International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 02 | Feb 2019
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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Comparative Study of Top down & Bottom up Method Construction
Schedule with Respect to Construction of a Residential Building
Rafi Sakharkar1
1P.G
Student & Construction Engineer, Department of Civil Engineering Shivajirao S. Jondhle College of
Engineering & Technology & Catapult Realty Consultants, Mumbai (India)
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - The rapid increase in the construction sector
of project affected peoples etc. Though some of the
associated problems faced in the developments cannot be
resolved through the use of advanced technology there is a
wide scope in technological advancements that can be
adopted to counter the time over runs caused by the
stated factors.
all around the globe has led to significant changes in the
methodologies and techniques being adopted to cater to the
modern requirements of the projects that are being
executed. This has led to make the best use of land available
and a substantial increment is seen with respect to
utilization of underground structures for metros, high-speed
railway corridors as well as residential and commercial
structures. The general perspective regarding the
construction activities are changed and a detailed planning,
designing and monitoring approach has led to further
advancements in methods that are being incorporated to
complete the projects in effective, economic and efficient
manner. “Top down Construction Method” is recent trend
that is being adopted for infrastructural projects and its
applicability for housing projects is being reviewed in this
paper with reference to a building being constructed by
traditional bottom up method in Mumbai.
When we talk about the construction industry the
resources incorporated in completion of proposed works
are time, capital, manpower and space. With the right and
justified use of these resources a significant efficiency and
economy can be achieved.
The construction activities from ancient age have a typical
stage of commencement during the execution phase i.e.
the first activity starts from the foundation of the
structure. The conventional method of construction of
structures is based on Bottom-Up method in which the
sub-structure and super-structure floors are constructed
sequentially from the bottom of the sub-structure or
lowest level of basement to the top of the super-structure.
This method is suitable for small scale works, as there is
rapid change in patterns of use of land available like use of
underground basements for parking, underground metro
stations the volume of works at the foundation level of the
structures has increased to manifolds. In this context the
construction industry experts has started to adopt a new
Top Down method for better utilization of resources
available.
Key Words: Top down Construction, Deep basement
excavations, Residential building.
1. INTRODUCTION
The current scenario of construction industry
sector emphasizes on the timely delivery of the projects
whether it be any infrastructural developments,
residential/commercial building structures or any other
civil works. There are various factors that affects the
completion times of projects ranging from availability of
funds to political issues, environmental laws, resettlement
2. Construction Schedule of a residential building with deep basement using conventional bottom up
technique.
A Construction schedule study was conducted with respect to the general output of work being observed and the
number of man hours incorporated to complete the construction of various civil works of a residential building which
consist of 9m deep basement and 20 upper habitable floors having a plot area of about 800 Sq.mt, basement area of 530
Sq.mt and superstructure built-up area of 7200 Sq.mt. The residential building project was located in Central Mumbai and
major works were completed. The construction schedule is as shown in the Table 1.
