Mrs. Perl
AP Psychology-Test 4: Unit 5 and 6
Name: _____________
I. Multiple Choice-1.5 points each
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1. Just prior to awakening Chinua from a hypnotic state, the therapist told him that during the next few days he
would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. Chinua's therapist was attempting to make use of
a. age regression.
b. posthypnotic suggestion.
c. hypnagogic sensations.
d. REM rebound.
e. parallel processing.
____
2. Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep?
a. The sleep cycle repeats itself every 60 minutes.
b. During REM sleep the muscles are tense and brain waves reveal deep relaxation.
c. As sleep progresses, Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep diminish while REM sleep increases.
d. Most of a night's sleep is spent in Stage 4 and REM.
e. Everyone needs 8 hours of sleep per night.
____
3. When 4-year-old Michael hit his sister, his Mom placed him in a time-out by having him stand in a corner for
4 minutes. A time-out is considered to be
a. positive punishment.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. positive reinforcement.
d. negative punishment.
e. continuous reinforcement.
____
4. Which of the following terms best describes an operant behavior?
a. automatic
b. reflexive
c. voluntary
d. instinctive
e. unlearned
____
5. Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an
example of
a. latent learning.
b. instinctive drift.
c. the law of effect.
d. spontaneous recovery.
e. operant conditioning.
____
6. Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
a. playing jump rope
b. running through a maze to get a food reward
c. sweating in hot weather
d. clapping after a thrilling concert performance
e. getting money as a reward
____
7. The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is called
a. narcolepsy.
b. dissociation.
c. disinhibition.
d. neuroadaptation.
e. dependence.
____
8. You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to
a. fear cars in the street.
b. dislike the taste of dead birds.
c. wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited.
d. retrieve sticks and balls.
e. salivate when presented with food.
____
9. Ernest Hilgard suggested that participants felt little pain when their arms were lowered into ice baths because
a. being caught up in playing the role of a “good subject” they could ignore the pain.
b. the presence of a hypnotist they liked and trusted led them to adopt the “pain control”
suggestions.
c. they expected that the ice baths would not cause pain.
d. hypnosis dissociates the pain sensation from the emotional suffering that people expect
from pain.
e. most hypnotized people are consciously faking hypnosis.
____ 10. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
a. conditioned stimulus.
b. unconditioned stimulus.
c. positive reinforcer.
d. negative reinforcer.
e. positive punishment.
____ 11. LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype
of the neurotransmitter serotonin. At the synapse, these drugs act as a(n)
a. agonist.
b. stimulant.
c. endorphin.
d. depressant.
e. antagonist.
____ 12. By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and diminishes
appetite.
a. alcohol
b. heroin
c. nicotine
d. MDMA
e. THC
____ 13. An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he
opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard
during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are
reinforced on a ________ schedule.
a. fixed-interval
b. partial-interval
c. variable-ratio
d. variable-interval
e. fixed-ratio
____ 14. B.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called
shaping.
behaviorism.
observational learning.
the law of effect.
latent learning.
____ 15. Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained
by
a. cognitive processes.
b. biological predispositions.
c. environmental factors.
d. continuous reinforcement.
e. latent learning.
____ 16. Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to
Freud, Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream.
a. paradoxical
b. manifest
c. delusional
d. latent
e. dissociated
____ 17. Alcohol consumption is LEAST likely to make people more
a. fearful.
b. aggressive.
c. self-conscious.
d. sexually daring.
e. self-disclosing.
____ 18. Dreams often involve sudden emotional reactions and surprising changes in scene. This best serves to support
the theory that dreams
a. strengthen our memories of the preceding day's events.
b. reflect one's level of cognitive development.
c. prepare us for the stress and challenges of the following day.
d. are triggered by random bursts of neural activity.
e. represent both latent content and manifest content.
