Fasciola gegentica
Fasciola hepatica
Schistosoma
mansoni
Heterophys
heterophys
Geographic
distribution
Cattle-raising
countaries
Europe
Egypt, southern
america, africa
Mediterranean, far
& near east
size
6 x 15 cm
3 x 1 cm
Habitat
Bile ducts
Bile ducts
Mesentric plexus
S.I
D.H.
Man,cattle,sheep
Man, cattle,sheep
Man
man, fish-eating
animals
I.H.
Lymnaea calliudia
Lymnaea trancatula Biomphilaria
alexandrina
1st : Piranella
conical
2nd : mugil & tilapia
Infective
stage
Encysted
metacercaria
Encysted
metacercaria
Cercaria
Encysted
metacercaria
Mode of
infection
Ingestion of Infective Ingestion of
stage
infective stage
Swimming
Ingestion of undercooked fish
contain i.s.
Cercaria
Leptocercaria
Furcocercaria
lophocercaria
Diagnostic
stage
Immature egg in stool Immature egg in
stool
Schistosoma
mansoni in stool
Embryonated egg
in stool contain
cercaria
Suckers
Oral smaller than
ventral
Anterior & ventral Oral ventral genital
Leptocercaria
Both are equal
1.5 x 05 mm
F. gegentica
Fasciola hepatica
Sch. mansoni
H. heterophys
Testes
In the middle of
the body
In the middle of the 6-9 testis in
body
clusters
Ovary
Branched, antero- Branched, anterolateral to testis
lateral to testis
Ovoid, in the ant. One ovary in front of
one third of body uterus
Vatilline gland
On both lat. side
Intestinal caeca
reunit in ant. 1/3 of
body
Few in the lateral side
30 x 15 um
Oval
Thick
Yellowish brown
mature miracidium
2 oral tesis in the
post. part of body
Common genital Infront to ventral
pore
sucker
Egg : size
shape
shell
color
content
140 x 70 u
Oval
thin, operculated
Yellowish
Immature ovum
140 x 70 u
Oval
Thin, operculated
Yellowish
Immature ovum
150 x 60 u
pathogenesis
Liver cirrhosis
Liver damage
General toxemia
halazon
Liver cirrhosis
Liver damage
General toxaemia
halazon
Liver cirrhosis
Liver damage
General toxemia
halazon
Infalmmation,
irritation, ulceration
of intestinal mucosa,
embolic effect
treatment
Dichlorophenol,
dihydroemetine,
hydrochloride,
halazoun
Dichlorophenol,
dihydroemetine,
hydrochloride,
halazoun
Niridazole,
praziquantel,
Nicloaeamine
Praziguantel,
oxamniquine, tarter
emetic
Oval with terminal lat.
Spine
Thin
Translucent
miracidium
Taenia saginata
Hymanolepis nana
E. granulosus
Geographic
distribution
Cosmopolitan
cosmopolitan
Cosmopolitan
size
10-12 m
3-4 cm
3-6 cm
Habitat
S.I
S.I
S.I
D.H.
Man
man
Dogs, cats, other
canines
I.H.