ID
WBS
Task Name
Duration
Start
Finish
Predecessors
1
2
3
1
1.1
1.2
PROJECT DURATION
BORING, CASTING OF SHORE
CASTING OF CAPPING
557 days
51 days
10 days
01/06/17
01/06/17
22/07/17
15/12/18
21/07/17
31/07/17
3
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 02 | Feb 2019
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.3
1.6.4
1.6.5
1.6.6
1.7
1.7.1
1.7.1.1
1.7.1.2
1.7.1.3
1.7.2
1.7.2.1
1.7.2.2
1.7.2.3
1.7.3
1.7.3.1
1.7.3.2
1.7.3.3
1.8
28
1.9
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
1.9.1
1.9.2
1.9.3
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
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PERIPHERAL EXCAVATION
ROCK ANCHORING & FIXING
EXCAVATION FOR BOTTOM
FOUNDATION OF CIVIL
PCC
REINFORCEMENT WORKS
SHUTTERING WORK
COLUMN VERTICAL
CHECKING OF WORK
CONCRETING
COLUMN CASTING UPTO
1ST LIFT
REINFORCEMENT
SHUTTERING WORKS
CONCRETING
2ND LIFT
REINFORCEMENT
SHUTTERING WORKS
CONCRETING
3RD LIFT
REINFORCEENT
SHUTTERING WORKS
CONCRETING
RETAINING WALL
BASEMENT SLAB
REINFORCEMENT
BASEMENT SLAB SHUTTERING
BASEMENT SLAB SUPPORTS
BASEMENT SLAB
1ST SLAB
2ND SLAB
3RD SLAB
4TH SLAB
5TH SLAB
6TH SLAB
7TH SLAB
8TH SLAB
9TH SLAB
10TH SLAB
11TH SLAB
12TH SLAB
13TH SLAB
14TH SLAB
15TH SLAB
16TH SLAB
17TH SLAB
18TH SLAB
19TH SLAB
20TH SLAB
TERRACE SLAB
OHT,LMR
14 days
20 days
66 days
33 days
5 days
22 days
7 days
2 days
1 day
4 days
10 days
4 days
2 days
3 days
2 days
4 days
2 days
3 days
2 days
4 days
2 days
3 days
2 days
40 days
01/08/17
16/08/17
05/09/17
01/11/17
08/11/17
01/11/17
20/11/17
27/11/17
29/11/17
30/11/17
04/12/17
04/12/17
04/12/17
04/12/17
06/12/17
07/12/17
07/12/17
07/12/17
09/12/17
10/12/17
10/12/17
10/12/17
12/12/17
14/12/17
14/08/17
04/09/17
10/11/17
03/12/17
12/11/17
22/11/17
26/11/17
28/11/17
29/11/17
03/12/17
13/12/17
07/12/17
05/12/17
06/12/17
07/12/17
10/12/17
08/12/17
09/12/17
10/12/17
13/12/17
11/12/17
12/12/17
13/12/17
22/01/18
35 days
08/01/18
12/02/18
30 days
7 days
1 day
25 days
20 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
30 days
08/01/18
05/02/18
12/02/18
13/02/18
10/03/18
30/03/18
11/04/18
23/04/18
06/05/18
18/05/18
30/05/18
11/06/18
23/06/18
05/07/18
17/07/18
29/07/18
10/08/18
23/08/18
04/09/18
16/09/18
28/09/18
11/10/18
23/10/18
04/11/18
16/11/18
07/02/18
11/02/18
12/02/18
09/03/18
29/03/18
10/04/18
22/04/18
05/05/18
17/05/18
29/05/18
10/06/18
22/06/18
04/07/18
16/07/18
28/07/18
09/08/18
22/08/18
03/09/18
15/09/18
27/09/18
10/10/18
22/10/18
03/11/18
15/11/18
15/12/18
4
5
6
7FF+2 days
9FF+10
10FF+4
11
12
13
14
17FF+1 day
18FF+1 day
19FS-1 day
21FF+1 day
22FF+1 day
23FS-1 day
25FF+1 day
26FF+1 day
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
31FF+15
33FF+4
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
Table 1
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 02 | Feb 2019
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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From the above construction schedule it is evident that up to the activity 1.9.3 i.e. “casting of basement slab” in the WBS
the super structure works cannot be executed. The total project duration is of 557 days all the activities up to the duration
of 254 days are critical for commencement of superstructure activity.
2.2 Use of advanced techniques in traditional top
down construction method.
form of stanchions, shore pile, retaining wall, and
basement raft. One essential element in the top down
technique is the use of diaphragm wall[1] as the retaining
structure hence based on the use of retaining structure in
the form of widely used shore pile & retaining wall or the
diaphragm wall this technique is further subdivided into
up-down, semi top down approach as discussed by S.S
Basargar[1].Many Infrastructural developments are done
with the use of this technique in India as well as other
countries which includes car parking facilities in
Delhi[1],Metro rail stations in Delhi & Kolkata[1],Santorani
Square building in Ahmedabad[2], Royal Charoen Krung in
Bangkok[3] etc. The use of this method is done mainly in
infrastructural developments in India whereas in other
places residential buildings are built using this method.
