DR ZAW ZAW AUNG
ေတြ႕ျမင္ေနက် ပါ၀င္တည္ရိွ အုပ္စု ပန္းပြင့္ေသာ အပင္မ်ား မ်ိဳးေစ႔၀ွက္ပင္မ်ား
Most familiar plants belong to the group known as the flowering plants or the angiosperms .
တိက်ေသာ အဂၤါ အသီး ဖံုးအုပ္ထားသည္ အေစ႔မ်ား ပါ၀င္ဖဲြ႕စည္းထားသည္
A definite organ that forms a fruit always encloses the seeds of angiosperms. They constitute, the
ထင္ရွားေသာ ကမၻာေပၚတြင္ေပါက္ေသာ အပင္မ်ား စီးပြားေရးအရ အေရးပါမႈ most conspicuous part of the earth’s vegetation and are the plants of greatest economic importance
လူတို႔၏ဘ၀တြင္ အေရအတြက္အားျဖင့္ သိရိွျပီးေသာ မ်ိဳးစိတ္မ်ား အျမင့္မားဆံုး ဖံြ႕ျဖိဳးေသာ in man’s life. Angiosperms , numbering about 250, 000 known species, are the most highly developed
မ်ိဳးကဲြမ်ားစြာရိွေသာ ေပါမ်ားေသာ of all plants. They are the most varied, useful, and abundant of all plant groups.
အေျခခံအားျဖင့္ ပါ၀င္သည္ ေျမေအာက္ အျမစ္ အဖဲြ႕အစည္း ေလထဲတြင္ရိွေသာ အညြန္႔အတက္
The flowering plant fundamentally consists of an underground root system and an aerial shoot
ပင္မ ျမစ္ ေဘးျမစ္မ်ား system. The underground root system consists of the main root and the lateral roots. The aerial shoot
ပါ၀င္ဖဲြ႕စည္းထားသည္ ပင္စည္မ်ား ကိုင္းခဲြမ်ား အရြက္မ်ား အပြင့္မ်ား အသီးမ်ား system comprises the stems, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits. Roots, stems, and leaves are the
ပင္ပိုင္းၾကီးထြားေသာ အဂၤါမ်ား မ်ိဳးပြား အဂၤါမ်ား vegetative organs and the flowers the reproductive organs .
မဟုတ္-အစိမ္း ၾကီးထြားသည္ ေအာက္မွာ မ်က္ႏွာျပင္ ေျမလႊာ
Roots of most plants are non-green in colour and usually grow beneath the surface of the soil.
ေပါမ်ားစြာ ခဲြျဖာသည္ ပါရွိသည္ မ်ားစြာေသာ ျမစ္ေမြးမ်ား အမွန္တကယ္ စုပ္ယူေသာ
Roots are profusely branched bearing numerous root hairs, which are the actual absorbing organs of the root.
The stem is the aerial part of the plant. It produces branches and bears leaves, flowers, and
အမွတ္ေနရာ ဖံြ႕ျဖိဳးသည္ အဆစ္ နယ္ေျမ/အပိုင္း fruits. The point on a stem from which a leaf develops is called the node . The region between two
ဆက္တိုက္ျဖစ္ေသာ အဆစ္မ်ား အဆစ္ၾကားပိုင္း အေပၚေထာင့္ ၾကားေထာင့္ successive nodes is the internode . The upper angle between leaf and stem is the axil of the leaf. The
အဖူးမ်ား ၾကားဖူးမ်ား ေဘးဖူးမ်ား ေနာင္တြင္ ေဘးဘက္ buds found in the leaf axils are termed as axillary or lateral buds . These later grow into lateral
ထိပ္ဖ်ား ပင္စည္မ ထိပ္ဖ်ားဖူးမ်ား branches. The buds found at the tip of the main stem as well as the branches are the terminal buds ,
_ရန္အတြက္ျဖစ္သည္ ရွည္ထြက္ျခင္း ထိပ္ဖ်ားမ်ား ပါ၀င္သည္ meant for elongation of the plant. The apices of the stem and root including their branches are the
ၾကီးထြား ေနရာမ်ား growing points of the plant.
ျပန္႔ကားေနေသာ အတက္အလက္ ထြက္ေပၚလာသည္ ပိုင္ဆိုင္ထားသည္
The leaf is an expanded lateral outgrowth of the stem, arising at the node and possessing a
စံျပ အဓိက အပိုင္းမ်ား အျပား ရြက္ျပား ေသးသြယ္ေသာ bud in its axil. A typical leaf consists of three main parts , the expanded leaf blade or lamina, the slender
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DR ZAW ZAW AUNG
ရိုးတံ ရြက္ညွာ ေအာက္ေျခအရင္း ရြက္စြယ္မ်ား stalk or petiole and the two lateral outgrowths at the base of the petiole, the stipules. The leaf is
ပါရိွမႈ ေရာင္ျခယ္ပစၥည္း စိမ္းေရာင္ျခယ္ usually green due to the presence of the pigment, chlorophyll.
လြန္ကဲစြာ အထူးျပဳေသာ ကိုင္းခြဲ ထူးကဲေနေသာ မ်ိဳးပြားျခင္း
The flower is a highly specialized branch modified for reproduction.
