Technical
Educational
Products
FE
FALCON
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION
TRANSMITTER KIT AND
ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION
RECEIVER KIT
EXPERIMENTAL MANUAL
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
…. A MESSAGE FROM
FALCON
Today’s system designers are faced with tomorrow’s problems.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION is one of the leading subject of this century &
expanding its horizon in coming century too. It is our vision to provide you with the
product you need, ensuring lasting reliability & quality.
OUR MOTTO;
- Light years ahead – refers to leadership.
As leaders in our industry in India, we are totally committed to servicing as the
standard against which all are measured in the areas of
• Design • Quality • Value • Delivery • Support.
We are truly light years ahead of our competition in this area. That means that you
our valued customers are guaranteed satisfaction.
As you will move through this manual you will quickly discover that we have a
complete, truly innovative & superior training products. We are so committed to
quality that we back our products with a complete comprehensive warranty.
FALCON
-I-
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
SAFETY RULES
Carefully follow the instructions contained in this manual as they provide you with
important points on safety during the installation, use and maintenance. Keep this
manual always with you for easy reference.
Arrange all accessories, in order after unpacking, so that its integrity is checked with
respect to its checklist. Also ensure that no visible damage as such appear on any
accessories.
Before connecting the power supply to the kit, be sure that the jumpers and
connecting chords are connected correctly as per experiment.
In FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER TRAINER KIT (ACL-03) &
FREQUENCY DEMODULATION TRAINER KIT (ACL-04) modules signals are to be
monitored with an oscilloscope as explained in the manual. The scope input channel
should be a.c. coupled, unless otherwise indicated. For observation of signals on
oscilloscope either use X10 (Attenuation Probe) or 180Ù resistance in series with
normal oscilloscope probe.
A frequency counter should be used for all frequency measurements.
Use the trimming tool, supplied with the kits, for trimming inductors. Never use a
screwdriver, as this may damage the inductors core. Also take care not to turn any
inductors core past its end stop, as they may also result in damage.
This kit must be employed only for the use for which it has been conceived, i.e. as
educational kit, and must be used under the direct survey of expert personnel. Any
other use is improper and so dangerous. The manufacturer cannot be considered
responsible for eventual damages due to improper, wrong or unreasonable uses.
In case of any fault or malfunctioning in the trainer kit, turn off the power supply and
do not tamper the kit. In case servicing is required, contact the service center for
technical assistance.
The kit is liable to malfunction/under-perform if it is not operated under following
conditions;
•
•
Ambient temperature
Relative humidity
: from 0 to 45 ° C.
: from 20 to 80 %.
Avoid any immediate/significant change of temperature and humidity.
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
WARRANTY
This kit is warranted against defects in workmanship and materials. Any failure due to
defect in either workmanship or material should occur under normal use within a year
from the original date of purchase, such failure will be corrected free of charge to the
purchaser by repair or replacement of defective part or parts. When the failure is
result of user’s neglect, natural disaster or accident, we charge for repairs regardless
of the warranty period. The warranty does not cover perishable items like connecting
chords, Crystals, etc. and other imported items.
This warranty is subject to the following conditions and limitations. The
warranty is void and inapplicable if the defective product is not brought or sent to our
authorized service center or sales outlet within the warranty period. Defective product
is, on Falcon Electro - Tek Pvt. Ltd ‘s sole judgment. The defective product will be
replaced with new one or repaired without charge or with charge.
In the warranty period if the service is needed, purchaser should get in touch with
service center or sales outlet. The purchaser should return the product to the service
center or sales outlet at his or her sole expense. The loss and damage in transit will
be outside the preview of this warranty. A returned product must be accompanied by
a written description of the defects. Type and Model No. of kit has to be mentioned
specifically. We return the product to the purchaser at our expense. In case that
warranty does not cover the product on Falcon Electro-Tek Pvt. Ltd.’s judgment, we
repair the product after obtaining prior permission from purchaser who receives an
estimate statement about repairing charges. In such case, Falcon Electro-Tek Pvt.
Ltd. bares the transporting expenses required to send back all the repaired products
for the moment, and then repairs and transporting expenses will be charged against
the purchaser by the statement of accounts.
