safety meetings and communication,
community education and demonstration.
Safety audit, both basic and self, should be conducted in-house by safety personnel on regular
basis in order to assess the site situation, to facilitate taking corrective action / remedial
measures and learning to ensure safe working conditions, to exhibit management care and
concern about the work force, and to keep their morale high.
35
MEASUREMENT OF SAFETY PERFORMANCE
Safety performance of site is measured to improve processes and procedures being practiced at
site. Following two methods have been adopted.
DuPont Method
The Site should be audited on daily basis, maintaining an element of surprise, to assess the
unsafe conditions and unsafe acts – the prime factors responsible for causing accidents /
incidents / near misses. The audit observations could be categorized, as explained above under
the heading - observations, and assigned severity rating on 1 to 5 scales on the following
pattern depending upon the severity -1 being minor and 5 posing fatality potential
(Alternatively it could be Safety index from 1-5 with sites/ work places with Safety Index as one
being Most Unsafe and 5 being Most Safe).
Severity Rating 1: Untidy area, minor issues.
Severity Rating 2: Restricted access, littered scrap / trash, and disorderliness.
Severity Rating 3: Violations of Rules and Procedures – potential injury.
Severity Rating 4: Unsafe conditions – serious injury potential – take prompt
action
Severity Rating 5: Immediate serious injury potential – stop activity immediately and correct
A Severity Index (SI) of 2.2 or lower shall be targeted to ensure safe working. Maximum of the
week’s SI should be reported on weekly basis for review. Depending upon the size, the site may
be divided into zones, and responsibility assigned to a senior person for each zone. In case of
higher than 2.5 SI found during the audit, all activities of the site/zone should be stopped and
corrective action taken before restarting the work.
36
Sum of violations X Their respective severity rating
Severity Index (SI) =
Total no. of violations observed during the audit
The audit process shall also provide coverage to ‘compliance to safety standards’, ‘good
citizens(clothing & PPE compliance and no act violation)’,‘quality of safe work procedures’, and
‘awareness of safety standards and rules’; aim / target 98 – 100 % for compliance to safety
standards and good citizens, and 4.9 – 5 for the rest on 1 to 5 scale.
A simple guide for site work execution could be –
100 % compliance to safety standards.
100 % good citizens
Severity index ≤ 2.2
No incidents
As described earlier, the objective of safety observations and audit is to improve the safety
performance. Some of the parameters against which this could be measured are as follows –
-
Lost work days
-
Total injury rates
-
Reduction in cost of equipment damage, insurance premium, and
compensation.
-
Attendance at safety meetings
-
Completion of training
-
Increase in strength of knowledgeable and skilled employees
-
Increase in employees involvement and cooperation
-
Reassured full work force with high morale
37
Site Safety Index
Audit is conducted and a radar chart is prepared based on the following criteria
0
1
2
3
4
5
Housekeeping
Materials
are
scattered,
No clear
area,
haphazard,
personnel
are not
aware,
repeated
finding.
Materials are
scattered,
No clear
area,
haphazard,
personnel
are not
aware
Awareness is
not available,
not clearly
identified,
walkway clear.
Awareness
good, clear
identification,
barricaded,
few material
not stacked
Awareness good,
Clearly identified
location for material
storages,
barricaded, material
are stacked in its
place as per
standard, no
signage.
Clearly identified
location for material
storage, description
of materials to be
stored displayed,
100% material
stacked in its place
as per standard. All
employees are
aware of where to
keep what,
walkways are clearly
marked & kept clear
PTW
(Permit To
Work)
No PTW,
personnel
working
PTW written
but not
signed, not
understood
by supervisor
PTW written &
valid. Tool box
talk not done.
PTW written &
valid. Tool box
talk not done.
Not displayed.
PTW written & valid.
Tool box talk done.
Signed & displayed
but not closed.
PTW in place,
signed, displayed,
understood, being
followed, Closed.
JSA (Job
Safety
Analysis)
No JSA, No
details of
activity.
JSA written,
Not covering
all activity
being done,
Hazard
findings are
not adequate
JSA covers all
activities,
Hazards are
Identified
inadequate
JSA covers all
activities,
Hazards
adequately
identified,
Controls
inadequate,
Awareness
poor.
JSA covers all
activities, Hazards
are Identified
adequately,
recommendations
adequate,
Awareness need
improvement
JSA covers all
activities, Hazards
are adequately
identified,
recommendations
adequate, good
awareness.
Unsafe
Condition
> 10
findings
during walk
> 8 findings
during the
walk
> 6 findings
during the
walk
> 4 findings
during the
walk
> 2 findings during
the walk
No unsafe condition
Supervision
No
supervisor
identified
and present.
Supervisor
identified but
not present .
Supervisor
present at
work, not
observing
details - too
many activities
Supervisor
present at
work,
observing,
conduct tool
box talk, Lack
of awareness
Supervisor present
at work, observing,
conducts tool box
and aware of
process. No
documents
Supervisor present
at work, observing,
conduct tool box
signature and aware
of process. Coaches
and mentors the
team
PPE
Adherence
Unsafe Act
>5
violations
observed
during walk,
No
awareness
of PPEs
> 5 violations
observed
during walk.
Personnel
are aware of
PPE
requirement
> 3 violations
observed
during walk,
Inadequacy in
documentation
PPE provided,
documented
but not worn
by the
operators
PPE provided,
documented, Aware
but not followed as
an exception < 3
findings during walk
No violation seen,
properly assessed
and documented
38
DISCLAIMER
IMPORTANT
SAFETY
TIPS
FOR
CONSTRUCTION SITE ENLISTED IN THIS
COMPILATION ARE DRAWN BASED ON
THE FIELD EXPERIENCE AND EMANATE
FROM
VARIOUS
NATIONAL
AND
INTERNATIONAL SAFETY RULES. THEY
ARE MERELY ILLUSTRATIVE IN NATURE.
FOR ENHANCED UNDERSTANDING OF
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS THE READERS
MAY
REFER
TO
THE
RELEVANT
NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL RULES.
39
HSE OBJECTIVES
Sr.
No.
Objective
Targets
1
Fatality
0
2
Lost Time Injury
0
3
Incident Rate
0
4
Communication and adherence
to HSE Policy.
All Employees,
all stakeholders
5
Site Safety Index
> 4.2
6
Severity Index
< 2.2
7
Site Safety Audit
Every two months
8
Site Safety Inspection as
Checklist
Daily
EMERGENCY CONTACT NUMBERS:
Police Station:
Fire Station:
Ambulance:
Hospital:
Project Manager:
Site In-Charge:
CNBU Pune Office: 020 66216161
40
Safety Officer:
This SHE Handbook belongs to:
Name:
Employee Code No:
Confirm that I have read and studied the contents of this
handbook and have got clarifications from my Site–In-Charge
regarding the part I did not understand. I will comply with all
safety rules and regulations and always use all applicable
Personal Protective Equipment.
I understand the Site Emergency and Site evacuation
procedures and will comply with it if such a Situation arises.
I will promote a safe working culture by my actions and
behavior at the site.
Signature:
Date:
41