DISASTERS OR TRAGEDIES: 1- Natural disasters: destructive forces of nature 2- Technological or human-made disasters 1) Natural disasters: A natural disaster is an event (such as a volcanic eruption, earthquake, flood, tornado, hurricane, or landslide etc.) that causes extensive damage to property, a large number of casualties, or both. A natural disaster affects the environment, and leads to financial, environmental and/or human losses. List of natural disasters 1- Land movement disasters: Avalanches, Earthquakes, Landslides, Volcanic eruptions 2- Water disasters: Floods, Tsunamis 3- Weather/meteorological disasters: Blizzards, Cyclonic storms, Droughts, Hailstorms, Heat waves, Tornadoes, Frosts 4- Fire: Wild fires, Forest fires, Man-made fires 5- Health and diseases: Epidemic, Pandemic, Famine 6- Space: Impact events (meteorites), Solar flares (a phenomenon where the sun suddenly releases a great amount of solar radiation, much more than normal), Supernovae and hypernovae (explosions of stars). Useful vocabulary and definitions: Avalanche: An avalanche is a large mass of snow and ice crashing down a mountain side -The climbers were killed by/in an avalanche Earthquake: An Earthquake is a sudden shake or movement of the Earth's crust. The vibrations may vary in magnitude. The underground point of origin of the earthquake is called the "focus". The point directly above the focus on the surface is called the "epicentre". Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife. It is usually the secondary events that they trigger, such as building collapse, fires, tsunamis (seismic sea waves) and volcanoes that are actually the human disaster. Many of these could possibly be avoided by better construction, safety systems, early warning and evacuation planning. -shake, quake, tremor, earthquake area/zone -fault: a crack in the earth’s surface, where one band of rock has slid against another (San Andreas fault) -aftershocks of a quake -The earth moves/trembles Landslide/Landslip (smaller):A landslide is a fall of great amount of rock and earth from the side of a mountain. Volcano: A Volcano is a hill or mountain with opening(s) through which fire, smoke, ashes, gases and hot liquid rock (lava) come up from below the earth’s crust (in an active volcano) or may come up after an interval (in a dormant volcano) or have long ceased to come up (in an extinct volcano). -volcanic action, eruption, outbreak of a volcano, eruptions of ashes and lava, a volcano in state of eruption. -to erupt, to break out. -crater: a large round hole at the top of a volcano Flood: A flood is the covering with water of a place that is usually dry, a great overflow of water. A deluge is a great flood or a very heavy rain. Tsunami / undersea earthquake / tidal wave: A tsunami is one of a series of enormous and usually destructive ocean waves produced by undersea earthquakes or oceanic volcanic explosions. Storm: A storm is a violent disturbance of the elements Types: hailstorm (rain drops that have formed together into ice), rainstorm, windstorm, sandstorm, thunderstorm, tempest (heavy storm), downpour (heavy fall of rain), snowstorm, blizzard (long, severe snowstorm), monsoon (heavy rains which fall specially in India), downfall (heavy and sudden fall of rain or snow). Windstorms: cyclone (large, violent storm with a circular wind in the tropics), typhoon (in the western pacific), hurricane (in the western Atlantic ocean), whirlwind (a smaller storm of this kind), tornado or twister (a storm of this kind with a narrow path over the land), waterspout (if it goes over the water). Drought: It is a long period of dry weather when there is not enough water. Frost: It is a period of weather with temperature below the freezing point of water. Heat wave: A period of unusually hot weather. Wildfires: Wildfires are an uncontrolled fire burning in wild land areas. Common causes include lightning and drought but wildfires may also be started by human negligence or arson. They can be a threat to those in rural areas and also wildlife. Epidemic: An epidemic is an outbreak of an infectious disease that spreads at a rapid rate through a human population. A pandemic is an epidemic whose spread is global. There have been many epidemics throughout history, such as Black Death. Some epidemics are: avian influenza, swine flu, tuberculosis, malaria, Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Famine: a severe shortage of food, due to crop failure or overpopulation. 