When the authorized sales agents sell our products, they must notify the purchaser of
the warranty contents, but have no rights to stretch the meaning of original warranty
contents or offer additional warranty. Falcon Electro-Tek Pvt. Ltd. does not provide
any other promise or suggestive warranty and hold no liability for the damage caused
by negligence, abnormal use or natural disaster. Falcon Electro-Tek Pvt. Ltd. is not
responsible for the damages even if it is notified of above dangers in advance as well.
For more special service or overall repairs, maintenance and upgradation of
products, be sure to contact our service center or sales outlet.
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
TEST REPORT
CUSTOMER NAME:
DISTRIBUTOR NAME:
MODEL:
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT.
ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT.
SR. NO.
TYPES OF TESTS
REPORT
1.
ASSEMBLY
2.
ELECTRICAL WIRING
3.
FIRST CHECK
4.
KIT RUN TEST
5.
SECOND CHECK
6.
ACCESSORIES CHECK AS PER LIST
7.
FINAL CHECK
8.
PACKING IN HIGH DENSITY FOAM
Checked By: ______________________________
Date: ________
Signature: ______________________________
Installed By: ______________________________
Date: ________
Signature: ______________________________
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
INDEX
SR. NO.
CHAPTER
PAGE NO.
1.
INTRODUCTION.
01.
2.
EXPERIMENT NO.1
VARACTOR MODULATOR
(FREQUENCY MODULATION).
03.
3.
EXPERIMENT NO.2
FREQUENCY DEMODULATION.
23.
4.
EXPERIMENT NO.3
FREQUENCY MODULATION VIA
PHASE MODULATION.
45.
5.
EXPERIMENT NO.4
PHASE MODULATION.
55.
6.
EXPERIMENT NO.5
PHASE DEMODULATION.
61.
7.
EXPERIMENT NO.6
VOICE TRANSMISSION ON VARIOUS
MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
METHODS.
65.
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
INTRODUCTION
The series ACL-03 to ACL-04 ANALOG COMMUNICATION TRAINING LAB is a
modular system for the development of exercises and theoretical-experimental
courses on the fundamentals of telecommunications. The unit consists of a set of
modules, each including one or more functional blocks typical of communication
systems.
The system is highly innovative from a technological as well as an educational point
of view. The modules are used as “basic blocks” to build up in a flexible way the
different communication systems, and to examine all the peculiar operating
characteristics.
The only external instruments required are a power supply unit and an oscilloscope.
The remaining circuits and instruments (Function generator, RF, Filters; Microphone;
Loudspeaker, etc.) are already included in the modules.
ACL-03 and ACL-04 covers the principal of Frequency Modulation and Phase
Modulation communication techniques. This system offers choice of various
modulators and demodulators, which allows student to draw comparison between
different methods of Frequency modulation and Phase modulation and
Demodulation.
The range of available modules enables the gradual development of the programme
starting from the study of single circuits (e.g. the FM modulator) up to the analysis of
complete systems.
At most care has been laid in the design and quality control of all circuits, to ensure
the repeatability of the results of the experiments. The trainer kits are provided with
extensive test points allowing students to investigate the various aspects of system
operation. Each kit is equipped with correlated courseware to guide students through
the application and demonstration of communication techniques and concepts. In
addition circuit description manual guides the students through working of each
blocks, circuits wise explanation of each kit.
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
ACL-03 FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT
Synchronous Function Generator
Waveforms
: Sine, Triangular,Square.
Amplitude
: 0 to 2Vp-p variable.
Frequency Range
: 1) 100Hz to 1KHz.
2) 1 KHz to 10 KHz.
Audio Input
: Audio preamplifier with microphone.
FM Modulators
: 2 Nos. Varactor Modulator with carrier frequency
adjustmentFM via PM.
PM Modulator
Operating frequency
Input amplitude
: Adjustable from 400 KHz to 500KHz.
: 1 V p-p with integration circuit for indirect
frequency modulation.
Frequency Converter (Mixer)
Dual gate MOSFET
Inputs
Output Frequency
: Local oscillator and RF Signal.
: 455 KHz adjustable.
FI Filter
Transmitter Output Frequency
Interconnection
Power Supply
: Dual Tune LC.
: 455KHz.