အသီး ရင့္က်က္ေသာ အေစ႔အိမ္ အသီးနံရံ ဖံုးအုပ္ထားသည္
A fruit is a mature ovary of the flower, consisting of a fruit wall enclosing one to many seeds.
အေစ႔ သေႏၶေအာင္ေသာ အေစ႔ေလာင္း အပင္ေလာင္း ေစ႔ရြက္မ်ား
A seed is a fertilized and mature ovule, consisting of an embryo, one or two cotyledons (seed
အေစ႔ခံြ leaves), and seed coat.
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DR ZAW ZAW AUNG
အပင္အမ်ိဳးအစားမ်ား အေျခခံ၍ သဘာ၀ ပင္စည္မ်ား ၾကီးထြားမႈ အေလ႔အထ
Three large groups of plants divided based on the nature of their stems and their growth habit is as follows.
သစ္ပင္ သစ္မာပင္ သရက္ ကုကၠိဳ
A tree may be defined as a woody plant with one main trunk, e.g. mango (tha-yet), kokko,
ကြ်န္း သစ္တို ပေတာက္ kyun, thit-to, padauk etc.
(b)
ျခံဳပင္ အလယ္အလတ္-အရြယ္အစားရိွေသာအပင္ ေျမမ်က္ႏွာျပင္
A shrub is a medium-sized palnt, which has many branches arising from the ground level
အစား ေခါင္ရမ္း ရြက္လွ ႏွင္းဆီ instead of one main trunk, e.g. Hibiscus (khaung-yan), croton (ywet-hla), rose (hnin-si).
သစ္ေပ်ာ့ပင္မ်ား
ေပ်ာ့ေသာ ပင္စည္မ်ား ခရမ္းခ်ဥ္ ျမက္ပင္အမ်ားစု
Plants which have soft stems are all termed as herbs, e.g. tomato (kha-yan-chin), most grasses,
ဗုဒၶံသရဏံပင္ canna (bode-dan-tharanan).
ပင္စည္ေပ်ာ့ေသာ အပင္မ်ား
တြယ္တက္ပင္မ်ား
ေထာက္ကန္မႈ ေထာင္မတ္စြာ ၾကိမ္
These are plants which need support for them to grow upright, e.g. rattan (kyein).
တြားသြားပင္မ်ား
တြားသြားသည္ တြားသြားသည္ ေထာင္မတ္စြာ
Plants with weak stems which trail on the ground, or creep about without growing upright are termed as creepers, e.g. grasses, strawberries.
အမ်ိဳးကဲြျပားမႈြမ်ား
အရြယ္အစား သက္တမ္း
Angiosperms show great diversity in size and in the lifespan of the shoot. Some angiosperms
ဘဲစာပင္ ေသးငယ္ေသာ ခ်ပ္ျပား၀ိုင္း ေရမွာေပၚေနေသာ ယူကလစ္ပင္ ေညာင္ပင္ such as duckweeds (beza-pin) are minute discs floating on water. Others, like Eucalyptus and banyan
မီတာ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေျပာင္းႏိုင္ေသာ trees, are a hundred meters or more in height. The lifespan of the angiosperm is also very variable.
စားေတာ္ပဲ ရက္သတၱပတ္
Small herbs as peas live for only a few weeks, while some Eucalyptus live for several hundred years old.
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ခဲြျခားႏိုင္ အရ အပင္သက္တမ္း
(a)
တစ္ရာသီခံပင္ သက္တမ္းတိုေသာ ရာသီတစ္ရာသီ
An annual is a short-lived plant, which produces flowers and fruits within one growing season,
ပဲၾကီး e.g. peas and beans.
(b)
ရာသီႏွစ္ရာသီ ႏွစ္ရာသီခံပင္မ်ား အရြက္ပါေသာ
Plants, which live for two growing seasons, are termed as biennials. They usually grow leafy
အညြန္႔အတက္မ်ား ပထမရာသီ ဒုတိယရာသီ ပ်က္စီးသြားသည္ shoots in the first season and produce flowers and fruits in the second, after which the plants perish,
မုန္လာဥ၀ါ(ခါက်က္ဥ) ေဂၚဖီထုပ္ e.g. carrot (u-wah), cabbage (gawbi-htoke).
ႏွစ္ရွည္ခံပင္မ်ား
ရွင္ေသာ ႏွစ္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာ ေလေပၚအညြန္႔အတက္မ်ား
Plants, which live for many years, are termed as perennials. The aerial shoots of these plants
ဆက္လက္တည္ျမဲသည္ တစ္ႏွစ္ျပီးတစ္ႏွစ္ persist and grow from year to year, e.g. mango, padauk. In some cases, plants persist in the form of
ရႈံ႕တြညိႈးေျခာက္သည္ ေျခာက္ေသြ႕သည္ သစၥပန္း underground stems after all the leaves above ground have withered and dried, e.g. gladiolus (thit-sapan).
ရွင္သန္ရာေနရာမ်ား
ရိွသည္ ေနရာတိုင္းနီးပါး ေတာင္မ်ား သဲကႏၱာရ
Angiosperms are present in almost all places, in the sea, on top of high mountains, in deserts
ႏွင္းေတာမ်ား အာတိတ္(ေျမာက္၀င္ရိုးစြန္း) အတၱလႏၱိတ္(ေတာင္၀င္ရိုးစြန္း) and in the snowfields of the arctic and the antarctic regions.