2) Technological or human-made disasters Deforestation / logging: the process, work, or business of cutting down trees and transporting the logs to sawmills. Collapse / structural failure: falling down of a structure, a roof, a house, a mine, a bridge. Oil / chemical spill: an accidental release of oil into a body of water, as from a tanker, offshore drilling rig, or underwater pipeline, often presenting a hazard to marine life and the environment. Accidents: plane crash / airplane disaster, car accident / car crash / traffic accident, a pile up accident, shipwreck, derailment Blackout: a period during a massive power failure when the lack of electricity for illumination results in utter darkness except from emergency sources, as candles. War / civil war / bombardment Explosion Terrorism Nuclear accidents and contamination: nuclear waste, weapons, attack, war, accidents -danger of a leak / escape of radioactivity Pollution / contamination Global warming / acid rain / greenhouse effect Extinction of animal and plant species Reading comprehension exercise: Natural disasters (by John Russell) Before reading: 1) Mention the most common natural disasters 2) Which do you think may be the worst natural disaster? 3) Read the following questions, then read the passage and answer 1-What is the difference between a tornado and a hurricane? 2-What happens when there is little or no rain at all? 3- Why are earthquakes so dangerous and unpredictable? 4- What happened on 26 December 2004? 5- How many active volcanoes are there in the world? 6- Why do earthquakes happen? 7- What is a fault line? 8- Where are hurricanes very often? 9- What can scientists predict about an earthquake? 10- Where is the most dangerous natural disaster likely to come from? 11- What is the name of the natural disaster caused by too much rain? Reading passage Natural disasters take many different forms and can happen without warning. Earthquakes, floods, volcanoes, drought, typhoons and hurricanes are all natural disasters. The earthquake of 26th December 2004 resulted in one of the worst natural disasters in living memory. It was a massive underwater quake and occurred in the Indian Ocean. This caused a huge tidal-wave (a tsunami) to cross the Indian Ocean. It destroyed coastlines, communities and brought death and destruction to many people. Thousands of people were killed as the wave travelled miles across the ocean to distant beaches. Whole families were swept out to sea or drowned as the sea invaded the land. The survivors needed fresh water, food and shelter as well as medical help. People from all over the world gave lots of money so that towns and villages could be rebuilt. Why do earthquakes happen? The surface of the earth has not always looked as it does today; it is moving continuously (although very slowly) and has done so for billions of years. This is one cause of earthquakes, when one section the earth (tectonic plate) collides with another. Scientists can predict where (but not when) this might happen and the area between plates is called a fault line. On one fault line in Kobe, Japan in 1923 over 200,000 people were killed. However, earthquakes do not always happen on fault lines, which is why they are so dangerous and unpredictable. Where do volcanoes happen? Volcanoes happen where the earth’s crust is thin - lava, dust and gases burst out (erupt) from beneath the earth. They can rise into a massive cone shape - like a mountain and erupt, or they can be so violent that they just explode directly from the earth with no warning. There are 1511 ‘active’ volcanoes in the world. This means that they may still be dangerous. In 1985 the massive Colombian volcano Nevado del Ruiz erupted. The lava melted a glacier and sent tones of mud down the town of Armero below. Twenty thousand people died. Can we predict earthquakes and volcanoes? Natural disasters like volcanoes are often unpredictable. We regularly do not know when they might happen, or even where they will happen. In the future, scientists may be able to watch and predict events before they happen. This could save many lives. In South America, scientists predicted the eruption of Popocatépetl. Tens of thousands of people were safely moved just before the biggest eruption of the volcano for a thousand years. No one was hurt. What is the difference between a Hurricane and a Tornado? Hurricanes are extremely strong storms and often happen in the Caribbean. They cause high winds, huge waves, and heavy flooding and can be hundreds of miles across. In 1998, Hurricane Gilbert produced 160 mile an hour winds. It killed 318 people, and destroyed much of Jamaica. Tornadoes or ‘twisters’ are very strong spinning winds. They can move objects as big as a car and can blow buildings down. These are very common in West Africa and certain areas of the USA. Can too much rain cause problems? Floods happen in many countries after very heavy rainfall. When rain pours for weeks at a time, rivers overflow and people and property can be trapped or simply washed away. Since 1998, more than 30 people have drowned in floods in Britain. Flooding in Bangladesh caused 1300 deaths in 1989, another natural disaster. …..and too little? Another kind of natural disaster is a drought. This happens when there is no water, when it doesn’t rain for a long time and rivers dry up. Plants, animals and even humans die as a result of drought, for we all need water to live. Many countries today suffer from drought. This causes crops to fail, animals to die and sadly, people to starve. Which is the most dangerous natural disaster? All the disasters mentioned above are very dangerous and continue to kill thousands of people each year, but they are nowhere near the most dangerous disaster to ever happen on earth. One type of event in earth’s history has regularly killed millions of beings; asteroid impacts. About once every million years the earth is hit by a piece of rock and ice from space large enough to cause massive destruction (including earthquakes, volcanoes and ice ages) and sometimes to kill entire species. 