BIOL1309 EVOLUTIONARY DIVERSITY Course co-ordinator: Prof Richard Saunders Terminology (relevant to algae and plants) Alternation of generations Amphiphloic siphonostele Androecium Angiosperms Anisogamy Annulus Anther Antheridiophore Antheridium Antherozoid Anthophytes Antipodal cells Archegoniophore Archegonium Bark Bryophytes Calyptra Calyx Cambium Capsule Carpel Carpogonium Carposporophyte ChloroClade Cladogram Club mosses Coenocyte Conceptacle Conjugation tube Corolla Cortex Deciduous DiDichotomous Dioecy Diploid Double fertilisation Alternation in the life cycle between gametophytic (haploid) and sporophytic (diploid) multicellular generations Type of siphonostele, with phloem located on outside and inside of xylem Collective term for the stamens of a flower Flowering plants Dissimilar gametes (in which both are motile) Line of specialised cells in sporangial wall, involved in opening of sporangium Apex of the stamen of a flower, where the pollen is produced Specialised antheridium-bearing structure (e.g., in liverworts) Sperm/antherozoid-producing structure; plural = antheridia Sperm Flowering plants Vegetative cells in the embryo sac of flowering plants (located opposite the micropyle) Specialised archegonium-bearing structure in some liverworts Egg-producing structure (multicellular); plural = archegonia Secondary phloem (inner bark), and periderm (outer bark) Non-vascular plants (e.g., mosses) Papery cap, covering the top of the sporangium in mosses (derived from the top of the archegonium) Collective term for the sepals of a flower Zone of cells (in stems and roots) that divides to enable secondary growth Sporangium in bryophytes Female structure in a flower that contains the ovule(s) Female gametangium in Rhodophyta; plural = carpogonia The first of two sporophytic generations in Rhodophyta (producing carpospores in carposporangia) (prefix) = green (e.g., Chlorophyta = green algae) A branch in a cladogram A contemporary evolutionary tree (derived using specific methods) Lycophyta A cell with multiple nuclei Pits in the receptacles of Phaeophyta, where antheridia and oogonia are located Connection between adjacent filaments of some Chlorophyta (e.g., Spirogyra), involved in sexual reproduction Collective term for the petals of a flower Tissue derived from the ground meristem (non-vascular, non-epidermal); in stems, the cortex lies on the outside of the vascular bundles Shedding leaves during winter (prefix) = two Branching into two Having separate male and female individuals Having two sets of chromosomes (2n) in each cell Fertilisation in which both sperm cells are involved; in flowering plants, one sperm cell fuses with an egg to produce the zygote, the other fuses with the polar nuclei to form endosperm Ectophloic siphonostele Elater Embryophytes Embryo sac Endospory EpiEpidermis Epigynous Extant Filament Frond Gametangium Gametic meiosis Gametophyte Gemma Generative cell Ground meristem Gymnosperms Half-inferior ovary Haploid Haustorium HeteroHeteromorphic Heterospory HomoHomospory Hornworts Horsetails Hydroid Hypanthium HyperHypoHypogynous Indusium Inferior ovary Integument IsoIsogamy Isomorphic Leaf gap Leaf trace Leptoid Liverworts MegaMegagametophyte Megaphyll Megasporangium Type of siphonostele, with phloem located on inside (but not outside) xylem Elongated sterile cells with spiral wall thickening, assisting in spore-dispersal Terrestrial (= true) plants Highly reduced megagametophyte of flowering plants Retention of the gametophyte inside the spore (prefix) = above Outer cell layer in plants Flowers in which the floral organs are attached above the ovary (= inferior ovary) Living (opposite of extinct) Stalk of the stamen of a flower Highly divided leaf typical of most true ferns (Pterophyta) Gamete-producing structure; plural = gametangia Describes a life cycle in which the multicellular phase is diploid The haploid multicellular plant (gamete-producing plant) Specialised clusters of vegetative cells (forming in ‘gemma cups’) in some liverworts, for asexual reproduction; plural = gemmae (of pollen grains) The cell in the microgametophyte that divides to form the sperm Tissue (in stems and roots) that gives rise to the cortex Cone-bearing plants (e.g., pine trees) Flowers in which the floral organs are fused (above the ovary) to form a common structure that is attached below the ovary (= perigynous) Having one set of chromosomes (n) in each cell Specialised structure for absorbing food (prefix) = different Morphologically different Life cycle in plants in which two types of spore (microspores and megaspores) are produced (prefix) = same Life cycle in plants in which only one type of spore is produced Anthocerophyta Sphenophyta Water-conducting system in some bryophytes (independently evolved from xylem) Fused sepals and petals of a flower (prefix) = above, over (prefix) = under, less Flowers in which the floral organs are attached below the ovary (= superior ovary) Protective tissue covering sori (in Pterophyta); plural = indusia Flowers in which the floral organs are attached above the ovary (= epigynous) Bract-like structure in ovule, surrounding the megagametophyte (prefix) = same Identical gametes Morphologically identical Break in the vascular system in a stem immediately above a leaf trace Vascular system in stem leading to a leaf Food-conducting system in some bryophytes (independently evolved from phloem) Hepatophyta (prefix) = large (and, by extension, female) Female gametophyte One of two basic leaf types (generally large; complex vascular system) Sporangium that produces megaspores Megaspore Megasporophyll Meiocyte MicroMicrogametophyte Microphyll Micropyle Microsporangium Microspore Microsporocyte Microsporophyll MonoMonophyletic Mosses Nucellus Operculum Oogamy Oogonium Ovary Ovule