Inertia
Newton's Laws of Motion are the basic principles illustrated in the egg drop experiment.
Sir Isaac Newton published his Laws of Motion in 1687 and fundamentally altered
scientists' understanding of the world by describing the relationship between force and
motion. The first of these laws is referred to as The Law of Inertia. In basic terms, an
object that is in motion will stay in motion unless an external force acts upon it, and an
object at rest will stay at rest unless an external force acts upon it.
Velocity
In Newton's Second Law, he discusses the direct relationship between the external
forces acting upon an object and the object's change in momentum. The force increases
as the time required for the change decreases. If a train is moving along at a steady
pace and needs to decelerate, the force experienced by the passengers will be greater
as the time for deceleration is shorter.
https://sciencing.com/the-science-behind-the-egg-drop-experiment-12750680.html