ေရၾကိဳက္ပင္မ်ား
အလြန္စိုစြတ္ေသာ ၾကာပင္မ်ား
Plants, which live in water or in very wet soil, are hydrophytes, e.g. water lilies (kya).
ေရနည္းၾကိဳက္ပင္မ်ား
ေျခာက္ေသြ႕ေသာေနရာမ်ား ေရရရိွမႈ နည္းပါးမလံုေလာက္ေသာ
Plants, which live in dry places where the water supply is scanty and irregular, are xerophytes,
က်ားလွ်ာပင္ အေကးရွားပင္မ်ိဳးစိတ္မ်ား ဆူးျဖဴ ထေႏွာင္းပင္ e.g. Cacti (kya-sha) and many Acacia species (hsu-phyu, hta-naung).
ေရအသင့္အတင့္ႀကိဳက္ပင္မ်ား
အေျခအေနမ်ား အလယ္အလတ္(ၾကား) အစြန္းမွတ္မ်ား
Plants, which usually grow under conditions, intermediate between the two extremes of very
အလြန္စို အလြန္ေျခာက္ အေျခအေနမ်ား စားေတာ္ပဲ ပဲၾကီး ခရမ္းခ်ဥ္ dry and very wet situations are mesophytes, e.g. peas, beans and tomatoes.
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နည္းလမ္း/ပံုစံ အာဟာရျပဳျခင္း
ကိုယ္တိုင္အစာခ်က္ပင္မ်ား
ထုတ္လုပ္သည္ ကိုယ္ပိုင္အစာ ကိုယ္တုိင္အစာခ်က္ပင္မ်ား
All green plants that can manufacture their own food are autophytes.
ကပ္ပါးပင္မ်ား
ကင္းမဲ႔ေသာ
Non-green plants lacking chlorophyll cannot manufacture their own food. They have to
မူတည္/မီွခိုသည္ ကပ္ပါးပင္မ်ား ေရႊႏြယ္ပင္ depend on other organisms for their nutrition and are called parasites, e.g. dodder (shwe-nwe).
အပုပ္အေဆြးစားပင္မ်ား
ေသေနေသာ သက္ရွိမွျဖစ္ေသာ ပစၥည္းမ်ား အပုပ္အေဆြးစားပင္မ်ား ေရညိွ
Those plants, which live upon dead organic matter, are saprophytes, e.g. fungi.
သစ္ကပ္ပင္မ်ား
Some land plants grow attached to other plants but do not obtain any food from them. These
သစ္ကပ္ပင္မ်ား သစ္ခြပင္မ်ား are called epiphytes, e.g. orchids (thit-kwa).
အင္းဆက္စားပင္မ်ား အသားစားပင္မ်ား
I nsectivorous plants obtain their nourishment by feeding on insects, e.g. Sundew.
ပထမဦးဆံုးအျမစ္ အျမစ္ေလာင္း မူလျမစ္ ျဖစ္ေပၚေစသည္ ပင္မအျမစ္
The first root, which develops from the radicle, is the primary root. It gives rise to the main
ေရေသာက္ျမစ္ (ျမစ္)ခဲြမ်ား ဒုတိယဆင့္ပြားျမစ္မ်ား root of the plant and later becomes the tap root . Branches of the primary root are known as secondary
ေဘးျမစ္မ်ား ေရေသာက္ျမစ္အဖဲြ႕အစည္း roots or lateral roots . All these roots together form the tap root system .
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မူျခားျမစ္မ်ား
Roots that grow from any part of the plant body other than the radicle are the adventitious
ၾကံပင္ ၀ါးပင္ ပင္စည္ အရြက္အပိုင္း roots , as in sugarcane, bamboo, etc. Adventitious roots also develop on stem and leaf cutting. In some
ေစ႔ရြက္တစ္ရြက္သာပါေသာအပင္မ်ား မ်ားစြာေသာ ေသးသြယ္ေသာ အျမစ္မ်ား မူျခားျမစ္အမ်ိဳးအစား monocotyledons, numerous slender roots of adventitious type which are equal in size and grow from
အျမစ္ဖြာမ်ား ျမက္ပင္မ်ား the base of the stem. Such roots are fibrous roots , e.g. grasses.
အျမစ္ထိပ္ ခဲြျခားႏိုင္သည္ အပိုင္းမ်ား
The root tip can be differentiated into four regions.
အျမစ္ထိပ္အုပ္
1.
Root cap
လက္ထိပ္စြပ္အဖံုးပံု အျမစ္ထိပ္အုပ္ ထိပ္ဖ်ား ကာကြယ္ေပးသည္ ႏူးညံ့ေသာ
A thimble-shaped root cap covers the tip of the root. It protects the delicate root tip from
ရုပ္ပိုင္း ထိခိုက္ဒဏ္ရာ တြန္းထိုး၀င္ေရာက္သည္ ေအာက္ခံ ၾကီးထြား ေနာက္ထပ္အသစ္ျဖစ္ေပၚသည္ mechanical injury as it pushes its way through the soil. The underlying growing tissue renews the root
ထိခိုက္ပ်က္ဆီး cap, when worn out.
