Science 7 Module C Unit 1 Lesson 1 Introduction to Body Systems System Report 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Name of system All the major parts of you system Job of your system Why is your system important to the body What are some injuries or illness that can effect your system? 6. What would happen to the body if your system shut down? 7. Something interesting you didn’t know 8. (Resource page) www.mayoclinic.com Science Fusion Module C pages 9, 17-19 Body Systems Muscular System- allows movement of body parts, works with the skeletal system Skeletal System- made up of bones, ligaments and cartilage. Supports and protects important organs and makes blood cells Respiratory System- gathers oxygen from the environment and rids the body of carbon dioxide Male and Female Reproductive systems- work together to create and nourish new life Cardiovascular System- moves blood through the body, includes the heart and all blood vessels Lymphatic System- returns leaked fluid back to the blood and helps get rid of invading bacteria and viruses Endocrine System- makes chemical messages to regulate conditions inside the body. Also influences growth and development Integumentary System- protective covering for the body, acts as a barrier that protects the body from infections. Includes the skin, hair and nails Excretory System- gets rid of the body’s waste Digestive System- breaks down food into nutrients that can be used by the body Nervous System- collects information and responds to it by sending electrical messages Homeostasis- the constant maintenance of internal environment when outside conditions change Organ System/ Body System- a group of organs that work together How does Alcoholism effect Body Systems? Body System: Effects: Nervous System Disrupts proper functioning of the brain. The brain cannot respond properly to internal or external messages. Digestive System The liver and other organs of the digestive system are harmed, which will affect the ability to digest food and remove toxins from the body. Science 7 Module C Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Skeletal System- supports and protects the body and allows movement, and produced blood. Includes bones, ligaments and cartilage Ligament- tough, flexible strand of connective tissue that holds bones together and allow movement. They are found at the end of bones. Joint- the place where two bones connect *ball and socket joint *gliding joint *hinge joint hamstrings Muscular system- groups of muscles that allow movement and materials to move inside your body. (heart, stomach) Tendon- tough strand of tissue that connects a muscle to bone (Chicken tenders=muscle) Muscle Types: Skeletal: tissue found in voluntary muscles Smooth: found in blood vessels and intestines Anaerobic- strengthens the body muscles Aerobic- strengthens the heart muscles Virtual Lab: • Module C: The Human Body Student Access • Unit 1: Human Body Systems • Lesson 2: The Skeletal and Muscular Systems • Virtual Lab: How do Body Systems Work Together Science 7 Module C Unit 1 Lesson 3 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Cardiovascular System- transports blood around your body Blood- the fluid that carries gases, nutrients and waste through the body. Lymphatic system- part of the body’s defense against disease, move fats from the intestines into the blood Lymph- the clear, watery fluid that leaks from blood vessels, contains white blood cells Lymph node- small masses of tissues that remove pathogens and dead cells from the lymph's. Artery- a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the body’s organs Capillary- tiny blood vessels that allow an exchange between blood and cells in tissues Vein- a vessel that carries blood into the heart Respiratory system- responsible for the intake of oxygen and output of carbon dioxide, includes the passage way that lead to the lungs, and throat. Pharynx- extends from the mouth to the larynx Larynx- located between the pharynx and the trachea, has walls of cartilage and contains the vocal chords Trachea- thin walled tube that extends from the larynx to the bronchi, carries air to the lungs (wind pipe) Bronchi- the main two branches off the trachea leading to the lungs Alveoli- tiny, thin walled capillary-rich sac in the lungs where the oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged Cardiovascular both Lymphatic *Transports *Development of oxygen and white blood cells *Defends nutrients to body the body *Lymph cells from *Arteries *Removal of infection *Veins fluid from *Transport *Capillaries around tissues of fluid *Blood cells *Lymph nodes *Vessels *Heart Virtual Lab: • Module C: The Human Body Student Access • Unit 1: Human Body Systems • Lesson 3: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems • Virtual Lab: What Makes A Healthy Heart Science 7 Module C Unit 1 Lesson 4 The Digestive and Excretory Systems Digestive System- the organs that break down food so that it can be used by the body Enzyme- a protein that speeds up metabolic reactions in the plants and animals Esophagus- long straight tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach Stomach- digestive organ that breaks down food by the action of muscles, enzymes and acids Small intestine- organ where most of the nutrients