: 2mm banana socket.
: +/-12V
ACL-04 FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
Phase detector and FM quadrature detector
Operating Frequency
: Adjustable from 400 KHz to 500 KHz.
Input amplitude
: 1Vp-p.
Ratio discriminator Detector
Operating Frequency
Input Amplitude
: Adjustable from 400 KHz to 500 KHz.
: 1V p-p.
Amplitude Limiter
Operating Frequency
Input amplitude
Output amplitude
: 455 KHz.
: 0.5 to 5Vp-p.
: 1.5V p-p.
Audio Output
Interconnection
Power Supply
: Amplifier with speaker.
: 2mm banana socket.
: +/-12V.
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
EXPERIMENT
NO.1
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 04 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
EXPERIMENT NO: 1
NAME:
VARACTOR MODULATOR. (FREQUENCY MODULATION).
OBJECTIVE:
A.
B.
C.
To plot the modulation characteristic of varactor modulator.
To calculate the modulation sensitivity of varactor modulator.
To observe and measure frequency deviation and modulation index of FM.
THEORY:
1.1
FREQUENCY MODULATION
It is a type of modulation in which the frequency of the high frequency (Carrier) is
varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
1.2
MAIN ASPECTS
Consider a sine wave signal vm(t) with pulse w (FIG. 1.1):
vm(t) = B • sin(w•t)
and another sine wave vc(t) with upper Ω pulse:
vc(t) = A • sin( Ω •t)
The signal vm(t) is called modulating signal, the signal vc(t) is called carrier signal.
Vary the frequency of the carrier vc (t) in a way proportional to the amplitude of the
modulating signal vm (t). You obtain a vm(t) frequency modulated diagonal, which can
be expressed by the relation:
vm(t) = A • sin [θ
θ(t)]
with θ(t) instantaneous angle function of vm (t).
1.3
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF THE FREQUENCY MODULATED
SIGNAL
The instantaneous pulse Ω(t) of the FM signal by definition:
Ω (t) = Ω + K• v m(t)
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
with hΩ = carrier pulse
K= modulation sensitivity
The instantaneous angle Ω (t) to be used as subject of the sine to obtain the
mathematical operation of the FM signal, is detected by integrating Ω (t):
θ (t) = ∫ Ω (t) dt
In the case of modulating sine wave signal [vm (t) = B.sin (w.t)], θ (t) it results:
θ(t) = Ω • (t) – (K•B/w) • cos(w•t)
The expression of the frequency modulated signal vm (t) becomes:
vm(t) = A • sin[Ω
Ω • (t)- (K•B/w) • cos(w•t)]
1.4
FREQUENCY DEVIATION ∆F AND MODULATION INDEX M F:
The instantaneous frequency F(t) of the carrier modulated by a sine wave, results:
F(t) = Ω (t) = Ω + K•B•sin(w•t)
2π
π 2π
π
and oscillates between a minimum Fmin and a maximum value F max:
Fmin = Ω _ K•B
2π
π 2π
π
Fmax = Ω + K•B
2π
π 2π
π
The frequency deviation ∆F represents the maximum shift between the modulated
signal frequency, over and under the frequency of the carrier:
∆F = Fmax – Fmin
2
We define as modulation index mf the ratio between ∆F and the modulating
frequency f:
mf = ∆F
f
1.5
FREQUENCY MODULATION GENERATION:
The circuits used to generate a frequency modulation must vary the frequency of a
high frequency signal (carrier) as function of the amplitude of a low frequency signal
(modulating signal). In practice there are two main methods used to generate the FM:
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
1.5.1 DIRECT METHOD
An oscilloscope is used in which the reactance of one of the elements of the resonant
circuit depends on the modulating voltage. The most common device with variable
reactance is the Varactor or Varicap, which is a particular diode which capacity varies
as function of the reverse bias voltage (the Varicap is described in the next chapter).
The frequency of the carrier is established with AFC circuits (Automatic Frequency
Control) or PLL (Phase Locked Loop).
1.5.1 INDIRECT METHOD
The FM is obtained in this case by a Phase Modulation, after the modulating signal
has been integrated. In the phase modulator the carrier can be generated by a quartz
oscillator, and so its frequency stabilization is easier.