2.
အပိုင္း ဆဲလ္ ကဲြပြား ဆဲလ္ႏုနယ္ေျမ
Region of cell division or meristematic region
ၾကီးထြားေသာ အမွတ္ေနရာ ကဲြပြားေနသည္ လွ်င္ျမန္စြာ
This is the growing point of the root and lies just above the root cap. Cells are dividing rapidly in this region and hence it is termed as the meristematic region.
ဆဲလ္ရွည္ထြက္မႈ
3.
Region of cell elongation
ၾကီးထြားမႈ
This region lies above the region of cell division. The cells in this region undergo enlargement
အထူးသျဖင့္ အလ်ား particularly in length.
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ဆဲလ္ဖံြ႕ျဖိဳးရင့္က်က္ဆံုး ဆဲလ္ရင့္မ်ားအသြင္ေျပာင္းလဲႏိုင္ေသာနယ္ေျမ
4.
Region of maturation or differentiation
ၾကီးထြားေသာ အသြင္ေျပာင္းကဲြျပားသည္ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေသာ တစ္ရွဴးမ်ား မူလျမစ္
The enlarged cell differentiated into various tissues of the primary root in this region. The
အေပၚ အပိုင္း မ်ားစြာေသာ ေသးငယ္ေသာ ခ်ည္မွ်င္ကဲ႔သို႔ အျမစ္ေမႊးမ်ား upper portion of this region produces numerous fine and thread-like structures called root hairs. As
ျပန္လည္အစားထိုးသည္ ျမစ္ေမႊးအသစ္မ်ား အတူေရာသည္ ေျမမႈန္မ်ား the root grows, older hairs die off and replace by new ones. Root hairs intermingling with the soil
ဆက္လက္ထိန္းသိမ္းသည္ ျမဲျမံစြာ ေလ်ာ့နည္းေစသည္ တိုက္စားျခင္း
ထူးကဲျမစ္မ်ား
ေဆာင္ရြက္သည္ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေသာ လုပ္ငန္းမ်ား ထို႔အျပင္/လည္းပဲ ပံုမွန္လုပ္ငန္းမ်ား
The roots of some plants that perform various functions in addition to their normal ones are termed as modified roots .
ထူးကဲေသာေရေသာက္ျမစ္မ်ား
1.
Modified tap roots
ေရေသာက္ျမစ္မ်ား ႏွစ္ရာသီခံပင္မ်ား ႏွစ္ရွည္ခံမ်ား အသားထူ အရည္ရႊမ္းေသာအသား သိုေလွာင္ျခင္း
The tap roots of biennials and perennials become thick and fleshy due to the storage of food.
မွတ္ယူသည္ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေသာ ပံုသဏၭန္မ်ား ခါက်က္ဥ မုန္လာဥျဖဴ မုန္လာဥနီ
These roots assume various shapes as in carrot (U-wah), radish (mon-la-u), and sugar beet (u-ni).
Modified tap roots
ထူးကဲေသာ မူျခား ျမစ္မ်ား
2.
Modified adventitious roots
ကိုင္းေထာက္ျမစ္မ်ား
(a) Prop roots
The banyan tree produces numerous aerial roots, which grow downwards until they strike the
ေရာက္သည္ တဲြက်ျမစ္မ်ား ေသာအခါ soil. Before they reach the soil, they are termed as drop roots . Once they reach the soil, they become
ကိုင္းေထာက္ျမစ္မ်ား ထမ္းေဆာင္သည္ ျပန္႔ကားေနေသာေဘးကိုင္းမ်ား prop roots and these serve to support the spreading branches.
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တြယ္တက္ျမစ္မ်ား
(b) Climbing roots
ေပ်ာ့ေသာ ပင္စည္မ်ား မူျခားျမစ္မ်ား အဆစ္မ်ား
Some plants having weak stems produce adventitious roots from the nodes and often from
အဆစ္ၾကားပိုင္းမ်ား ေထာက္ကန္မႈ တြယ္တက္ပင္စည္ ကြမ္းပင္ the internodes. These give support to the climbing stem, as in betel (kun).
ေလရွဴျမစ္မ်ား
(c) Respiratory roots
The aquatic plant, Jussiaea (ye-ka-nyut) consists of two types of adventitious roots produced
ေရေပၚတြင္ေပါေလာေပၚေနေသာကိုင္းမ်ား တဲြေလာင္းက်သည္ ေအာက္ဘက္သို႔ from the nodes of the floating branches. These are normal adventitious roots, which hang down in the
ေလရွဴျမစ္မ်ား ေလရွဴျမစ္မ်ား ေပါေလာေပၚေနေသာ မ်က္ႏွာျပင္ water and respiratory roots or pneumatophores, which are buoyant or stay above the surface of the
အျဖဴေရာင္ျဖစ္ေသာ ႏူးညံ့ေသာ ပြေယာင္းေသာ သိုေလွာင္သည္ water. They are white, soft, and spongy and serve to store air and help in respiration.