65 million years ago more than half the earth’s species were killed by such an impact (including all the dinosaurs). Disasters on the earth may seem dangerous, but the biggest threat to humans is likely to come from space. Vocabulary exercises 1) Match the words with the definitions hail - hurricane - thunderstorm – lightning – erosion - weather - pressure - precipitation – gravity – rain – snow –– tide 1) ……….the process by which material from the earth's surface is worn away by forces such as glaciers, wind, and waves. 2) ……….the force by which a planet or other such body tends to draw objects toward its center. 3) ……….balls of frozen rain or a storm of such balls. 4) ………a powerful cyclonic storm that originates in the West Indian region of the Atlantic Ocean and that has heavy rains and winds exceeding seventy-three miles, or 119 kilometers, per hour. 5) ………natural electricity produced in thunderstorm clouds and appearing as a bright flash or streak of light in the sky. 6) ……....snow, rain, or the like, or the amount of such matter to fall on a given area in a given amount of time. 7) ………the applying of constant force upon a surface. 8) ……... water vapor in the atmosphere that condenses and falls from the sky to earth. 9) ……....a frozen form of precipitation that falls as ice crystals formed into flakes. 10) ……. a brief electrical storm usu. accompanied by heavy rain and high winds. 11)…..….the periodic change, occurring about every twelve hours, in the height of the surface of oceans and bodies of water near or feeding into them, caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. 12)……..the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time as characterized by sunshine, moisture, temperature, precipitation, and other variables. 2) Choose the correct option: 1-If a country doesn't have rain for a very long period, we say it suffers from _________. floods drought earthquakes tornadoes 2- When a disaster occurs, people move to another area or country. What are these people called? aid workers refugees migrants immigrants 3- When a disaster occurs, people describe the situation using some of the words below. Which word does NOT mean very important? emergency crisis urgent situation inconsequential 4- What's the international request for help used by ship captains and aeroplane pilots if they are having problems? marchday aprilday mayday juneday 5- Which of the following words would you NOT expect to hear in a report about a country without food? famine scarcity abundance food shortage 6- Which word does NOT fit the sentence? 'In war many people die, but many more are __________.' injured wounded killed hurt 3) Complete these sentences with the vocabulary in the box famine – explosion – hurricane – pollution - blizzard – riot – epidemic earthquake – drought – tsunami 1- A violent and heavy snowstorm is called a ___ 2- When crops fail and livestock die through lack of water because of no rain there is a ___ 3- The above situation could cause massive starvation through lack of food. This situation is called a ___ 4- When the land violently moves or shakes especially around fault lines it's called an ___ 5- When the above situation causes a huge body of seawater to move in towards the shore it is known as a ___ 6- When there is a violent outbreak of lawlessness by people it's called a ___ 7- A loud noise and sometimes huge force created by something like a bomb is known as an ___ 8- A violent wind that twists round and round and causes massive destruction is called a ___ 9- A disease that spreads rapidly amongst a lot of people in the same area is called an ___ 10- Something that makes the air, rivers, or seas dirty is known as ___ 4) Read the sentences below and match each sentence with the disaster it describes a- fire b- typhoon c- earthquake d- tidal wave e- plague f- volcano g- drought hsandstorm i- landslide j- flood k- famine 1- Several people were walking along when suddenly tons of earth came cashing down the hillside and blocked the road in front of them. 2- Over 50.000 people in Ethiopia have died of starvation in the past month. Questions are being asked concerning the delay in the supplies of rice and grain which were recently sent to them. 3- The winds have already strengthened considerably and the sea is now very rough indeed. As a result, ferries across the harbour have stopped sailing and all large ships have put out to sea. 4- The river overflowed in several places and huge areas of farming land are now several feet under water. Boats are being used to rescue people in nearby villages. 