Ovuliferous scale Paraphysis Peltate PeriPerianth Periderm Perigynous Peristome PhaeoPhloem -phyll -phyta /-phyte Pith Placentation Polar nuclei Pollen grain Pollen tube Primary growth Primary phloem/xylem Procambium Prothallial cells ProtoProtoderm Protonema Female spore that germinates to produce megagametophyte Megasporangium-bearing leaf Mother cell (i.e., the cell that divides to produce daughter cells) (prefix) = small (and, by extension, male) Male gametophyte One of two basic leaf types (generally small; single vascular trace) Opening between the integuments of the ovule, enabling entry of the pollen tube Sporangium that produces microspores Male spore that germinates to produce microgametophyte Microspore mother cell (i.e., the cell that divides to produce microspores) Microsporangium-bearing leaf (prefix) = one, single Describes a taxonomic group that is derived from a common immediate ancestor, and which includes all the descendants of that ancestor (i.e., the taxonomic group is a clade) Bryophyta (true mosses = class Bryidae; peat mosses = class Sphagnidae; granite mosses = class Andreaeidae) Specialised, fleshy megasporangium of flowering plants Lid Dissimilar gametes (in which egg is non-motile) Egg-producing structure (unicellular); plural = oogonia Basal part of the carpel of a flower (the region that contains the ovules) Complex structure in seed plants, containing the megagametophyte and egg A bract that bears an ovule (part of the female pine cone) Sterile structure located amongst antheridia and archegonia; plural = paraphyses Umbrella-shaped (prefix) = around Collective term for the sepals and petals of a flower Outer bark of a tree Flowers in which the floral organs are fused (above the ovary) to form a common structure that is attached below the ovary (= half-inferior ovary) ‘Teeth’ that regulate spore dispersal from the sporangium of some bryophytes (prefix) = brown (e.g., Phaeophyta = brown algae) Food-conduction system in vascular plants (word ending) = leaf (e.g., microphyll) (word ending) = plant, and by extension also alga (e.g., Chlorophyta = green algae) Tissue derived from the ground meristem (non-vascular, non-epidermal); in stems, the pith lies on the inside of the vascular bundles Arrangement of the ovules inside the ovary of a flower Two nuclei in the central cell of the embryo sac, that fuse with one of the sperm to form the endosperm Microspore of seed plants, with an internal microgametophyte that forms a pollen tube Extension of the microgametophyte (either haustorial or to convey the sperm towards the egg) Elongation growth (e.g., of stem) Phloem/xylem formed during primary growth Tissue that gives rise to primary xylem and phloem Vegetative cells in gymnosperm microgametophytes (prefix) = first Tissue that gives rise to the epidermis Immature gametophyte observed in mosses Protostele Pseudopodium Pteridophytes Receptacle Rhizoid RhodoSecondary growth Secondary phloem/xylem Seed-scale complex Seta Siphonostele Sorus Spermatangium Sporangiophore Sporangium Sporic meiosis SporoSporocyte Sporophyll Sporophyte Sporopollenin Stamen Stele Stigma Stipe Strobilus Style Superior ovary Synergid cells Taxon Testa Tetrad Tetrasporophyte Thallus Tracheary elements Tracheid Trichogyne Tube cell Venter Vessel member Whisk ferns Wood Xylem Zygote Zygotic meiosis Stele consisting of a solid core of xylem and phloem, surrounded by non-vascular tissue Gametophytic stalk that raises the sporophyte in Bryophyta class Sphagnidae Ferns and fern allies (1) Area on Phaeophyta where conceptacles are located (2) Central part of the flower, to which all other floral organs are attached Root-like structure (lacking vascular system) (prefix) = red (e.g., Rhodophyta = red algae) Lateral thickening (e.g., of stem) Phloem/xylem formed during secondary growth Structure in the female pine cone, consisting of an ovuliferous scale and a sterile bract Stalk supporting the bryophyte sporangium; plural = setae Stele consisting of a cylinder of xylem and phloem, surrounding a non-vascular core Cluster of sporangia (in Pterophyta); plural = sori Male gametangium in Rhodophyta; plural = spermatangia Specialised sporangium-bearing structure in Sphenophyta Spore-producing structure; plural = sporangia Describes a life cycle in which there are two alternating multicellular phases (prefix) = spore Spore mother cell (i.e., the cell that divides to produce spores) Spore-bearing leaf The diploid multicellular plant (spore-producing plant) Highly resistant component of the pollen grain wall Male structure in a flower that produces the pollen The arrangement of xylem and phloem in primary structures (especially stems) Apex of the carpel of a flower, where the pollen germinates after pollination Stalk Reproductive cone; plural = strobili Part of the carpel of a flower, connecting the stigma and ovary Flowers in which the floral organs are attached below the ovary (= hypogynous) Vegetative cells in the embryo sac of flowering plants (located close to the micropyle) Taxonomic group of any rank; plural = taxa Seed coat (derived from the integuments of the ovule) Cluster of four (e.g., spore tetrads) The second of two sporophytic generations in Rhodophyta (producing tetraspores in tetrasporangia) Undifferentiated plant body Cells in the xylem involved in water transport Primitive tracheary element Hair protruding from carpogonium of Rhodophyta that receives sperm (of pollen grains) The cell in the microgametophyte that divides to form the pollen tube Base of the archegonium of bryophytes, surrounding egg Advanced (derived) tracheary element Psilophyta Secondary xylem Water-conduction system in vascular plants Diploid cell derived from the fusion of haploid egg and sperm Describes a life cycle in which the multicellular phase is haploid