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သစ္ရည္စုပ္ျမစ္မ်ား
(d) Sucking roots or Haustoria
လက္ခံပင္ စုပ္ယူသည္ ေရႊႏြယ္ပင္ ၾကီးေပါင္းပင္ host plant and absorb food and water from it as in dodder (shwe-nwe) and Loranthus (kyee-paung).
ကုတ္တြယ္ျခင္း ကုတ္တြယ္သည္ ျမဲျမံစြာ
(a) Anchorage : anchor the plant firmly in the soil.
စုပ္ယူျခင္း စုပ္ယူသည္ ဓာတ္ဆားမ်ား
(b) Absorption : absorb water and minerals from the soil.
အစာသိုေလွာင္ျခင္း သိုေလွာင္သည္ ပမာဏ
(c) Food storage : store a certain amount of food.
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စီးပြားေရးအရ အေရးပါမႈ
မူလအရင္းအျမစ္ မ်ားစြာေသာ ေဆး၀ါးမ်ား
Roots of many plants are used by man as food and as the source of several drugs. Many roots
ခါက်က္ဥ မုန္လာဥျဖဴ အစိမ္း ခ်က္ျပဳတ္ မုန္လာဥနီ အဓိက/ပင္မ အရင္းအျမစ္ such as carrot and radish are eaten raw or cooked. Beet root also is the chief source of sugar in
ဥေရာပ ႏိုင္ငံမ်ား ေဆးဘက္၀င္သည္
European countries. Many other plants are of medicinal importance.
အညြန္႔ေလာင္း အပင္ေလာင္း ထုတ္လုပ္သည္ အရြက္မ်ား အပြင့္မ်ား
The stem develops from the plumule of the embryo. It produces leaves and flowers. A young
အညြန္႔အတက္ ပါ၀င္ဖဲြ႕စည္းသည္ stem with its leaves is termed a shoot. All the stems, branches, and leaves of a plant constitute its
အညြန္႔အတက္အဖဲြ႕အစည္း shoot system.
ထူးကဲပင္စည္မ်ား
ပံုမွန္အားျဖင့္ ေသးသြယ္ေသာ ေထာင္မတ္ေသာ ထူးကဲေသာ
Stems are normally slender and upright, but sometimes they become modified.
ေျမေလွ်ာက္ပင္စည္
(a) Runner
ေျမေလွ်ာက္ပင္စည္ တြားသြားေသာ အပင္ ေျမျပင္ႏွင့္အညီလဲွ၍
A runner is the stem of a creeping plant. It grows horizontally along the surface of the ground,
ရွည္ေသာ ဆစ္ၾကားပိုင္းမ်ား ထိေတြ႕သည္ and has long internodes. When the nodes encounter the soil, they produce adventitious roots as in grass and strawberry.
ရစ္ပတ္ႏြယ္ပင္စည္
(b) Twiner
Ipomoea with its weak stem twine around the support to climb higher and expose the leaves
အခြင့္အလမ္းေကာင္းစြာ favourably to light.
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ႏွာေမာင္းႏြယ္ပင္စည္
(c) Tendril climber
(ka-zun)
စပရိန္ကဲ႔သို႔ ရစ္ေခြေနေသာ ႏွာေမာင္းႏြယ္မ်ား ဘူးပင္ ရစ္ပတ္သည္ ေထာင္မတ္
Spirally coiled structures (tendrils) of cucurbits twine around the support to keep it erect and
ထိေတြ႕ေစသည္ အခြင့္အလမ္းေကာင္းစြာ expose the leaves favourably to light.
ေျမေအာက္ပင္စည္(ရိုင္းဇုမ္)
(d) Rhizome
အရည္ရႊမ္းအသားထူေသာ ေျမျပင္ႏွင့္အညီယွဥ္လဲွ၍ေပါက္ေသာပင္စည္
A rhizome is a fleshy, horizontal stem, growing at or beneath the surface of the soil. It stores
ထင္ရွားေသာ အဆစ္မ်ား ရြက္ဖတ္မ်ား ဖံုးအုပ္၀န္းရံထားသည္ အဖူး food and has distinct nodes with scale leaves enclosing the bud.
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က်ဴးဘားေျမေအာက္ပင္စည္
(e) Tuber
ေဖာင္းကားေနေသာ ထိပ္ အာလူးပင္
A tuber is the swollen tip of a special underground branch e.g. potato. It stores food and grows
ေဘးတေစာင္း either obliquely or more or less horizontally. A number of buds or eyes are present on the surface of the tuber.
ရြက္ေယာင္ပင္စည္
(f) Phylloclade
Cactus
အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာပင္စည္မ်ား ျပားေသာ စိမ္းေသာ အရြက္ကဲ႔သို႔ ပံုပန္းသြင္ျပင္ လုပ္ေဆာင္သည္
Certain stems are flattened, green and become leaf-like in appearance. Such stems perform
က်ားရွာပင္ both the functions of leaves and stems as in cactus.
ေထာက္ကန္ျခင္း ႏွစ္ပိုင္း
1.
Support : It includes two parts:
ပင္မပင္စည္ ေထာက္ကန္ေပးသည္ တစ္ပင္လံုး
(a) the main trunk that supports the whole plant and
ေထာက္ကန္ထားသည္ အတက္မ်ား
(b) the branches that bear leaves, flowers, fruits and emergences.