5- Suddenly the ground shook, beneath our feet and the tall building opposite the college began to sway. Windows and doors rattled, and several bookcases in the college library came crashing down. 6- Tankers full of water were sent, but it was too late to save many of the animals and crops there. The whole area was like a vast desert. 7- Smoke poured out of the crater but no one expected an eruption. A week later, however, red hot lava began to flow down the side of the mountain. 8- It swept onwards, covering everything in its path. The travellers had to get off their camels and lie down until it had eventually passed. 9- Flames swept through the block of offices, burning everything inside. Two hours later only the empty shell of the building remained. 10- The first sign of illness was a pain in the chest, followed by a great thirst and a burning fever. Few medical supplies reached the area and consequently almost all the victims died. 11- It must have been at least twenty feet high as it swept towards the shore. In a few seconds it destroyed all the houses in its way, drowning everyone inside. Speaking Practice: 1- Read what these four people say about the catastrophes they have survived and retell what happened to them. 2- Suppose you are also a survivor of any of the following disasters and tell us about your experience. avalanche – landslide – flood – tsunami – electric storm – sandstorm – tornado – blizzard – forest fire - blackout Host: “Good evening. Our programme tonight is about disasters. This year there have been fires, plane crashes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. All our guests tonight have survived disasters. Let’s listen to them.” Guest 1: “Hi! I’m Bill Daniels. I live in Chicago. I was working in my office on the 28th floor of a skyscraper. I was dictating some letters to my secretary when the fire-bell rang. I rushed out to the lift but it wasn’t working. The stairs were full of thick smoke. We couldn’t go down, so we had to go up to the roof. When we got there some people were waiting calmly. Others were shouting and screaming wildly. A helicopter managed to land on the roof and rescued six of us before the building collapsed.” Guest 2: “My name is Martha Huggins. I was on holiday in the South Pacific and I was staying on Pogohiti, a small island. I was having a rest when the volcano erupted. The noise woke me up. I looked through the window. Everybody was running towards the harbour. I just put on a coat, and ran to the harbour, too. I managed to get on a ship. It was leaving when the lava hit the town.” Guest 3: “Hello, I’m George Green. I’m a farmer. I was working in the field behind my house when I saw the plane. It was on fire. Smoke was coming from the engines, and it was coming down fast. I was running towards my house when it crashed into the trees behind me. I heard a terrible explosion…When I woke up, I was lying in a hospital bed.” Guest 4: “Good evening. My name’s Michael Purt. My wife and I were staying with friends on Santa Monica in the Caribbean. We were having dinner when the earthquake began. Everything shook. All the plates and food fell onto the floor. We were picking everything up when the ceiling fell onto us. We couldn’t move, and we had to wait for three hours before help arrived.” Speaking Practice: 1- Read what these four people say about the catastrophes they have survived and retell what happened to them. 2- Suppose you are also a survivor of any of the following disasters and tell us about your experience. avalanche – landslide – flood – tsunami – electric storm – sandstorm – tornado – blizzard – forest fire - blackout Host: “Good evening. Our programme tonight is about disasters. This year there have been fires, plane crashes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. All our guests tonight have survived disasters. Let’s listen to them.” Guest 1: “Hi! I’m Bill Daniels. I live in Chicago. I was working in my office on the 28th floor of a skyscraper. I was dictating some letters to my secretary when the fire-bell rang. I rushed out to the lift but it wasn’t working. The stairs were full of thick smoke. We couldn’t go down, so we had to go up to the roof. When we got there some people were waiting calmly. Others were shouting and screaming wildly. A helicopter managed to land on the roof and rescued six of us before the building collapsed.” Guest 2: “My name is Martha Huggins. I was on holiday in the South Pacific and I was staying on Pogohiti, a small island. I was having a rest when the volcano erupted. The