In the circuit used for the exercise, the frequency modulation is generated by a
Hartley oscillator, which frequency is determined by a fixed inductance and by a
capacity (variable) supplied by Varicap diodes.
1.6 THE ADVANTAGES OF FM
There are three advantages of frequency modulation for a communication system.
1.
2.
3.
1.7
We saw that the information signal controlled the frequency of the carrier but
had no effect on its amplitude. Now, when any transmission is affected by
electrical noise, the noise signal is superimposed on the transmitted signal. In
an AM system, the demodulator is designed to respond to changes in
amplitude of the received signal but in an FM receiver the demodulator is only
watching for changes in frequency and therefore ignores any changes in
amplitude. Electrical noise thus has little or no effect on an FM communication
system.
The bandwidth of the FM signal is very wide compared with an AM
transmission. Typical broadcast bandwidths are in the order of 250kHz. This
allows a much better sound quality, so signals like music sound significantly
better if frequency modulation is being used.
When an FM demodulator is receiving an FM signal, it follows the variations in
frequency of the incoming signal and is said to ‘lock on’ to the received
transmission. This has a great advantage when two transmissions are
received at the same time. The receiver ‘locks on’ to the stronger of the two
signals and ignores the other. This is called the ‘captured effect’ and it means
that we can listen to an FM station on a radio without interference from other
stations.
THE DISADVANTAGE OF FM:
This is the wide bandwidth of the transmission.
FALCON
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ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
The medium frequency broadcast band extends from about 550kHz to 1,600kHz, and
is therefore only a little over 1MHz in width. If we tried to use FM using a bandwidth
of 250kHz for each station, it would mean that no more than four stations could be
accommodated. This wide bandwidth forces us to use higher carrier frequencies,
usually in the VHF band, which extends from about 85MHz to 110MHz. This is a
width of 25MHz and would hold many more stations.
1.8
THE BANDWIDTH OF AN FM SIGNAL:
The frequency modulation process generates a large number of side frequencies.
Theoretically, the sidebands are infinitely wide with the power levels becoming lower
and lower as we move away from the carrier frequency. The bandwidth of 250kHz
was chosen as a convenient value to ensure a low value of distortion in the received
signal while allowing many stations to be accommodated in the VHF broadcast band.
Communication signals, which do not req uire the high quality, associated with
broadcast stations can adopt a narrower bandwidth to enable more transmissions
within their allotted frequency band. Marine communications for ship to shop
communications, for example, use a bandwidth of only 25kHz but this is only for
speech and the quality is not important.
These bandwidth figures bear no easy relationship with the frequency of the
information signal or with the frequency deviation or, it seems, anything else. FM is
unlike AM in this respect.
1.9
AN FM TRANSMITTER:
As we can see from FIG. 1.3, the FM transmitter is very similar to the AM Transmitter
that we met in ACL-03 and ACL-04.
The audio oscillator supplies the information signal and could, if we wish, be replaced
by a microphone and AF amplifier to provide speech and music instead of the sine
wave signals that we are using with ACL-03.
The FM modulator is used to combine the carrier wave and the information signal in
much the same way as in the AM transmitter. The only difference in this case is that
the generation of the carrier wave and the modulation process is carried out in the
same block. It doesn’t have to be, but in our case, it is.
The output amplifier increases the power in the signal before it is applied to the
antenna for transmi ssion just as it did in the corresponding block in the AM
transmitter.
The only real difference between the AM and FM transmitters are the modulators, so
we are only going to consider this part of the transmitter.
FALCON
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ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
We are going to investigate two types of modulator, they are called the VARACTOR
MODULATOR and the FM is obtained in this case by a Phase Modulation experiment
no.3.
1.10
THE VARICAP DIODE:
The Varicap (or Varactor) is a diode which terminals are supplied with a capacity
depending on the app lied reverse voltage. The symbol and the equivalent circuit of
the Varicap diode are shown in FIG. 1.4, where:
•
Cj = junction capacity
•
Rs= series resistance (it drops as the applied reverse voltage increase
The junction capacity Cj depends on the reverse voltage VR applied to the diode,
according to the relation:
Cj = C0 (1+VR)η
η
VD
where:
VR = reverse voltage applied to Varicap
C0 = junction capacity for VR=0
VD = junction potential (0.6 V in the silicon diodes)
η = it depends on the manufacturing process; it ranges between 0.3 and 0.6
approx.