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သယ္ယူပို႔ေဆာင္ျခင္း သယ္ယူပို႔ေဆာင္သည္
2.
Conduction : To conduct water from the root to all the aerial parts and to conduct food
ထုတ္လုပ္ေသာ
manufactured by the leaves to the other parts of the plant.
စီးပြားေရးအရ အေရးပါမႈ
Economic importance
မ်ားစြာေသာ အေရအတြက္ အသံုးက်ေသာ ေဆးဘက္၀င္ ထုတ္ကုန္မ်ား ဆင္းသက္ရရိွသည္ ၀ါး
A large number of useful and medicinal products derived from stems. Bamboo is one of the
အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ႏိုင္ငံ most important materials, variously used in this country.
သစ္သား ရရိွသည္ သစ္မာ ပင္စည္မ်ား
Timber obtained from woody trunks of trees may be used in many different ways. The best
ကၽြန္း ပ်ဥ္းကတိုး အင္ ကညင္ timbers are derived from teak, pyin-ka-doe, in and kanyin.
ဂုန္ေလွ်ာ္
The stems of jute produce important fibres.
ထုတ္ယူရရိွေသာအရာမ်ား ႀကံ သၾကား ႏို႔ကဲ့သို႔ျဖဴေစးေသာအရည္(ရာဘာေစး) ရာဘာပင္မ်ား
The extracts from the stems of sugarcane (kyan) produce sugar. Milky juice from rubber trees
ရာဘာ/ၾကက္ေပါင္ေစး produces rubber.
အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေသာ အစာခ်က္လုပ္ျခင္း
There are various types of leaf forms for functions other than food manufacture. They are the
အေစ႔ရြက္မ်ား ရြက္ဖတ္မ်ား ပန္းခိုင္ဖံုးအရြက္မ်ား ပြင့္ရြက္မ်ား cotyledons or seed leaves of the seeds, scale leaves of the various kinds, bracts, and floral leaves of
မ်ိဳးပြားႏိုင္ေသာ အညြန္႔အတက္မ်ား the reproductive shoots.
Leaf of
ေခါင္ရမ္းပင္ ကိုယ္စားျပဳမႈမ်ား စံျပ အရြက္
A leaf of Hibiscus is one of the representatives of a typical leaf consisting of three main parts.
အရြက္ အျပား ရြက္ျပား
(a) Leaf blade or lamina
ျပန္႔ကားေသာ အပိုင္း ကြန္ယက္သဖြယ္
This is the expanded portion of the leaf. It is green and usually thin and flat. It has a network
ရြက္ေၾကာမ်ား of veins on it.
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ရြက္ညွာ
(b) Petiole
ရိုးတံ ဆက္သြယ္ထားသည္ ဆလင္ဒါကဲ႔သို႔ ထုလံုးရွည္ပံု
It is the stalk of the leaf, and connects the lamina with the stem. It is usually cylindrical, sometimes flattened.
ရြက္စြယ္မ်ား
(c) Stipules
ေဘးဘက္ အတက္အလက္မ်ား ရြက္ညွာ၏အရင္း
They are the lateral outgrowths, one on each side of the petiole base. The normal functions
ကာကြယ္ေပးသည္ အဖူး ၾကားေထာင့္ ကဲြျပားသည္ of the stipules are to protect the leaf when young and to protect the bud in its axil. Stipules may vary
မ်ားစြာ ပံုစံ အရြယ္အစား greatly in shape and size.
ရြက္ေၾကာျဖာျခင္း
အစီအစဥ္ ရြက္ေၾကာမ်ား
Venation is the arrangement of the veins on a leaf surface.
There are two main types of venation .
ရြက္လယ္ေၾကာမတစ္ခုပါေသာ ငွက္ေမြးပံု ရြက္ေၾကာျဖာျခင္း
(a) Unicostate or pinnate venation
Pinnate venation
ရြက္ေၾကာမ်ား အစျပဳ/ျဖစ္ေပၚသည္ တစ္ခုတည္းေသာ ထင္ရွားေသာ ရြက္လယ္ေၾကာမ
In this type of venation, all other veins originate from a single distinct midrib. The midrib is
တဆက္တည္းျဖစ္မႈ ေစ့ရြက္ႏွစ္ရြက္ပါေသာအပင္မ်ား သရက္ ပုဏၰရိပ္ စံပယ္ the continuation of the petiole into the lamina. Leaves of dicots such as mango, ponna-yeik, jasmine
ရြက္လယ္ေၾကာမတစ္ခုပါေသာ ကြန္ယက္သဖြယ္ ေစ့ရြက္တစ္ရြက္သာပါေသာအပင္မ်ား ဗုဒၶံသရဏံပင္
(sa-be) etc. have unicostate and reticulate (netted) venation. Those of monocots such as canna,
ငွက္ေျပာ ရြက္လယ္ေၾကာမတစ္ခုႏွင့္ အျပိဳင္ banana have unicostate and parallel venation.