noise woke me up. I looked through the window. Everybody was running towards the harbour. I just put on a coat, and ran to the harbour, too. I managed to get on a ship. It was leaving when the lava hit the town.” Guest 3: “Hello, I’m George Green. I’m a farmer. I was working in the field behind my house when I saw the plane. It was on fire. Smoke was coming from the engines, and it was coming down fast. I was running towards my house when it crashed into the trees behind me. I heard a terrible explosion…When I woke up, I was lying in a hospital bed.” Guest 4: “Good evening. My name’s Michael Purt. My wife and I were staying with friends on Santa Monica in the Caribbean. We were having dinner when the earthquake began. Everything shook. All the plates and food fell onto the floor. We were picking everything up when the ceiling fell onto us. We couldn’t move, and we had to wait for three hours before help arrived.” Speaking Practice: 1- Read what these four people say about the catastrophes they have survived and retell what happened to them. 2- Suppose you are also a survivor of any of the following disasters and tell us about your experience. avalanche – landslide – flood – tsunami – electric storm – sandstorm – tornado – blizzard – forest fire - blackout Host: “Good evening. Our programme tonight is about disasters. This year there have been fires, plane crashes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. All our guests tonight have survived disasters. Let’s listen to them.” Guest 1: “Hi! I’m Bill Daniels. I live in Chicago. I was working in my office on the 28th floor of a skyscraper. I was dictating some letters to my secretary when the fire-bell rang. I rushed out to the lift but it wasn’t working. The stairs were full of thick smoke. We couldn’t go down, so we had to go up to the roof. When we got there some people were waiting calmly. Others were shouting and screaming wildly. A helicopter managed to land on the roof and rescued six of us before the building collapsed.” Guest 2: “My name is Martha Huggins. I was on holiday in the South Pacific and I was staying on Pogohiti, a small island. I was having a rest when the volcano erupted. The noise woke me up. I looked through the window. Everybody was running towards the harbour. I just put on a coat, and ran to the harbour, too. I managed to get on a ship. It was leaving when the lava hit the town.” Guest 3: “Hello, I’m George Green. I’m a farmer. I was working in the field behind my house when I saw the plane. It was on fire. Smoke was coming from the engines, and it was coming down fast. I was running towards my house when it crashed into the trees behind me. I heard a terrible explosion…When I woke up, I was lying in a hospital bed.” Guest 4: “Good evening. My name’s Michael Purt. My wife and I were staying with friends on Santa Monica in the Caribbean. We were having dinner when the earthquake began. Everything shook. All the plates and food fell onto the floor. We were picking everything up when the ceiling fell onto us. We couldn’t move, and we had to wait for three hours before help arrived.” Natural disasters crossword puzzle Across 1. A shaking or trembling of the earth that is volcanic or tectonic in origin 5. Outermost layer of the earth 6. Fracture where blocks of crust on either side move 8. An instrument that records the earth's vibrations 10. A sudden event bringing great destruction 11. Energy that travels through the earth Down 2. Large ocean wave caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption 3. An earthquake that happens after the main earthquake 4. Location of 1994 earthquake that measured 6.7 on the Richter scale and killed 57 people 7. Harm resulting from injury to person or property 8. Concerning an earthquake or earth vibration 9. Scale used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake INDIRECT SPEECH = REPORTED SPEECH Paula Carrizo Direct speech We repeat the original speaker’s exact words: He said: “I’m writing a letter.” Indirect speech We don’t use the speaker’s exact words and some changes are necessary: He said (that) he was writing a letter. A) Statements Necessary changes - When the reporting verbs are in the present, there are no changes in the tenses. Ex: Paul (phoning from the station): “I’m trying to get a taxi.” Ann (to Mary, who is standing beside her): “Paul says he’s trying to get a taxi.” - When the reporting verbs are in the past there are changes in the tenses, too. Changes: (these changes are general but they also depend on the situation or on the context) 1- Verb tenses: a- Simple Present He said: “I never eat meat.” b- Present Continuous She said: “I’m waiting for Joe.” c- Simple Past They said: “We went home at ten.” d- Present Perfect She said: “I’ve never been there.” e- Simple Future (will) He said: “Jenny will be in Paris tomorrow.” f- Future “going to” They said: “We are going to travel next month.” g- Future