As the construction speed is required to be optimised to
achieve time savings in recent times the use of advanced
formworks and advanced materials which allows the
construction time to be reduced is incorporated. Use of
Alsina formwork for construction of columns, retaining
wall reduces the time required in shuttering but these are
not widely used due to their limited application in single
project and increased refurbishment costs. Also to reduce
the slab cycle duration particularly in residential housing
projects use of advanced mivan formwork is adopted for
large scale mass housing projects. Since these advanced
formwork are not suitable for a standalone building
structure due to its investment costs there is a little scope
in achieving time savings with the use of conventional
construction materials.
The adoption of this technique in residential segment
around Mumbai is done by developers like SD corp at one
of their project named Samta nagar redevelopment in
Kandivali & Lodha group at one of their project named
New Cuffe Parade the results of which are quite
satisfactory and partially justifies the suitability of this
technique to a larger section of residential developments
where deep basement is provided, structure height
restrictions are prevalent, speedy handover of the work is
required.
3. Application of top down construction method.
The prime objective of the Top Down Construction
Method implementation is to reduce the time required to
construct the structures which have a significant volume
of work required to be done below the ground level and
simultaneously work on the superstructure part so that
both the components can be completed leading to timely
delivery of the proposed projects. The scope of use of Top
down Construction is widespread, it is a completely
different approach from conventional method and hence
right from the project conceptualization phase to hand
over phase each and every activity is required to be
altered. The use of this method required prompt project
management skills, advanced structural designing’s, use of
geotechnical advancements and engagement of special
equipment to execute the work. Proper execution of the
works is a perquisite for achieving the success by top
down method as the method is based on practical
application rather than laboratory based experiments.
3.2 Estimated Construction Schedule of the
residential building discussed above using top
down construction technique.
A Construction schedule study was conducted with
respect to the general output of work being observed and
the number of man hours that are expected to be
incorporated to complete the construction of various civil
works of a residential building which consist of 9m deep
basement and 20 upper habitable floors having a plot area
of about 800 Sq.mt, basement area of 530 Sq.mt and
superstructure built-up area of 7200 Sq.mt. The residential
building project was located in Central Mumbai and major
works were completed. With inputs from experienced
construction engineers & managers and also the general
output of machine & labours the estimated construction
schedule is as shown in the Table 2.
3.1 Top Down construction TechniqueThe Top down construction technique eliminates the need
of excavation at initial stages and allows the work to be
done in superstructure without completion of
substructure works except the foundation works in the
ID
1
2
3
WBS
1
1.1
1.2
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Task Name
PROJECT DURATION
DIAPHRAGM WALL
PREPARATION OF PRE
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Impact Factor value: 7.211
Duration
379 days
35 days
30 days
|
Start
01/06/17
01/06/17
01/06/17
Finish
18/06/18
05/07/17
30/06/17
Predecessors
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
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1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.6
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.3
1.6.4
1.6.5
1.6.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
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DRILLING OF PILES
INSTALLATION OF STANCHIONS
BASEMENT SLAB
BASEMENT SLAB SHUTTERING
BASEMENT SLAB
BASEMENT SLAB CONCRETING
FOUNDATION OF CIVIL WORKS
EXCAVATION FOR BOTTOM
PCC
REINFORCEMENT WORKS
SHUTTERING WORK
CHECKING OF WORK
CONCRETING
1ST SLAB
2ND SLAB
3RD SLAB
4TH SLAB
5TH SLAB
6TH SLAB
7TH SLAB
8TH SLAB
9TH SLAB
10TH SLAB
11TH SLAB
12TH SLAB
13TH SLAB
14TH SLAB
15TH SLAB
16TH SLAB
17TH SLAB
18TH SLAB
19TH SLAB
20TH SLAB
TERRACE SLAB
OHT,LMR
12 days
12 days
34 days
30 days
7 days
1 day