____ 19. Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?
a. studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes
b. inserting coins into a slot machine
c. paying a cashier for a candy bar
d. checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived
e. assembling car parts in a factory
____ 20. Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ________ sleep is to ________ sleep.
a. REM; Stage 1
b. Stage 1; REM
c. REM; Stage 2
d. Stage 2; REM
e. REM; Stage 4
____ 21. The claim that hypnotic phenomena are regulated by normal conscious processes is associated with the theory
that hypnosis reflects the power of
a. parallel processing.
b. dissociation.
c. neuroadaptation.
d. social influence.
e. activation-synthesis theory.
____ 22. In classical conditioning, the ________ signals the impending occurrence of the ________.
a. US; CS
b. UR; CR
c. CS; US
d. CR; UR
e. US; CR
____ 23. Using an operant chamber, Skinner timed food pellets to drop every 15 minutes. If a rat was in a certain
location just before the food was presented, the rat went to that location more frequently even though it was
not directly tied to the appearance of food. Which of the following best explains this superstitious behavior?
a. Learning sometimes becomes apparent when there is some incentive to demonstrate it.
b. Reinforcement for a task already enjoyed can backfire, reducing intrinsic motivation.
c. A continuous reinforcement schedule will lead to the most rapid learning.
d. Conditioned reinforcers get their power through learned association with primary
reinforcers.
e. Any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated.
____ 24. Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to
a. punishing.
b. extinguishing.
c. discriminating.
d. modeling.
e. generalizing.
____ 25. On Monday, Johnny's mother gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10 minutes. On
Tuesday, she required 20 minutes of quiet play before treat time, and on Wednesday, the cookies were given
to him only after a full half hour of quiet play. Johnny was taught to play quietly for extended periods through
a. latent learning.
b. secondary reinforcement.
c. partial reinforcement.
d. shaping.
e. modeling.
____ 26. It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This
illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.
a. primary reinforcers
b. generalization
c. spontaneous recovery
d. biological predispositions
e. shaping
____ 27. Although Max never experiences caffeine withdrawal symptoms, he feels that he needs coffee every morning
as part of his daily routine. Max best illustrates
a. narcolepsy.
b. REM rebound.
c. psychological dependence.
d. the pop-out phenomenon.
e. dissociation.
____ 28. If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its
protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates
a. spontaneous recovery.
b. associative learning.
c. observational learning.
d. operant conditioning.
e. habituation.
____ 29. An allergy attack triggered by the sight of plastic flowers best illustrates the process of
a. latent learning.
b. delayed reinforcement.
c. generalization.
d. secondary reinforcement.
e. spontaneous recovery.
____ 30. A pigeon is consistently reinforced with food for pecking a key after seeing an image of a human face, but not
reinforced for pecking after seeing other images. By signaling that a pecking response will be reinforced, the
image of a human face is a(n)
a. unconditioned stimulus.
b. partial reinforcement.
c. discriminative stimulus.
d. primary reinforcer.
e. generalized stimulus.
____ 31. Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To
his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of
anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates
a. delayed reinforcement.
b. latent learning.
c. spontaneous recovery.
d. shaping.
e. discrimination.
____ 32. Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement and punishment?
a. Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the
rate of operant responding.
b. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments increase the
rate of operant responding.
c. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the
rate of operant responding.
d. Negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; punishments
decrease the rate of operant responding.
e. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments have no effect
on the rate of operant responding.
____ 33. In one study, both hypnotized and unhypnotized subjects were told to throw acid in a researcher's face. In this
experiment, hypnotized people
a. usually refused to engage in antisocial behavior.
b. behaved in the same fashion as unhypnotized individuals.
c. were easily influenced to act against their own will.
d. experienced much more anxiety than unhypnotized individuals.
e. often immediately awakened from the hypnotic state.
____ 34. Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?
a. dissociation theory
b. social influence theory
c. activation-synthesis theory
d. Freud's dream theory
e. paradoxical sleep theory
____ 35. Hypnotically age-regressed people
a. act as they believe children would, but outperform real children.
b. correctly demonstrate behaviors associated with specific developmental stages.
c. provide accurate and detailed information about personal childhood events.
d. are pretending to be hypnotized.
e. are less likely to be fantasy-prone personalities.