continuous (will be + ing) He said: “I’ll be using the car on the 24 th.” h- Modals will shall can may must (obligation) would should could might would have to / had to 2- Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives: Simple Past He said he never ate meat. Past Continuous She said she was waiting for Joe. Past Perfect They said they had gone home at ten. Past Perfect She said she had never been there. Simple Conditional (would) He said Jenny would be in Paris the following day. Future in the Past They said they were going to travel the following month. Conditional Continuous (would be + ing) He said he would be using the car on the 24 th. Do not normally change: would - should - ought to had better might - used to - could must 1 st or 2nd person He said : “I’m listening to my CD” He told Sue: “You always come late.” Exception: When the speaker is reporting his/her own words: I said: “I’m leaving.” 3 rd person He said he was listening to his CD. He told Sue she always came late. I said I was leaving. 3- This – That a- this (in time expressions) He said: “She is coming this week.” b- this and that (as adjectives) He said: “I bought this / that book in Boston. that He said she was coming that week. the He said he had bought the book in Boston. 4- Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time today yesterday the day before yesterday tomorrow the day after tomorrow next week / month / year last week / month / year a week / month / year ago now at this moment that day the day before two days before the next day / the following day in two days the following week / month / year the previous week / month / year a week / month / year before then / at that moment then / at that moment 5- here there He said: “I’m living here now.” He said he was living there at that moment. B) Questions Necessary changes Ex: Direct question: Indirect question: Paula Carrizo He said: “Where is she going?” He asked where she was going. Reporting verbs for questions: ask, enquire, wonder, want to know “ask” can go alone or with an object (person) Ex: He asked: “When is the next train?” He asked when the next train was. He asked: “Mary, when is the next train? He asked Mary when the next train was. Changes: a- Interrogative form of the verb She said: “Where is my wallet?” was. He asked: “When did they leave?” b- Verb tenses c- Pronouns and possessive adjectives d- Adverbs of time and place Affirmative form of the verb She wondered where her wallet He asked when they had left. the same changes as in statements Different types of questions: a- “Wh” questions = Information questions He said: “Where does she live?” He wanted to know where she lived. b- “Yes / No” questions if / whether He asked: “Is Jenny there?” He asked if / whether Jenny was there. C) Commands / Requests / Advice Necessary changes Ex: Direct command: He said: “Come in, Tom.” Indirect command: He told Tom to come in. Subject + verb + object (person) + to base (affirmative orders) + not to base (negative orders) tell order invite advise ask request them to be quiet. Commands: Affirmative: Negative: told her not to open the box. He told the children: “Be quiet.” He told He told Marian: “Don’t open the box:” He Usual Reporting Verbs: 1- Verb + (that) ……….………………… to agree to add to complain to reply to insist to answer Ex: They said: “It’s a mistake:” to deny to object to murmur to observe to point out to exclaim to remark to whisper to shout They observed (that) it was a mistake. to admit to assure to promise 2- Verb + person + (that) ……………………………. to tell to warn to remind to inform to assure to promise Ex: Mr Quin said: “You can get a ticket.” Mr Quin warned them (that) they could get a ticket. 3- Verb + (to person) + (that) ……………………………… to admit to confess to explain to say Ex: The father to his son: “Yes, I made a mistake.” The father admitted (to his son) (that) he had made a mistake. 4- Verb + person + to base / not to base to advise to warn to tell to urge to ask to order to promise to encourage to implore to remind to recommend to beg Ex: He said: “Sit down, please.” He asked her to sit down. She said: “Don’t go out.” She ordered Joe not to go out. 5- Verb + to base / not to base to promise to offer to prefer Ex: He said: “I’ll help you.” He said: “I won’t come back late.” to refuse to want to threaten He promised to help me. He promised not to come back late. 6- For questions a- ask + person + question: He asked: “Ann, where are you?” He asked Ann where she was b- wonder / want to know / ask + question: He said: “How is she?” He wondered / wanted to know / asked how she was. Special cases Paula Carrizo 1) Affirmative and negative short answers: Andy: “Did you have a good time?” and Betty answered she had Betty: “Yes.” Joe: “Is Susan at school?” Tom answered she wasn’t Tom: “No.” 2) Greetings: Karen: “Hello everyone, nice to see you.” 3) Introductions: Ann: “Peggy, meet Barry.” 