87 days
66 days
5 days
22 days
7 days
1 day
4 days
25 days
20 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
12 days
30 days
29/06/17
01/07/17
13/07/17
13/07/17
08/08/17
16/08/17
17/08/17
17/08/17
20/10/17
13/10/17
01/11/17
08/11/17
09/11/17
17/08/17
11/09/17
01/10/17
14/10/17
26/10/17
07/11/17
19/11/17
01/12/17
13/12/17
25/12/17
06/01/18
18/01/18
31/01/18
12/02/18
24/02/18
08/03/18
20/03/18
01/04/18
13/04/18
25/04/18
08/05/18
20/05/18
10/07/17
12/07/17
16/08/17
11/08/17
14/08/17
16/08/17
12/11/17
22/10/17
24/10/17
03/11/17
07/11/17
08/11/17
12/11/17
10/09/17
30/09/17
13/10/17
25/10/17
06/11/17
18/11/17
30/11/17
12/12/17
24/12/17
05/01/18
17/01/18
30/01/18
11/02/18
23/02/18
07/03/18
19/03/18
31/03/18
12/04/18
24/04/18
07/05/18
19/05/18
18/06/18
2FF+5 days
4FF+1 day,3
5
7FF+3 days
8FF+1 day
9
11FF+2 days
12FF+10 days
13FF+4 days
14
15
9
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37,16
1 day
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
186 days
186 days
186 days
186 days
186 days
186 days
186 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
0 days
Table2
From the above construction schedule it is evident that up to the activity 1.5.3 i.e. “casting of basement slab” in the WBS
the super structure works cannot be executed. The total project duration is of 379 days all the activities up to the duration
of 76 days are critical for commencement of superstructure activities.
4. Comparison of construction schedule of top Down & Bottom up method
Sr No
1
2
Description
Foundation
Works Upton
Plinth
Superstructure
Works
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Duration (Days)
Top Down
Bottom Up
Method
Method
76
Total Duration
Top Down
Bottom Up
Method
Method
254
20
46
303
80
54
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303
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% duration Engaged
Top Down
Bottom Up
Method
Method
557
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Comparative study of both the schedules deciepts that
the project duration can be reduced by adopting top down
method also the foundation work quantum is reduced
substantially as compared to bottom up method albeit the
complexity and nature of work becomes a little difficult.
[6] Site visit at SD corp Samtanagar redevelopment project
Kandivali,Mumbai.
[7] Site visit at Lodha New Cuffe Parade, Mumbai
[8] Reviews from construction managers & engineers of
reputed companies like SD Corp , Lodha, Catapult Realty.
3. CONCLUSION
The time savings are eminent with the use of the top down
construction method whether it is an infrastructural or
residential work. The time overruns can be reduced up to
30% which itself is a great relief in housing project. Also
the important element that is diaphragm wall& stanchions
construction eliminates the tedious foundation works
which can compensate the additional cost that are
required to be incurred for special equipment usage. One
more advantage of using this technique is that
underground areas are utilized to a better extent reducing
the number of podium floors that are generally provide in
buildings for parking without affecting the construction
schedule. One more important benefit is that the height of
superstructure can be maintained without affecting the
habitable floor counts in height restricted zones near
airports or other areas of strategic importance.
REFERENCES
[1] Emerging Trend in Deep Basement Construction: TopDown Technique by S. S. Basarkar1, Manish Kumar2,
B.G. Mohapatro3 P.R. Mutgi4, 1 General Manager, ITD
Cementation India Limited, Mumbai, India. 2 Vice-President,
ITD Cementation India Limited, Mumbai, India. 3 Professors,
School of Civil Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar,
India. 4 Principal, J.J. Magnum College of Engineering,
Jaysingpur, India .
[2] Heritage infra space Private Limited.
[3]Comparative Study of Construction Technology for
Underground Metro Stations in India by Virendra Kumar
Paul1, Salman Khursheed2, Rohit Singh3 ,1 Professor &
Head, Department of Building Engineering & Management,
SPA, Delhi, India. 2 Assistant Professor, Department of
Building Engineering & Management, SPA, Delhi, India. 3
Practicing Project Manager .
[4] Research and Design on Top-Down Method for Large
Scale Podium Basement Excavation of Shanghai Tower
Jian Jia, XiaoLin Xie, JieQun Zhai, Yu Zhang, Ke Yang and
XiaoHang Guo
[5] Performance of Diaphragm Wall Constructed Using
Top Down Method by Chang-Yu Ou , Member ASCE, JuiThng Liao and Horn-Da Lin, Member ASCE.
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