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ရြက္ေၾကာမ်ားစြာပါေသာ လက္၀ါးပံု ရြက္ေၾကာျဖာျခင္း
(b) Multicostate or palmate venation
Palmate venation
တူညီေသာ ထင္ရွားေသာ ရြက္ေၾကာမ်ား (အရွည္)ထိုးထြက္ေနသည္
In this type of venation, there are three or more equally prominent veins, which extend from
ရြက္ျပား အရင္း ကပ္ေစးနဲ ထန္း the lamina base as in the leaves of Urena (kat-say-ne) and palm (htan).
ထူးကဲရြက္မ်ား
အထူးလုပ္ငန္းရပ္မ်ား အပိုထပ္ေဆာင္း၍ အဓိက အလင္းမီွစုအစာဖဲြ႕ျခင္း
Some leaves have specialized functions in addition to their chief one of photosynthesis.
ပင္စည္ေယာင္ ေထာက္ကန္ေပးေသာ ရြက္အိမ္မ်ား
(a) False trunk or supporting leaf sheaths
ဆင္တူေသာ အရြက္ေအာက္ေျခတို႔ ပံုစံေျပာင္းသည္ ရြက္အိမ္မ်ား
In banana and other similar plants, the leaf bases transform into leaf sheaths. They are greatly
ရွည္ေသာ ျပန္႔ကားေသာ တစ္ခုေပၚတစ္ခုထပ္အုပ္သည္ မူလတစ္ခု(ပင္စည္) elongated, expanded and overlap one another to produce a false trunk which is similar to the ordinary one.
A banana plant
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ေရေပၚေပါေလာေပၚျခင္း ေရတြင္ေပၚေသာအရြက္မ်ား
(b) Buoyancy by leaf floats
ေဗဒါ ရြက္ညွာမ်ား ေဖာင္းေနေသာ ပြေယာင္းေသာ မ်ားစြာေသာ
In water hyacinth (beda) etc. the petioles are swollen and spongy, consisting of numerous air
ေလခိုေနရာမ်ား ပါရိွျခင္း ေလခိုေအာင္းႏိုင္ေသာေနရာမ်ား ပို၍ေပါ႔ေစသည္ တတ္ႏိုင္ေစ/ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေစသည္ ေရေပၚတြင္ေပၚရန္ spaces. The presence of these air spaces makes the plants lighter and enables them to float on water.
အင္းဆက္စားပင္မ်ား
(c) Insectivorous or carnivorous plants
ရရိွသည္ ႏိုက္ၾတိဳဂ်င္ပါေသာအစာ ဖမ္းယူျခင္း အင္းဆက္မ်ား အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေသာ နည္းလမ္းမ်ား
Some plants obtain part of their nitrogenous food by catching insects in various ways, by
အသံုးျပဳျခင္းနည္းလမ္းအားျဖင့္ ထူးကဲရြက္မ်ား ထို႔ေနာက္ စုပ္ယူသည္ ေပ်ာ့ေသာအပိုင္းမ်ား ေနႏွင္းေပါက္ပင္ means of modified leaves and afterwards absorbing the soft parts of the insects, e.g. sundew (nay-
ေရတေဂါင္းပင္ နတ္သမီးေထာင္ေျခာက္ပင္ ေရပူေပါင္းပင္ hnin-pauk), pitcher plant (ye-ta-gaung), venus-fly-trap and bladder-wort.
ေရတေဂါင္းပင္ i.
Pitcher plant
Pitcher of
မ်ိဳးစု နက္ပန္းသ္စ္ ေရတေဂါင္း ေဆာင္ထားသည္
In the genus Nepenthes , some of the leaves are modified into pitchers, which are borne on
ႏွာေမာင္းႏြယ္ပါေသာ အရြက္ကဲ႔သို႔ ရြက္ညွာမ်ား ျပားေသာ ရြက္ျပားႏွင့္တူေသာ ရြက္ျပား long tendrillar, leaf-like petioles. These petioles are flattened and laminar in structure, while the leaf
အဖံုးမ်ား blade becomes modified into pitchers with lids.
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ေနႏွင္းေပါက္ ii.
Sundew
ဂလင္းပါေသာ အေမြးမ်ား ထူထပ္စြာ အေပၚဘက္ မ်က္ႏွာျပင္ ဒေရာ္ဆီရာ
Glandular hairs thickly cover the upper surface of the leaf in the genus Drosera , commonly called Sundew.
နတ္သမီးေထာင္ေျခာက္ပင္ iii.
Venus flytrap
Insectivorous leaf of
Insectivorous leaf of
ဒိုင္ေအာနိ(ထ္) ႏွစ္ျခမ္း အေမြးၾကမ္း အာရံုခံႏိုင္ေသာ
The leaf blade of Dionaea consists of two halves, each of which has three bristle-like sensitive
ဆူးခၽြန္မ်ား အနားသတ္(ႏႈတ္ခမ္းသား) hairs on the upper surface and long strong spines on the margins of the leaves.
ေရပူေပါင္းပင္ iv.
Bladder-wort
ယူထရီကူလရီယာ ေရတြင္ေပၚေနေသာအပင္ အေတြ႕ရမ်ားေသာ ေရကန္မ်ား ေရလႊမ္းေနေသာ စပါးခင္းမ်ား
In Utricularia , a floating aquatic plant, common in ponds, and flooded paddy fields, consists
မ်ားစြာ အဆစ္ပါေသာ of greatly segmented leaves. This plant is commonly known as bladder-wort as some of the segments
ေရပူေပါင္းအိတ္မ်ား are modified into bladders.