Cattle & herbivores animals
man
Cattle, sheep, man
Infect stage
(larvae)
Cysticercus bovis
Cercocystic cystocercoid
Embryonated egg in
feces or hairs of dogs
Mode of
infection
Undercooked beef contain
I.S
Ingestion of Embryonated
egg in contaminated food
Ingestion of infective
stage
Mature
segments
Border than longer
3 testis, vas def., seminal
ves., cirrus
one
Gravid
segments
Longer than border with 1520 lat. branches
Border than longer & filled
with eggs
Longer than border
Diagnostic
stage
Egg or gravid segments in
stool of man
Embryonated egg in feces
Hydatid cyst
scoleices
4 suckers without hooks
4 suckers with one raw of
hooks and rostellum
4 suckers w two raws
of hooks
T. saginata
H. nana
E. granulosus
Egg : size
shape
shell
color
content
30 x 40 u
Spheroid
Thick, non-operculated
Yellowish
Hexacanth embryo
(Embryophore)
30 x 45 u
Spheroid w polar filaments
Thick, non-operculated
Translucent
Mature embryo
30 x 40 u
Spheroid
thick,non
Yellowish
embryophore
pathogenesis
Hunger pain, diarrhea,
constipation,
indigestion, intestinal
obstruction,
Loss of weight
Light infection : no
manifestation
Heavy : enteritis, diarrhea,
abdominal discomfort, in
children dizziness &
convulsion due to
neurotoxins
Pressure atrophy
anaphylactic shock
treatment
Niclosamide,
mebendazole
Niclosamide ,
Praziquental : 15mg/kg
single dose
Surgical removal,
aspiration & drainage of
hydatid fluid,
Mebendazole 20-40
mg/kg/day for3 month
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ancylostoma
Strongyloides
stercoralis
Geographic
distribution
cosmopolitan
Trophical & subtrophical
Tropics & subtropics
& mines in temperate
zones
size
M: 20cm
M: 1cm
M: .7 x 50u
F: free: 1mm x 60 u
parasitic:2.2 mmx70u
Habitat
S.I of man
lung
F: 25 cm
F: 1.2 cm
S.I of man
D.H. : man
Parasitic : S.I of man
(M) in lumen while (F)
in submucosa
Free : in the soil
Mouth
Terminal with 3 lips, one is
dorsal & two sub-ventral
Buccal capsule has 2
pairs of teeth in ant. Part
and 2 cutting plates in
post. Part while in N.
americanus it has only 2
pairs of cutting plates
** rhabditiform larva
250-500 u, long
buccal cavity,
rhabditiform esoph.
** filariform larva :
600-700 u,
cylindrical esoph.
Esophagus
Club-shaped
Club-shaped
M : rhabditiform
F : cylindrical
Ascaris lumbricoides
Post. end
Ancylostoma
M: curved ventrally
F: straight
Ant. end
Bent dorsally so ventral
side becomes ant and
dorsal becomes post
genitalia
M: has one set of genitalia and also 2 retractile spicules
F: has 2 sets and the vulva opens ventrally at junction bet
ant 1/3 & post 2/3
Egg
Size
Shape
Shell
Fertilized egg:
60 x 45 u
Oval
2 outer mammilated &
inner thick
Brownish
Immature (one cell stage)
Color
contents
unfertilized egg:
90 x 45 u
long & narrow
thin w less developed
mammillated layer
brownish
refractile granules
M: has on set,
copulatory busa and
2 spicules
F: has 2 sets, the vulva
opens bet middle and
post. 1/3
60 x 40 u
oval
thin
translucent
immature ovum
*** there is empty
space bet shell &
content
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ancylostoma
Diagnostic
stage
Fertilized, nonfertilized, or
decorticated egg
Immature eggs in stool
Infect stage
2nd stage larvae
Filariform larva
Mode of
infection
Ingestion of embryonated egg contain penetration of the filariform larva to
inf. stage
skin or mucosa memb. of the mouth
pathogenesis
Migration stage : hemorrhage,
verminous pneumonitis, bronchi-like
symptoms,fever, cough and
expectration of blood tinged sputum
Intestinal stage : mechanical effect
(int. obstr., peritonitis, occlusion of
bile duct, pancreatic
duct or appendix) and toxic effect
(anorexia, weight loss, discomfort,
intest. colic, diarrhea, constipation,
antitrypsin interfere w prot digestion
Treatment
Mebendazole, flubendazole, pyrantel
pamoate, levamisole hydrochloride
Cutaneous stage : itching, erythema,
2ry bacterial infection
Pulmonary stage :
Hge., hemoptysis, whezzes, dyspnea,
severe infection causes Loeffler’s
syndrom
Intestinal stage : enteritis,
malabsorption, avitaminosis. In
chronic ifection: anticoagulant effect of
cephalic glands of worm causing
severe iron defic. anemia
Mebendazole, flubendazole, ketrax ttt
of iron defic anemia
Strongyloides stercoralis (cont.)