from food are absorbed Large intestine- organ where water is removed from the mostly digested food to turn into waste Pancreas- makes digestive enzymes and hormones that regulate sugar levels Liver- largest organ in the body, makes bile, stores and filters blood liver large intestine stomach Small intestine Activity: Modeling the size of the digestive tract Mouth: 8 cm / 3 inches Pharynx/Esophagus: 25 cm / 10 inches Stomach 15 cm / 6 inches Small Intestine 6 m / 20 feet. Large Intestine 1.2 m / 4 feet Excretory system- system that excretes waste and excess water from the body in the form of urine, feces, sweat and carbon dioxide Kidney- organ that filters water and waste from the blood Nephron- filters the blood in the kidneys Urine- the liquid excreted by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, passed through the urethra to outside the body. Science 7 Module C Unit 1 Lesson 5 The Nervous and Endocrine Systems Reaction Time Lab: How many cm does the meter stick drop each time before you catch it? Name: Marcela Melanie Osvaldo Ailyn Gabby Trial #1 Trial #2 Trial #3 Average Central Nervous System (CNS)- the structures that control the actions and reactions of the body. The two main parts are the brain and spinal cord Brain- the body’s central command organ, it constantly receives impulses from all over your body Spinal Cord- allows your brain to communicate with the rest of your body. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- connects you CNS to the rest of your body. The two main parts are the sensory parts and motor parts. Controls the voluntary and involuntary actions Neuron- a cell that moves messages in the form of fastmoving electrical energy Neuron Part Structure Function Cell Body Region containing nucleus Gathers information and organelles from dendrites Dendrites Branches of the cell body Gathers information from other cells Axon Long branch from the cell body Sends impulses away from cell body End of axon Changes electrical signal to chemical signal Axon Terminal Endocrine System- controls body functions and helps maintain homeostasis by using hormones Hormone- a chemical messenger made in one cell or tissue that causes a change in another cell or tissue in a different part of the body. Gland- a group of cells that make special chemicals for your body 1 4 7 7 2 3 6 5 Science 7 Module C Unit 1 Lesson 6 The Reproductive System Male Reproductive System: Sperm- male sex cell, each sperm cell carries 23 chromosomes Testes- the main organs of the male reproductive system, produces sperm and testosterone Testosterone- causes male characteristics to develop, such as facial hair and a deep voice Penis- the organ that delivers semen to the female reproductive system Female Reproductive System: Egg- female sex cell, each egg cell carries 23 chromosomes Ovary- reproductive organ that produces eggs. Estrogen/Progesterone-female hormones that are responsible for development of female characteristics and prepare the body for pregnancy Uterus- the organ where a fertilized egg develops into a baby Vagina- the canal between the uterus and the outside body. Placenta- a network of blood vessels that provide the embryo with oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood and carries away waste Embryo- once the fertilized egg starts cell division, it becomes an embryo Umbilical Cord- the embryo is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord Fetus- after 10 weeks the embryo is called a fetus. The fetus has all organs and only needs time to grow. Stages of Pregnancy First Trimester: wk 1-13. During this time the heart, brain, and liver form and start functioning. The arms, legs, fingers and toes form. Second Trimester: wk 14-28. Joints, and bones continue to grow, muscles grow stronger. The baby triples in size. The Mother can feel the baby moving. Baby can breathe and swallow. Third Trimester: wk. 29-40. Baby responds to light and sound, the brain develops further. Organs become fully functional, eyes open and closes. Baby starts to dream. Identical and Fraternal Twins Unit 1 Test Review Endocrine System- uses chemical messages to control body functions Role of the Liver- produces bile, which breaks down fat into smaller droplets Hinge Joint- elbow, knees Mechanical Digestion- chewing, mashing and crushing of food. Food taste reaches your brain by: taste buds sense the chemicals in the food and send electrical signal to the brain. Anaerobic- strengthens the body muscles Aerobic- strengthens the heart muscles Muscle Types: Skeletal: tissue found in voluntary muscles Smooth: found in blood vessels and intestines Blood Vessels: Vein: takes nutrient depleted blood to the heart Artery: takes nutrient rich blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. (Carries more oxygen, because it has just come from the heart and lungs.) The Ovary produces the egg in the female reproductive system. The Uterus protects and nourishes the baby during pregnancy. The main function of the male reproductive system to is to produce sperm. Cause of STIs spread? Sexual contact Excretory system: 1. Kidneys 2. Ureters 3. Bladder 4. Urethra 3. Bronchiole 1.Trachea 2. Bronchi 4.Alveoli Label Systems: 1. Cardiovascular- pumps blood, circulates nutrients throughout the body. 2. Nervous System- controls all functions throughout the body. 3. Respiratory System: takes in oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. 