____ 36. Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will
a. ignore both what the model says and does.
b. ignore what the model does but talk in ways consistent with what the model says.
c. ignore what the model says but act in ways consistent with what the model does.
d. talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the
model does.
e. talk in ways that contradict the model in order to match the observed behavior.
____ 37. The lack of the neurotransmitter orexin has been linked to which of the following?
a. sleep apnea
b. paradoxical sleep
c. insomnia
d. narcolepsy
e. sleepwalking
____ 38. The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of good grades as ________ is to ________.
a. delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer
b. primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer
c. discrimination; generalization
d. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
e. operant conditioning; classical conditioning
____ 39. Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called
a. night terrors.
b. neuroadaptations.
c. dissociations.
d. hallucinations.
e. stressors.
____ 40. Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key to start
their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of
a. observational learning.
b. classical conditioning.
c. operant conditioning.
d. spontaneous recovery.
e. discrimination.
____ 41. After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle.
Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates
a. shaping.
b. conditioned reinforcement.
c. spontaneous recovery.
d. discrimination.
e. negative reinforcement.
____ 42. Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue
because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.
a. secondary
b. partial
c. negative
d. positive
e. conditioned
____ 43. The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely
associated with the long-term use of
a. alcohol.
b. Ecstasy.
c. morphine.
d. barbiturates.
e. amphetamines.
____ 44. Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to
a. the law of effect.
b. spontaneous recovery.
c. the violence-viewing effect.
d. instinctive drift.
e. operant conditioning.
____ 45. REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because
a. our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular.
b. we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily.
c. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.
d. it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images.
e. our brain and nervous system are less active and our muscles are very active.
____ 46. The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by
a. the differing musical preferences of younger and older persons.
b. fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day.
c. the different study habits of men and women.
d. the different personalities of people born during different months of the year.
e. varying levels of neurotransmitters during REM sleep.
____ 47. When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter ________ production by the
pineal gland.
a. melatonin
b. serotonin
c. acetylcholine
d. dopamine
e. endorphin
____ 48. To assess whether Mrs. Webster had Alzheimer's disease, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a
sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical
conditioning, the sound was a
a. US.
b. UR.
c. CS.
d. CR.
e. NS.
____ 49. Which of the following best illustrates higher-order conditioning?
a. a dog conditioned to salivate to a low-pitched tone
b. a little boy who doesn't run into the street after being reprimanded by his mother
c. a rat that has developed a taste aversion to a vanilla-flavored solution paired with a drug
d. a pigeon in a Skinner box that learns to peck at a button to receive a food pellet
e. a child who fears dogs after being bitten shows fear when she hears a dog bark
____ 50. Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects
________, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________.
a. spontaneous recovery; acquisition
b. a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule
c. intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
d. operant conditioning; classical conditioning
e. insight learning; latent learning
____ 51. When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by
a. producing hallucinations.
b. blocking the reuptake of dopamine.
c. increasing the occurrence of alpha waves.
d. triggering a state of dissociation.
e. decreasing manifest content.
____ 52. A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)
a. conditioned response.
b. unconditioned stimulus.
c. conditioned stimulus.
d. unconditioned response.
e. nonconditioned response.
____ 53. Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.
a. REM sleep; Stage 4 sleep
b. narcolepsy; sleep apnea
c. delta waves; alpha waves
d. Stage 4 sleep; Stage 1 sleep
e. Stage 1 sleep; REM sleep
____ 54. What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common?
a. They slow body functions and calm neural activity.
b. They depress neural functioning and reduce pain.
c. They distort perceptions and evoke sensations without sensory input.
d. They excite neural activity and arouse body functions.
e. They relax the body, lead to disinhibition, and produce euphoria.
____ 55. Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for
a. the law of effect.
b. spontaneous recovery.
c. observational learning.
d. extrinsic motivation.
e. insight learning.
____ 56. If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few
errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates
a. shaping.
b. latent learning.
c. delayed reinforcement.
d. spontaneous recovery.
e. modeling.