Post. End
Tapering
Egg: size
shape
Shell
color
contents
50 x 30 u
Oval
Thin, hyaline
Yellowish
8 cell stage
Diagnostic stage
Rhabditiform larva in the stool
Infective stage
Filariform larva
Mode of infection
Penetration of skin by filariform larva via : walking bare foot in infected soil,
invasion of buccal mucosa w food, endogenous autoinfection
Pathogenesis
Cutaneouos stage: irritation, dermatitis. ** autoinfection due to
penetration of filariform larva the skin of perianal
area causing larva currens
Pulmonary stage : … in severe infection the larvae may pass from the
lung to the left side of heart then to the general
circulation causing visceral larva migrans VLM
Intestinal stage : enteritis, sloughing & ulceration of mucosa, bloody
diarrhea, heart burn and duodenal ulcer like symptoms
Treatment
Mebendazole : (one tablet 100 mg) 1 x 2 x 3
Strongyloides stercoralis (cont.)
Pathogenesis
Hyperinfection stage : occurs in immunosuppressed patients when R.L.
mature to F.L. in the S.I. The F.L. penetrate the intestinal
mucosa to venous circulation, to lung, then, ascend through
the lungs to be swallowed in GIT till reaching S.I again. This
will increase the worm burden causing ulceration of intestinal
mucosa, tissue invasion, bronchopneumonia, meningitis, and
brain infarction ( CNS manifestaion )
Chronic stage : anemia, pallor, easy fatigability, & lack of concentration
T.trichiura
E. vermicularis
D. medinensis
Pathogenesi … rectal prolapse,
s
hypochromic anemia
due to bleeding or
pernicious due to
toxins
Puruitus ani, insomnia,
inflammation in vagina,
uterus, tubes, UB, may
cause appendicitis
Local inflamatory reaction in the
form of sterile blister, headache,
nausea, vomiting, induration &
edema
treatment
mebendazole,
flubendazole, pyrantel
pamoate
Extraction of the adult guinea
worm by rolling it a few cm per
day, surgically, metronidazole
mebendazole ,
flubendazole 1 tab
(100mg) x 2 3
Trichuris trichiura
E. vermicularis
D. medinensis
Geogr. dist
cosmopolitan
cosmopolitan
East & west africa, KSA, yeman,
iran, china, & south america
length
M: 3 cm F: 4 cm
M: 5mm F: 10mm
M: 3 cm
Habitat
L.I (caecum)
L.I
Subcutaneous tissues specially
those in contact w water e.g
foot, leg
I.H.
F: 30-100 cm
Water cyclops
morphlogy
Ant 3/5 is thin post 2 circular wing like
2/3 is thick
expansions at ant end
known as alae, 2 lat
thickenings, 3 retractile lips
Thread like,
Anus or
cloaca
terminal
Sub-terminal
Esophagus
cellular
Double bulb
Adult : cylindrical
Larva : rhabditiform
Post. End
M: curved
ventrally F:
straight & blunt
M: curved ventrally F:
straight w long pointed tail
M: coiled
F: hooked
In F: ant end is swollen
Trichuris trichiura
E. vermicularis
D. medinensis
genitalia
M: has one set w
M: has 1 set & 1 spicule
Vulva lies near the ant end
one spicule inside a F: vulva opens at junct bet
rectrile sheath
ant 1/4 & post3/4 of body
F: has one set and
vulva opens at the
junct bet thin &
thick parts
Egg: size
Shape
50 x 20 u
Barrel w 2 polar
prominants
Thick
Brownish
Immature (one cell
stage)
50 x 20 u
D shaped
Thick shell, formed of 3
layers, the outer is a sticky
Translucent
Fully developed larva
the larva is 600 x 20 u in size, it
has rhabditiform esoph. And it
has tapering tail represents ½ of
body in length
Diagnostic
stage
Egg in stool
Egg on perianal folds,
Larva inside egg
Diagnosis made from local
blister, worm or larva
Infective
stage
Embryonated egg
Embryonated egg
Rhabditiform larva
Mode of
infection
Ingestion of raw
Ingestion, autoinfection,
vegetables or water handling, ingalation,
contaminated with retroinfection
embryonated eggs
Shell
Color
contents
Ingestion of water contaminated
w water cyclops infected w larva