4) Accepting: Sam: “OK, I’ll take the money.” 5) Refusing: Peter: “No, thanks. I don’t drink.” 6) Explaining: Mary: “My difficulty is I can’t see too well back of the classroom. from the back of the classroom.” 7) Interrupting: Laura: “But listen Barry, could I just say something about this?” 8) Suggesting: Mark: “Let’s go.” 9) Complaining: Fanny: “This food is cold.” 10) Offering: Frank: “Would you like me to take you?” 11) Refusing Sonya: “Sorry, but I won’t do it.” 12) Agreeing: Charly: “OK, I’ll do it for you.” Max: “Yes, it is hot.” 13) Apologizing: Walter: “I’m sorry I broke the vase.” Andy asked Betty if she had had a good time Joe asked Tom if Susan was at school and Karen greeted everyone. Ann introduced Peggy to Barry. Sam accepted the money. Peter refused a drink. Mary explained her difficulty to see from the Laura interrupted Barry. Mark suggested going. Fanny complained that the food was cold. Frank offered to take me. Sonya refused to do it. Charly agreed to do it for me. Max agreed that it was hot. Walter apologized for breaking the vase. Exercises: 1) Change the following from direct to reported speech. Use “he” or “she” 1) “Why don’t we all go out and have something to eat?”………………………………………………………………………. 2) “Well, you see, I always oversleep in the morning.”…………………………………………………………………………. 3) “It’s a really exciting film.”.. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4) “But the beaches are always dirty in the summer.”. …………………………………………………………………………. 5) “You are right. I do get angry very quickly.”…………….. …………………………………………………………………. 6) “No, I can’t help you with your homework.”.. ………………………………………………………………………………. 7) “Yes, the summers are very hot in Egypt.”…………………………………………………………………………………. 8) “What about having a fancy dress party?”.. …………………………………………………………………………………. 9) “The trouble is that my bed is uncomfortable.”.. ……………………………………………………………………………. 10) “You are a liar!”…. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …. 11) “Yes, I think Dave is a bit thoughtless, too.”…. ……………………………………………………………………………. 12) “I posted the letter last week.”………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) Match the following verbs of speaking with the actual spoken words. Then report the speech 1- refuse 2- offer 34- ask 5- promise 6- agree 7- tell apologize ….. “I’m sorry I hurt your feelings.”………………………….. …………………………………………………………………. .…. “Look! I said I am not going to the party!”…………………………………………………………………………………. ….. “Give me the facts! You must give me the facts!”…………... ……………………………………………………………... ….. “Would you like something nice and cold to drink?”………………………………………………………………………. ….. “”Right, I’ll be secretary of the meeting.”………………………………………………………………………………….. ….. “Trust me. I won’t say a word to anyone.”…………………………………………………………………………………. ….. “Could you give me a ring tomorrow?”……………………………………………………………………………………. 3) Write the following paragraph as a conversation between Dave and Carol. Dave rang Carol at work and apologized for not phoning her earlier. He told her that he had tickets for a concert on Saturday. She agreed to go and he offered to pick her up at 6:15. 4) Report each stage of the following conversation in separate sentences in a paragraph. Include an introduction and a conclusion. Marge: Well, I’m off to the meeting now, Stanley. Stanley: Really? But you are always going out to meetings. Marge: I know, but this one is very important. Stanley: What time does it finish? Marge: About nine o’clock, I think. Stanley: Well, would you like me to pick you up in the car afterwards? Marge: Yes, that would be lovely. Stanley: All right, then. I’ll meet you outside the Town Hall just after nine. Marge: You won’t forget, will you? Stanley: No, I promise I won’t. Exercises Indirect Speech Paula Carrizo 1) Reported commands - affirmative sentences: Report the commands using different verbs from the list Example: Peter: "Clean the black shoes!" Answer: Peter told me to clean the black shoes. 1) Mother/son: "Clean your bedroom now!"………………………………………………………………………………… 2) Jessica/Tom: "Write a text message!"……………………………………………………………………………………... 3) Nelly/Jane: "Help Peter's sister!"………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4) Father/daughter: "Wash your hands now!"………………………………………………………………………………. 5) Anna/me: "Open the window!"………………………………………………………………………………………… 6) Tom/Carol: "Come to the party!"………………………………………………………………………………………… 7) Teacher/students: "Do your homework immediately!"…………………………………………………………………… 8) Doris/John: "Dance with me!"……………………………………………………………………………………………. 9) Sabine/her boyfriend: "Meet Sandy at the station, please!"……………………………………………………………… 10) Victoria/Charles: "Check your emails!"……………………………………………………………………………….. 2) Reported commands – negative sentences: Report the commands using different verbs from the list Example: Peter: "Don't clean the black shoes!" Answer: Peter told me not to clean the black shoes. 1) My mother/me: "Don't play football in the garden!"