____ 57. The pituitary gland releases a growth hormone during
a. Stage 2 sleep.
b. Stage 1 sleep.
c. slow-wave sleep.
d. paradoxical sleep.
e. circadian sleep.
____ 58. The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical
conditioning. This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning.
a. shaping
b. discrimination
c. generalization
d. cognitive processes
e. intermittent reinforcement
____ 59. Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an
hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
a. fixed-ratio
b. fixed-interval
c. variable-interval
d. variable-ratio
e. intermittent-interval
____ 60. Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by
a. decreasing REM sleep.
b. increasing anxiety.
c. decreasing sleep apnea.
d. increasing self-consciousness.
e. decreasing tolerance.
Essay-15 points
1. Many people who are addicted to drugs report not being able to control themselves when their drug of choice
is available. Learning principles may help explain this lack of control and may provide possible solutions.
A. Some people with alcohol dependence report that just the smell of alcohol creates a powerful sense of
well-being, increasing the desire to drink the alcohol. Explain this reaction using a classical conditioning
model, and describe one possible way to decrease the reaction. Use the following terms in your answer:
• Unconditioned stimulus
• Unconditioned response
• Conditioned stimulus
• Conditioned response
• Extinction
B. In cases of long-term addiction, some users report continuing their drug use to avoid the side effects of
being without the drug. Explain this behavior using an operant conditioning model. Use the following terms
in your answer.
• Tolerance
• Withdrawal
• Negative reinforcement
Test 4: Unit 5 and 6
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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ESSAY
1. ANS:
A:
Point 1: Unconditioned stimulus: Students should identify the alcohol itself as the unconditioned
stimulus, because it causes the unconditioned response (see Point 2). Unconditioned stimuli naturally
and automatically cause unconditioned responses without any previous conditioning.
Point 2: Unconditioned response: Students should identify one of the effects of alcohol as the
unconditioned response to the unconditioned stimulus of alcohol (e.g., a sense of well-being, relaxed
inhibitions, or any of the other effects of a depressant drug such as alcohol).
Point 3: Conditioned stimulus: Students should identify the smell of alcohol as the conditioned
stimulus. Since the smell of alcohol is paired repeatedly with the actual alcohol (the unconditioned
stimulus), it is likely to eventually elicit the unconditioned response.
Point 4: Conditioned response: Whichever effect of alcohol the student identified as the
unconditioned response should be identified as the conditioned response after it is elicited by the
conditioned stimulus. For example, if a student says that a sense of well-being is the unconditioned
response to the unconditioned stimulus of alcohol, the smell of alcohol (the conditioned stimulus) is
likely to eventually elicit the conditioned response of a sense of well-being.
Point 5: Extinction: Students should discuss how classical conditioning could be used to interrupt the
reaction described. Student responses should demonstrate an understanding of how extinction occurs
in a classical conditioning model: presentation of the conditioned stimulus (smell of alcohol) without
the unconditioned stimulus (alcohol), which, with repeated pairings, will eliminate the conditioned
response.
B:
Point 6: Tolerance: Students should explain that some psychoactive drugs produce a tolerance effect.
Drug users need to take increasing dosages of the drug to achieve the same physiological effect.
Tolerance leads to withdrawal symptoms (see Point 7).
Point 7: Withdrawal: Students should explain that any drug that produces tolerance (see Point 6)
leads to withdrawal symptoms. Drug users experience extremely negative symptoms when they are
without the drug (e.g., the shakes and night sweats).
Point 8: Negative reinforcement: Students should explain that drug addicts might use psychoactive
drugs to alleviate withdrawal symptoms (see Point 7). Student explanations should correctly use the
term negative reinforcement in this explanation. Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is
followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus (such as the elimination or reduction of withdrawal
symptoms when an addict uses a drug again). This negative reinforcement increases the likelihood
that the drug addict will use the drug again.
PTS: 1
REF: Section- Learning
TOP: Using Classical Conditioning to Explain and Treat Drug Abuse
MSC: Application