CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
TOPIC
What is Computer?
A computer is a machine that manipulates data
according to a list of instructions.
A computer is a device capable of performing
computations and making logical decisions at speed
millions and even billion of times faster them human
beings can.
Computer is an electronic machine which is use for
data processing. The output which comes after
processing data through computer is known as
Information.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Why Computers?
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Zero th generation (1642 to 1945)
First Generation (1945 to 1955)
Second generation (1955 to 1965)
Third generation (1966 to 1970)
Fourth generation (1971 to 1980)
Fifth generation (1980 to present)
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Mechanical calculators was developed as
computing device.
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In 1946 first electronic computer ENAIC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Calculator ) was developed by
Mr. J.Presper Eckert and Mr. John Manuchly at
University of Pennsylvania.
It uses 18,000 vacuum tubes and its cast was $500,000.
Its weight was 30 tons and occupied a 30 by 50 foot
space.
It produced large amount of heat.
Its speed was very slow.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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In this second generation vacuum tubes was
replaced by transistors.
Speed / performance of this generation computers
was improved in comparison to first generation
computers.
Size, price , and heat produced reduced by using
transistors.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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In this third generation transistors was replaced by IC’s
(Integrated Circuits i.e fabrication of thousands electronic
components on single silicon chip ).
Using this drastic reduction in the size of computers.
Speed / performance was high in comparison to third
generation.
Heat produced by computers was reduced.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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In this generation IC’s are replaced by LSI (Large Scale
Integrated Circuits : more number of electronic
components on silicon chip)
These are low cast, small size and high performance in
comparisons to third generation computers
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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In this generation LSI are replaced by VLSI (Very
Large Scale Integrated Circuits)
Size and cost of these computers is very less and
performance is very high
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
TOPIC
A computer can be divided into two main categories:
1. Hardware
Hardware is basically anything that you can touch
with your fingers.
2. Software
For computer hardware to work it must follow a set
of instructions that is supplied to it as software.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Hardware refers to the computer’s physical components,
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Computer Case
CPU (central processing unit...Pentium chip)
Monitor
Keyboard & Mouse
Disk Drive, Zip Drive, CD-ROM, DVD,
Hard Drive
Memory (RAM)
Speakers
Printer
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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The term software refers to the set of instructions
that directs the hardware to accomplish a task.
1. System Software
Application
Software
2. Application Software
3. Utility Software
System
Software (OS)
Hardware
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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1. System Software/Operating System
System Software are used to control all
components of computer and serves as an
interface between user and hardware.
1. Control all Components of Computer
2. Interface b/w user and Hardware
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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2. Application Software
Application software is used or design for the
specific purpose of the user.
for example
MS-WORD
MS-EXCEL
Corel Draw
Game
MS-POWER POINT
Acdsee
Paint
MS-ACCESS
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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3. Utility Software
Utility Software is used to remove any problem or
solve a complex situation in computer.
for example
Partition Magic
Antivirus
Security Software
Backup utility
Data Recovery
Win Ghost
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Bits n Bytes
Bit:
One digit, either 0 or 1
Byte:
any combination of 0 or 1.
also called an octet.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Computer only understand 0 or 1
0
1
OFF
ON
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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The number 25 stored as 8 bits using the binary number system:
25
=
00011001
=
The number 179 stored as 8 bits using the binary number system:
179
=
10110011
=
The letter A stored as 8 bits using ASCII code:
A
=
01000001
=
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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INPUT
Information for the Exam
PROCESSING
OUTPUT
Exam Results!
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Information Processing Cycle
Consists of four parts where each part involves one
or more specific components of the computer.
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output
4. Storage
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Input
Processing
Output
Storage
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Input: A computer receives
Input
data
via an input device
Processing
Output such
Data
as the keyboard.
Information
Storage
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Processing: A computer
program performs operations
Input
Data
Processing
Output
on the data to transform
it
Information
into information.
Storage
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Output: A computer produces
the output through an output
Input
Data
device such
Processing
as the
monitor to
Output
Information
display the result of the
processing operations.
Storage
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Storage: A computer stores
the result of the processing
operations in a storage device
Input
Processing
such as the
hard disk.
