Spatial Models of Urban Land Use (Ch. 13)
Analyzing Urban Models
Concentric Zone
• Benefits (pros)
• Drawbacks (cons)
Concentric Zone Model
1920s (Burgess) – land-use
pattern follows concentric rings
around city center (CBD)
Newest settlers in city use
older housing near city
center (migrants to
industrial jobs)
Previous groups move
outward to higher-income
areas (suburbs)
Concentric Zone Model
Invasion and Succession: Process by which new
immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over
areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant
groups.
Newest settlers in city use
older housing near city
center (migrants to
industrial jobs)
Previous groups move
outward to higher-income
areas (suburbs)
Concentric Zone Model
Based on class and the bid-rent curve.
Concentric Zone Model
Bid-rent
Sector Model
1939 (Hoyt) - Land use = pieshaped wedges radiating from
CBD
High-income areas along
fashionable boulevards,
waterfronts, or high ground
Industry along river or rails
Low-income near industry
Middle-income between low
and high sectors
Hoyt Sector Model
Based on class. It describes social structure based on
transportation systems rather than distance from the CBD.
Analyzing Urban Models
Sector Model
• Benefits (pros)
• Drawbacks (cons)
Multiple-Nuclei Model
Post WW2 - Early days of
suburbanization
Downtown CBD not only
core of business land use
Other nuclei develop special retail districts,
office parks, light
manufacturing in city
Metro areas develop
“suburban downtowns”
(called “edge cities”)
- Tech Center
Multiple Nuclei Model
Industrial Parks
• Much of the growth in industry since WWII
has taken place in “Industrial Parks”
Definition: Industrial Park – A planned
development designed to insure
compatibility between industrial operations
within and between the industrial tenants
and the surrounding community
• Attempt to change image of industrial
land uses: usually park or campus-like
character with landscaped buffer zones
Industrial Park Strategies
• Zoning, utilities, and sometimes generic rental space
provided
• Earliest parks established by railroads in Chicago
– 1899 Clearing Industrial District
– 1905 Central Manufacturing District
• Very slow growth of the concept until after WWII
– 1940 35 parks in all of USA
– 1960 250 parks
– By 1980, more than 2,500
• Most all parks are outside American Manufacturing Belt
– California, Texas, Florida, Minnesota, and Wisconsin have the most
4 Main Types of Parks..
a. Traditional Park
Focus on light manufacturing, assembly, distribution,
warehousing – not on heavy manufacturing
Example: Great Southwest Industrial Park in the Dallas –
Ft. Worth “Metroplex”
• Easy highway and air access (fly-in concept!)
• Plentiful flat land
• Average firm is very small
• 50% of all tenant firms have less than 10 emps
• 75% have less than 50 emps
4 Main Types of Parks..
b.
Research Park
–
–
These have mostly flopped!
One of the successful ones: Research Triangle Park in N.C.
–
–
–
Amenities important (Natural and Cultural)
Draw from academic community
Federal Government helped by locating research operations
of several agencies here
4 Main Types of Parks
c.
Science or Technology Park
–
–
–
Hybrid Type
Partly a Research Park-- but not so restrictive;
warehousing, distribution, light manufacturing, assembly
Especially important in “High Tech” industries:
Electronics, Aerospace, Optics, etc.
Boston region:
–
Silicon (Santa Clara) Valley in California
–
d.
Business Park
Combo of Industrial and Office Park
Analyzing Urban Models
Multiple Nuclei
• Benefits (pros)
• Drawbacks (cons)
Problems with all these models:
1. Too simple
2. Do not take into account modern
transportation corridors.
3. Availability of cars not considered.
4. Outer cities became independent and created
suburban downtowns.
5. Creation of edge cities loosen ties to central
city.
6. American suburbs surpassed central cities in
total employment by 1973.
More problems…
7. Urban patterns are shaped by an economic trade-off
between the desire to live in a suburban
neighborhood appropriate to ones economic status
and the need to live relatively close to the CBD for
employment opportunities.
8. Assume only one person in the family is a wage
worker. Ignore dual income families and households
headed by single women who different
considerations (childcare).
9. All created by men who shared assumptions about
how cities operate – thus presented a partial view of
urban life.
Urban sprawl – contemporary problem
Low-density “leapfrog” developments beyond urban edge
Lack of coordinated planning between jurisdictions
Consequence of car-dependent urban growth
Analyzing Urban Models
Concentric Zone
1.
2.
3.
4.
• Benefits (pros)
Reflects historical movement
Pattern can still be seen today.
All cities have a CBD
Similar to von Thunen.
Analyzing Urban Models
Concentric Zone
• Drawbacks (cons)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Based on Chicago of 1900.
Reflects perception of US cities but not the reality.
Does not exist in its pure form the US.
Upper and Middle classes are moving back into urban center
Too simple.
Over emphasized residential patterns, and does not give
credit other land uses.
7. Assumes there is a strong central city.
8. Urban growth and development proceeds outward from a
single central core.
Analyzing Urban Models
Sector Model
• Benefits (pros)
1. Patterns still seen today.
2. More realistic.
3. Can show ethnic variations.
Analyzing Urban Models
Sector Model
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
• Drawbacks (cons)
Does not reflect modern cities.
Too simple.
Areas around highways tend to be low rent districts.
Assumes there is a strong central city.
Urban growth and development proceeds outward
from a single central core.
Analyzing Urban Models
Multiple Nuclei
• Benefits (pros)
1. Takes into account varied factors of decentralization
into the structure of the North America city.
2. Encompasses a larger spectrum of economic and
social factors.
3. Takes ‘car’ into account.
Analyzing Urban Models
Multiple Nuclei
• Drawbacks (cons)
1. Too simple
2. Equal weight given to all nodes.
Contemporary urban trends
“New Urbanism”
Town Center, Highlands Ranch
Words associated
w/ but not used in
the definition
Definition
Gentrification
A non-example w/
explanation
An example w/
explanation
Contemporary urban trends
Gentrification and
Downtown Revitalization