………………………………………………………………………. 2) Teacher/her students: "Don't forget your homework!"……………………………………………….……………………. 3) Mike/his brother: "Don't shout at Peter!"………………………………………………………………………………….. 4) Yvonne/me: "Don't talk to your neighbour!"………………………………………………………………………………. 5) Denise/her son: "Don't open the door!"……………………………………………………………………………………. 6) Marcel/his daughter: "Don't sing that song!"……………………………………………………………………………… 7) Jane/her mother: "Don't watch the new film!"…………………………………………………………………………….. 8) Walter/his friend: "Don't ring Roomy on Sunday!"……………………………………………………………………….. 9) Lisa/her sister: "Don't fly via Paris!"………………………………………………………………………………………. 10) Jamie/his son: "Don't eat so much junk food!"…………………………………………………………………………… 3) Reported speech - simple statements: Report the statements using different verbs from the list Example: Peter: "I clean the black shoes." Answer: Peter told me that he cleaned the black shoes. 1) John/his mom: "Mandy is at home."..................................................................................................................................... . 2) Max: "Frank often reads a book."………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3) Susan: "I'm watching TV."…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4) Simon: "David was ill."………………………………………………………………………………………………… ….. 5) Peggy/me: "The girls helped in the house."………………………………………………………………………………… 6) Richard: "I am going to ride a skateboard."………………………………………………………………………………… 7) Stephen and Claire: "We have cleaned the windows."……………………………………………………………………… 8) Charles/his teacher: "I didn't have time to do my homework."……………………………………………………………… 9) Mrs Jones/her friend: "My mother will be 50 years old."…………………………………………………………………… 10) Jean: "The boss must sign the letter."……………………………………………………………………………………… 4) Reported speech - statements with expressions of time: Report the statements using different verbs from the list Ex: Peter: "I cleaned the black shoes yesterday." Answer: Peter told me that he had cleaned the black shoes the day before. 1) Emily/me: "Our teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow."……………………………………………………………………… 2) Helen: "I was writing a letter yesterday."…………………………………………………………………………………….. 3) Robert: "My father flew to Dallas last year."…………………………………………………………………………………. 4) Lisa/her dad: "Tim went to the stadium an hour ago."………………………………………………………………………… 5) Patricia: "My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend."…………………………………………………………….. 6) Michael/his teacher: "I am going to read a book this week."………………………………………………………………….. 7) Jason and Victoria: "We will do our best in the exams tomorrow."…………………………………………………………... 8) Andrew: "We didn't eat fish two days ago."…………………………………………………………………………………… 9) Alice/her friend: "I spent all my pocket money on Monday."…………………………………………………………………. 10) David: "John had already gone at six."……………………………………………………………………………………….. 5) Reported questions: Report the questions using different verbs from the list Example: Peter: "Did John clean the black shoes?" Answer: Peter asked me if John had cleaned the black shoes. 1) Christopher: "Do you want to dance?"………………………………………………………………………………………… 2) Betty/me: "When did you come?"……………………………………………………………………………………………... 3) Mark: "Has John arrived?"…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……….. 4) Ronald/Sandra: "Where does Maria park her car?"……………………………………………………………………………. 5) Elisabeth: "Did you watch the latest film?"……………………………………………………………………………………. 6) Mandy/me: "Can I help you?"……………………………………………………………………………………………… …. 7) Andrew: "Will Mandy have lunch with Sue?"………………………………………………………………………………… 8) Justin/Tim: "What are you doing?"……………………………………………………………………………………………. 9) Frank: "How much pocket money does Lisa get?"……………………………………………………………………………. 10) Anne: "Must I do the shopping?"………………………………………………………………………………………… ….. 6) Reported questions with expressions of time: Report the questions using different verbs from the list Ex: Peter: "Did John clean the shoes yesterday?" Answer: Peter asked me if John had cleaned the shoes the day before. 1) Mandy/me: "Are the boys reading the book now?"…………………………………………………………..……………….. 2) Jason: "Who gave you the laptop last week?"…………………………………………………………………………………. 3) Robert/Mary: "Is Tim leaving next Friday?"………………………………………………………………………………….. 4) Daniel: "Will it rain tomorrow?"………………………………………………………………………………………… …… 5) Jennifer: "Where do you play football today?"……………………………………………………………………………….. 6) Nancy/her mom: "Why didn't Nick go to New York last summer?"………………………………………………………….. 7) Barbara: "Must I do my homework this afternoon?"………………………………………………………………………….. 8) Linda: "Did Max fly to London two weeks ago?"…………………………………………………………………………….. 9) Grandmother/me: "Where are my glasses?"…………………………………………………………………………………… 10) A man: "When does the train to Liverpool leave?"…………………………………………………………………………..