Data
Output
Information
Storage
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Note book
RM 4.50 each
Eraser
Adds each item
cost together
RM 0.80 each
 Organizes data
Pen
 Computes total
RM 1.50 each
due
Stapler
RM 2.20 each
Input
Processing
Output
Storage
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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So
Computer is an Electronic device which can:
1.
accept data
2.
process it
3.
give the result after that processing
4.
and also store processed data
Input
Processing
Output
Storage
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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PC four major functions are:
Input data
Process data
Output information
Store data and information
INFORMATION
OUT
DATA IN
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Data vs. Information
Data is a representation of a fact or idea
Number
Word
Picture
Sound
examples of data
3547
Ahmad
Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
examples of information
Roll No. 3547
Name-Ahmad
City-Kuala Lumpur
Country-Malaysia
Information is data that has been organized or
presented in a meaningful.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Data vs. Instruction
2+2=4
DATA
Instruction
Information
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
A Typical Personal Computer
TOPIC
A Personal Computer:
System unit
Display device
External device
External device
Input devices
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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3 All processing and storage
1 User type “KLMU”
are done in binary form
4 Transmission to
printer is in binary
form
KLMU_
_
KLMU
2 Keyboard converts
characters to a binary
code; bits are transmitted
to memory and to CPU for
processing
5 Printer converts binary code
to characters before printing
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Input
Output
Monitor
RAM
Webcam
Temporary
storage
Speaker
Floppy Disk
Scanner
Hard Disk
Permanent
storage
Printer
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Enter data to be processed
Keyboard
Scanners
Mouse
Trackball
Touch screen
Microphone
Game Controller
Digital camera
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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System Unit
Cabinet that houses all components
Motherboard
CPU
System Unit
Memory modules
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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A processor present in system unit is the part that is
like a computer’s brain.
A system unit is a personal computer component that
houses other devices necessary for the computer to
function.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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The System Unit
Disk drives
Power Supply
Cooling device
Microprocessor
(under cooling device)
Ports
Adapter Card
Memory chips
Chassis
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Display Device
TOPIC
A display device is a personal computer component
that enables users to view the text and graphical data
associated with a computer program.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Input Devices
TOPIC
An input device is a personal computer component
that enables users to enter data or instructions into a
computer.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
External Devices
TOPIC
There are several categories of external devices:
Microphone
Digital camera
Scanner
Speakers
Printer
Network device
External drive
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
System Unit Components
TOPIC
The system unit itself has several important subcomponents, such as:
System Board
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory
System Bus
Storage devices
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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The System Board
The system board is the personal computer component that
acts as the backbone for the entire computer system.
Ports
AGP slot
Expansion slots
CPU
RAM slots
Drive interfaces
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The central processing unit (CPU), sometimes
called microprocessor or just processor, is the real
brains of the computer and is where most of the
calculations take place.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Memory
Memory is the personal computer component that
comprises the electronic storage areas in the
computer. It can be considered either volatile or
non-volatile.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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The System Bus
The system bus is the main communication path
between the CPU and memory.
CPU
System Bus
Hard Drive
Controller
Video
Controller
Memory
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Storage Devices
A storage device is a system unit component, such
as a hard drive, that enables users to save data for
reuse at a later time, even after the personal
computer is shut down and restarted.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Power Supplies
A power supply is an internal computer component that
converts AC power from an electrical outlet to the DC
power needed by system components.
External view
Internal view
Power switch
Voltage switch
Socket for power cord
Fan
Wires from the power supply
to the system board and drives
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Cooling Systems
Computer systems contain several components that
require cooling:
The computer case
The CPU
The power supply
Some adapter cards
Some hard disk drives
Fan
Heat sink
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Adapter Cards
An adapter card is a printed circuit board that you install
into a slot on the computer’s system board to expand
the functionality of the computer.
Circuitry
Phone line
connection
Circuit to
connect to
phone line
PCI bus
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Riser Cards
A riser card is a board that plugs in to the system
board and provides additional slots for adapter
cards..
REAR
PCI/ISA slots on riser
Peripheral
connectors
Memory slots
CPU
FRONT
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Storage Devices
The various types of storage devices used in personal
computers are:
Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)
Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
Optical Drives
Tape Drives
Solid State Storage devices
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)
FDD is a personal computer storage device that reads
data from, and writes data to, removable disks made of
flexible Mylar plastic covered with a magnetic coating
and enclosed in a stiff, protective, plastic case.
Front view 3.5-inch floppy disk drive
Rear view of floppy disk drive
Data cable
Power cable
3.5-inch floppy disk
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
TOPIC
HDD is a personal computer storage device that uses
fixed media, which means that the disk is built into the
drive and the drives are not removed from the computer
unless you are performing an upgrade or a repair.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Optical Disks
An optical disk is a personal computer storage device
that stores data optically, rather than magnetically.
