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1.0: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1.1: MATTER
ENABLING OBJECTIVES:
1. Describe the following terms:
1.1 Solid
1.2 Liquid
1.3 Gas
2. Define:
2.1 Atom
2.2 Molecules
2.3 Element
2.4 Compound
3. Describe the structure of matter:
3.1 Atomic Structure
3.2 Types of Bonds
3.3 Ionic
3.4 Covalent
3.5 Metallic
3.6 Periodic Table (Arrangement of Elements)
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1.0: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1.1: MATTER
•
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
•
States of Matter: Solid, liquid & gas.
PROPERTIES OF SOLID, LIQUIDS & GASES.
Property
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Shape
Fixed
Not fixed
Not fixed
Volume
Fixed
Fixed
Not fixed
Cannot be
Cannot be
Can be compressed
compressed
compressed
Do not flow
Flow easily
Flow in all direction
Metals
Water
Carbon dioxide
Compressibility
Ease of Flow
Example
KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY.
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All matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant, random motion.
Properties
Solid
Liquid
Arrangement of
-
Orderly
-
Disorderly
particles
-
Packed
-
Less
Gas
closely
-
Disorderly
-
Very far apart
packed than in
solid
Attractive forces
Very strong
Strong
Very weak
Very low
Low
High
Vibrate & rotate about
Slide over each other
Move about at great
between particles
Kinetic energy of
particles
Particle motion
a fixed position
speeds
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1.0: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1.1: MATTER
ATOMS, MOLECULES, ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS.
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Atom: The smallest particles of an element that have the chemical properties of that
element. Example: Noble Gases.
•
Molecule: A group of two or more atoms that are chemically joined (combined)
together. Example: Hydrogen gas (H2), Chlorine gas (Cl2), Water (H2O).
•
Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by
chemical methods. Example: Metals and non-metals in the periodic table.
•
Compound: A substance containing two or more elements chemically joined
together. Example: Water (H2O), Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4).
PERIODIC TABLE.
•
The elements are arranged in the Periodic Table in order of proton number
(increasing proton number).
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A Group is a vertical set of elements. The groups are numbered from I to VII and
then Group 0 (Noble gases).
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A Period is a horizontal row of elements. Each period is numbered 1, 2, 3, etc.
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The elements between Group II and Group III are all metals called transition metals
or transition elements.
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1.0: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1.1: MATTER
ATOMIC STRUCTURE.

Atoms are made up of 3 different particles: Protons, neutrons and electrons.

Protons: Positive particles in a nucleus.

Neutrons: Neutral particles in a nucleus.

Electrons: Negative particles around the nucleus.

Protons, neutrons and electrons are called the sub-atomic particles.

Nucleon: Protons and neutrons.
Symbol of the element
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He
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The number of electron in an atom is equal to the number of protons in the atom
itself.
•
Therefore,
Nucleon (mass) Number = No. of protons + No. of neutrons
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Nucleon number is also called the mass number.
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1.0: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1.1: MATTER
TYPES OF BONDING.

Ionic bonding: The force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in a
compound (occurs between metals & non-metals)  shown by electron transfer
diagram.

Covalent bonding: A bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons (occurs
between non-metals)  shown by dot-cross diagram.

Metallic bonding: The attractive force between positively charged ions and
negatively charged free or mobile (delocalised) electrons (occurs in metals only).
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