The factor of merit Q of the diode is expressed by: Q = 1/(w•Cj • Rs ).
FIG. 1.5 shows the “capacity/ VR” and “ merit factor/ VR” curves of the Varicap
diode used in the FM modulator.
A.
TO PLOT THE MODULATION CHARACTERISTIC OF VARACTOR
MODULATOR.
EQUIPMENTS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Modules ACL-03.
Power supply +/-12 V.
Oscilloscope.
Volt meter.
Frequency meter.
Connecting Links.
PROCEDURE:
The characteristic modulation curve is given by the output frequency of the modulator
as function of the input modulating voltage (FIG. 1.7). It is possible to plot the curve
of FIG. 1.7 post by post, using a potentiometer to statically an amplitude variation of
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
the modulating signal, and measuring the corresponding output freq uency of the
modulator.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACL-03. While
connecting this, ensure that the power supply is OFF.
Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting as shown
in FIG. 1.6.
FREQUENCY MODULATOR: LEVEL about 2Vpp; FREQ. to the
minimum; switch on 1500KHz.
Connect the oscilloscope and frequency meter to the output of the modulator
FM/RF OUT.
Connect the voltmeter to the cursor of the frequency regulation potentiometer
post V below SW2.
Vary the voltage in steps of 0.5 Volt and fill a table with the voltage values and
the corresponding frequencies.
Plot a graph with the measured voltage and frequency values. You obtain a
curve similar to the one of FIG. 1.8.
From the analysis of the curve you can note that some segments have not a
linear behavior, while if you consider the whole characteristic you find a high
non-linearity.
TO CALCULATE THE MODULATION SENSITIVITY OF VARACTOR
MODULATOR.
EQUIPMENTS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Modules ACL-03.
Power supply +/-12 V.
20MHz oscilloscope.
Voltmeter.
Frequency meter.
Connecting Links.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
FALCON
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACL-03. While
connecting this, ensure that the power supply is OFF.
Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting as shown
in FIG. 1.6.
FREQUENCY MODULATOR: LEVEL about 2Vpp; FREQ. to the
minimum; switch on 1500KHz.
Consider the modulator operation in the segment of curve within 700 to 1300
KHz, with central frequency of 1000 KHz. From the analysis of the curve of
FIG. 1.8 it is possible to calculate the modulation sensitivity of the modulator.
The modulation sensitivity S is defined as:
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
S= dF(v)
dv
Where F(v) is the instantaneous frequency function of the modulating voltage
v. The last relation can be approximated writing the incremental ratio:
S= ∆ F
∆v
with reference to the curve of FIG. 1.8, in correspondence to the central
frequency (1000 kHz) you obtain:
∆F= 50kHz
v ≈ 125 mV from which: So = 50/125 = 0.4 KHz/ mv.
C.
TO OBSERVE AND MEASURE
MODULATION INDEX OF FM.
FREQUENCY
DEVIATION
AND
EQUIPMENTS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Modules ACL-03.
Power supply +/-12 V.
Oscilloscope.
Volt meter.
Frequency meter.
Connecting Links.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
FALCON
Refer to the FIG. 1.6 & Carry out the following connections.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACL-03 while
connecting this; ensure that the power supply is OFF.
Connect the o/p of function generator OUT post to the modulation IN of
FREQUENCY MODULATOR MOD IN post.
Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting:
•
FUNCTION GENERATOR: sine wave (J1); LEVEL about 0.2Vpp;
FREQ. about 1KHz.
FREQUENCY MODULATOR LEVEL about 2Vpp; FREQ. on the
center; switch on 1500KHz.
Connect the oscilloscope to the output of the modulator FM/RF OUT. You
obtain a waveform similar to the one of FIG. 1.10.
The frequency deviation ∆ F can be calculated as follows (refer to FIG. 1.11):
From the oscilloscope evaluate FM and Fm, detecting the periods of the
respective sine waves
The frequency deviation ∆F is defined as: ∆F= (FM – Fm)/2
You can note that if the modulator operates in a linear zone so FM and Fm are
over and under the central frequency F of the same quantity ∆F, otherwise this
does not occur.