An external DVD drive
A CD-R disc
An internal CD-ROM drive
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Types of Optical Disks and Drives
TOPIC
Optical disks and drives come in several types, such as:
CD-ROM
CD-R
CD-RW
DVD-ROM
DVD-R
DVD+R
DVD+R DL
DVD-RW
DVD+RW
DVD-RAM
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Tape Drives
TOPIC
A tape drive is a personal computer storage device that
stores data magnetically on a removable tape that is
enclosed in a tape cartridge.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Solid State Storage
Solid state storage is a personal computer storage
device that stores data in special types of memory
instead of on disks or tape.
36mm
Compact Flash
card fits in here
43mm
USB adapter connects the
Compact Flash reader to
the computer
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Personal Computer Connection Methods
The various PC connection methods are:
Ports
Personal Computer Connections
Serial Connections
Parallel Connections
Universal Serial Bus (USB) Connections
IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections
Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Connections
Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections
Serial ATA (SATA) Connections
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Ports
A port is a hardware connection interface on a personal
computer that enables devices to be connected to the
computer.
25-pin D-shaped connector
6-pin round
connector
15-pin D-shaped connector
Enable devices to be connected to a personal computer.
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Personal Computer Connection
A personal computer connection is a means by which
a personal computer component is attached to other
components to provide computing capabilities.
USB Connector
Cable
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Serial Connections
TOPIC
A serial connection is a personal computer connection
that transfers data one bit at a time over a single wire.
25-pin serial port
on a serial device
25-pin end of serial cable connects to modem
and 9-pin end connects to computer’s serial port
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Parallel Connections
TOPIC
A parallel connection is a personal computer connection
that transfers data eight bits at a time over eight wires
and is typically used to connect a printer to a system unit.
Parallel connector
Parallel cable
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
USB Connections
TOPIC
A USB connection is a personal computer connection
that enables you to connect multiple peripherals to a
single port with high performance and minimal device
configuration.
Type B connector
connects to USB device
Type A connector connects to
USB port on the computer
or on a hub
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IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections
A FireWire connection is a personal computer
connection that provides a high-speed interface for
peripheral devices that are designed to use the IEEE
1394 standard.
FireWire device
FireWire port
FireWire 6-pin connector
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)
Connections
A SCSI connection is a personal computer connection
that connects internal and external components to the
system unit and provides for high-speed data transfer.
SCSI connector
SCSI cable
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections
TOPIC
A PATA connection is a personal computer connection
that provides a parallel data channel from a disk
controller to the disk drives.
PATA connector
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Serial ATA (SATA) Connections
TOPIC
A SATA connection is a personal computer connection
that provides a serial data channel between the drive
controller and the disk drives.
SATA data cable
SATA power cables
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
1.5 Categories of Computer
TOPIC
Mobile Computer
and Mobile
Devices
Personal
Computer
Mainframe
Computer
Mid-Range Server
Supercomputer
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
1.5 Categories of Computer
TOPIC
Personal Computer
 A single-user computer that can perform all input, processing, output
and storage operations on its own.
 Two types of personal computer are desktop computer and
workstation.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
1.5 Categories of Computer
TOPIC
Notebook Computer
 Portable, small enough to fit on
your lap.
 Also called a laptop computer.
 Usually more expensive than a
desktop computer with equal
capabilities.
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1.5 Categories of Computer
TOPIC
Tablet PC
 A computer that is shaped like a
slate or notebook.
 Normally fitted with a touch screen
for users to enter input through a
stylus.
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1.5 Categories of Computer
TOPIC
Handheld Computer
 A small computer that can easily
be fit in one hand and operated by
the other hand.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
1.5 Categories of Computer
TOPIC
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
 A small, portable computer built for
specific purposes such as for
keeping phone directories and
calendars.
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
1.5 Categories of Computer
TOPIC
Mid-Range Server
 More powerful and larger that a workstation and can
support up to 4,000 users at one time.
 Formerly known as minicomputer.
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1.5 Categories of Computer
TOPIC
Mainframe Computer
 Very powerful, expensive computer that supports
thousands of connected users
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
1.5 Categories of Computer
TOPIC
Supercomputer
 The fastest, most powerful, most
expensive computer.
 Used for applications requiring complex
mathematical calculations.
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