4. Digestive System: aids in the digestion of food to give the body nutrients. Science 7 Module C Unit 2 Lesson 1 The Immune System Pathogen- an organism, virus or protein that causes disease Immune System- the cells and tissues that recognize and attack foreign substances in the body External Defenses- tears, skin, oil and sweat glands, hair, nails, saliva and mucus Internal Defenses- inflammation, fever, specialized white blood cells Antigens- a substance which stimulates an immune response. Macrophage- destroys pathogens by engulfing and digesting them (the “destroyer”) T cell- attacks infected body cells and activates the B cells to make antibodies (the “attacker/activator”) B cell- makes antibodies that attach to the antigens and tags them for destruction. (the “responder”) Antibody- a specialized protein that attaches to an antigen to tag it for destruction Immunity- the ability to resist or recover from an infectious disease Memory Cells- T and B cells that remember a specific pathogen and give you an immunity. (flu shots) Vaccine- a substance made from a weakened or dead pathogen that is introduced into the body to produce immunity Virtual Lab: • Module C: The Human Body Student Access • Unit 2: Human Health • Lesson 1: The Immune System • Virtual Lab: Disease Investigation Science 7 Module C Unit 2 Lesson 2 Infectious Disease Noninfectious Disease- Diseases that are cause by hereditary factors. These diseases are not contagious. (ex. Diabetes) Infectious Disease- diseases caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. These diseases are contagious. Example: Emphysema caused by cigarette smoke: Strep throat that’s been going around school: Skin cancer caused by too much sun exposure: The flu that you and your family members have: Noninfectious Disease Infectious Disease I. Causes of Infections Diseases: A. Viruses B. Bacteria C. Fungi 1. 2. + break down dead plants and animals into materials that other organisms can use - skin infections such as ring worm or athlete’s foot D. Parasites II. How can Infectious Diseases be Transmitted A. Water B. Food C. Person to Person 1. 2. 3. Coughing/sneezing Touching sexual contact D. Animals to People E. Contaminated Objects Antibiotic- a medication used to kill or slow the growth of bacteria Antiviral Drug- a medication that is used to destroy viruses or prevent their replication Virtual Lab: • Module C: The Human Body Student Access • Unit 2: Human Health • Lesson 2: Infectious Disease • Virtual Lab: Preventing Infections Science 7 Module C Unit 2 Lesson 3 Nutrition and Fitness Nutrition- the study of food and the way the body uses food Nutrient- substances that provide energy or helps form body tissues. There are six classes for nutrients: 1. carbohydrates- give you energy (sugar, grains, fruits, veggies) 2. proteins- made of amino acids (peanuts, chicken, eggs, beans) 3. fats- contain more energy than carbs (meat, dairy, vegetable oils, butter and fish) 4. water- makes up about 60% of the body (juices, soups, milk, fruits and veggies) 5. vitamins-help the body carry out specific functions 6. minerals- chemical elements required by the NS Diet- the type and amount of food that a person eats http://www.nourishinteractive.com/nutritioneducation-printables/category/2-food-groupsand-healthy-eating-learning-sheets Bread Rice Carrots Apples Cheese Turkey Corn Grapes Yogurt Beans Overweight- or obesity is being too heavy for their height and has an excessive amount of fat Obesity- happens when a person weighs more than 20% above their recommended body weight Eating Disorder- a disease in which a person has an unhealthy concern for their body shape and weight Physical Fitness- an overall state of physical health Aerobic exercise•Can be done for longer periods of time •Enough oxygen is being pumped to the cells Anaerobic exercise•Happens in short burst of activity •Cells release energy from food without using oxygen Unit 2 Test Review Why are Proteins important to your body? They are necessary for growth and repair of muscle tissues Obesity- an unhealthy condition that results from a person overeating for many years Anorexia nervosa- malnutrition and low body weight Macrophage- immune system cells that engulf pathogens and other foreign particles What are some illnesses that can be treated by antibiotics? Tuberculosis, strep throat, ear infection, cellulitus…. Vaccine- a substance prepared from a killed or weakened pathogen that helps build the body’s immunity Fungal Diseases- EX: ringworm, athletes foot What are the pathogens that cause disease? * Bacteria * Viruses * Fungi * Parasites Cancer-a diseases caused by uncontrolled growth of certain cells What will happen to a person who used to exercise a lot, and no longer exercises? Their muscles will get smaller and weaker My Plate: Fruits and Veggies take half the plate T Cells- coordinate the immune system and attack infected cells B Cells- make antibodies that bind to viral antigens and mark the virus for destruction Immune System- the system including T cells, B cells and macrophages Anaerobic- weight lifting – short, intense Aerobic- swimming/running – most effective at building cardiovascular endurance