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ရြက္က်ပင္ေပါက္
(d) Bryophyllum
လိႈင္းတြန္႔ပါေသာ အနားသတ္ ျပန္႔ႀကဲထိေတြ႕သည္ စိုစြတ္ေသာ ေျမ
The leaf of Bryophyllum with crenated margins when sown in moist soil produces adventitious
အညြန္႔အတက္ roots from each crenated area from which develops a new shoot.
ေရသိုေလွာင္ေသာအရြက္မ်ား
(e) Water storage leaves
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ေျခာက္ေသြ႕ေသာေနရာမ်ား ထူေသာ
Some plants, which grow in dry regions, have thickened leaves. These leaves are able to store
ဆင္စြယ္ဂမုန္းပင္ water, e.g. Sansevieria (sin-swe-gamone).
အစာသိုေလွာင္ေသာအရြက္မ်ား
(f) Food storage leaves
L.S. of onion bulb
ၾကက္သြန္ ဥ က်စ္လစ္သိပ္သည္းေသာ ေျမေအာက္ ပင္စည္
The leaves of onion bulb arise from the upper part of the condensed underground stem. The
အျပင္ရြက္ဖတ္(အျပင္ခံြ) ကာကြယ္ေပးသည္ ဆံုးရံႈးမႈ အတြင္းရြက္ဖတ္မ်ား အရည္ရႊမ္း၍အသားထူေသာ outer scale leaves are dry and they prevent loss of water from the bulb. The inner ones are fleshy as
ထြက္ေပၚလာသည္ they store food and water while adventitious roots emerge from the base of the stem.
အစာထုတ္လုပ္ျခင္း ထုတ္လုပ္သည္ စိမ္းေရာင္ျခယ္ပစၥည္း
(a) Food manufacture : manufacture food from carbon dioxide and water with the help of chlorophyll
ျဖာထြက္ေသာ စြမ္းအင္ အလင္းမီွစုအစာဖဲြ႕ျခင္း
using radiant energy of the sun (photosynthesis).
ဓာတ္ေငြ႕မ်ားဖလွယ္ျခင္း ဖလွယ္သည္
(b) Exchange of gases: exchange gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen through openings of the
ေလေပါက္မ်ား leaves called stomata.
စြမ္းအင္ထုတ္ျခင္း ေျပာင္းလဲေပးသည္ အတည္စြမ္းအင္ အေရြ႕စြမ္းအင္ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေသာ
(c) Respiration: convert the potential energy stored in food to kinetic energy for various
ဇီ၀ကမၼ(အသက္ရွင္မႈဆိုင္ရာ)လုပ္ငန္းစဥ္မ်ား physiological processes.
ပင္ေငြ႕ပ်ံျခင္း ဆံုးရံႈးမႈ
(d) Transpiration: loss of water from the surface of the plant.
စီးပြားေရးအရ အေရးပါမႈ
ျပဳလုပ္ရရိွသည္ ဟင္းသီးဟင္းရြက္မ်ား ေဂၚဖီထုပ္ ခ်ဥ္ေပါင္
The leaves of many plants provide vegetables. Some common examples are cabbage, chin-
ကင္းမြန္ရြက္ စီးပြားေရးအရ ေဆးဘက္၀င္မႈအရ အေရးပါေသာ ထုတ္ကုန္မ်ား ဆင္းသက္ရရိွသည္ baung, kin-mon-yut, etc. Economically and medicinally important products also derived from the leaves of many other species.
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SUMMARY
Flowering plants (angiosperms) are most familiar and constitute the most conspicuous part of earth’s vegetation. They are the plants of greatest economic importance in man’s life. Angiosperms are most varied, useful, and abundant of all plant groups. Two main parts: aerial shoot system and underground root system constitute the entire plant. The aerial shoot system consists of stem, branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits. The underground root system may be tap root system or fibrous root system. Tap root develops from the radicle and adventitious roots develop from any part of the plant other than radicle. Fibrous root is a type of adventitious roots that grow from the base of the stem. All the constituents of a plant perform their respective functions.
The four regions of the root are root cap, region of cell division or meristematic region, region of cell elongation, and region of maturation or differentiation. These regions lie above one another.
Root cap protects the root tip; cell division and enlargement take place respectively in region of cell division and region of cell elongation. The cells become permanent cells in region of maturation. This region produces root hairs.
Roots, stems, and leaves perform various functions in addition to their normal functions.
Modified roots include two types: modified tap roots and modified adventitious roots. Types of modifications are given with plant examples distributed in Myanmar.
This moment will nap, you will have a dream; But this moment study, you will interpret a dream.
ဒီအခ်ိန္မွာ အိပ္ငိုက္လွ်င္ သင္ အိပ္မက္မက္လိမ္႔မည္။ ဒီအခ်ိန္မွာ
စာႀကိဳးစားလွ်င္ေတာ့ သင့္အိပ္မက္ ေကာင္အထည္ေဖာ္ႏိုင္လိမ္႔မည္။
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