The value of the modulation index m f is calculated by the relation
mf = ∆F/f, where f is the frequency of the modulating signal.
Then observe the FM signal as shown in FIG. 1.1 in theory.
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
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ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
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ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
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ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
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ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
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ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
EXPERIMENT
NO.2
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ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
EXPERIMENT NO: 2
NAME:
FREQUENCY DEMODULATION.
OBJECTIVE:
A (1). To plot the Demodulation characteristic of the FM Demodulator
(Foster-Seeley Demodulator).
A (2). To observe the Waveforms of the foster-seeley Demodulated Signal.
B.
To Study the Ratio Demodulator.
C.
To Study the phase locked loop Detector.
D.
To Study the Quadrature Detector.
THEORY:
2.1
FREQUENCY DEMODULATION
To demodulate a frequency modulated signal a circuit is necessary which supplies
the output with proportional voltage to the frequency deviation of the input modulated
signal.
The ideal characteristic of the demodulator is a straight line, also if it is actually
sufficient to obtain characteristics as the one of FIG. 1.12, which presents a linear
behavior only for a certain frequency range (demodulator usage range). The figure
reports:
a) The instantaneous frequency f of the modulated signal, oscillating between F1
and F2 (Fc frequency of the carrier).
b) The voltage/frequency characteristic curve of the demodulator.
c) The detected signal.
2.2
SENSITIVITY AND DEMODULATION NON-LINEARITY:
The Sensitivity and Non-Linearity are characteristic parameters of the frequency
demodulator. Both parameters can be detected by the characteristic demodulation
curve, shown in FIG. 1.13.
Sensitivity S is defined by:
S=
DV (f) ≈
df
∆V
∆f
Where V(f) is the instantaneous output voltage, function of the instantaneous input
frequency f. If Sc and S1 are the sensitivities calculated respectively in
FALCON
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correspondence to the central frequency and on post 1, the Non-Linearity N.L. in post
1 is defined by:
N.L.= Sc-S1 • 100
Sc
2.3
DEMODULATION OF FM SIGNALS:
An FM receiver is very similar to an AM receiver. The most significant change is that
the demodulator must now extract the information signal from a frequency, rather
than an amplitude, modulated wave.
The basic requirement of any FM demodulator is therefore to convert frequency
changes into changes in voltage, with the minimum amount of distortion.
To achieve this, it should ideally have a linear voltage/frequency characteristic,
similar to that shown in FIG. 1.15.
A ‘demodulator’ can also be called a ‘discriminator’ or a ‘detector’.
Any design of circuit that has a linear voltage/frequency characteristic would be
acceptable and we are going to consider the five most popular types.
In each case the main points to look for are:
•
•
•
How do they convert FM signals into AM signals?
How linear is their response - this determines the amount of distortion in
the final output?
How good are they at rejecting noise signals?
2.4
FREQUENCY DEMODULATOR CIRCUITS:
For the detection of the frequency modulated signals different circuit solutions have
been used, some are out of use and others are used at the moment. Among the first
ones, we mention:
2.4.1 TRAVIS DISCRIMINATION:
It is based on amplitude variation, as function of frequency, introduced by a resonant
circuit. The amplitude variation is detected via the diode.
2.4.2 FOSTER-SEELEY DISCRIMINATOR:
It is based on the phase variation as function of frequency, introduced by a resonant
circuit. The originative modulated signal and the shifted one are properly added, and
the resulting signal is detected with the diode.
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2.4.3 RATIO DISCRIMINATION:
It has a behavior analogous to the Foster-Seeley one, but it is unaffected by the
modulated signal amplitude.
2.4.4 QUADRATURE DETECTOR:
It is used in integrated circuits. The direct FM signal and the same signal shifted of
90° are multiplied between them; the resulting signal is proportional to the frequency
deviation of THE INPUT FM SIGNAL.
2.4.5 PLL DETECTOR:
It constitutes one of the applications of the Phase Locked Loop and is, in respect to
the last circuits, less sensitive to noise.
2.5
AMPLITUDE LIMITER:
The frequency demodulators are generally sensitive to the amplitude variation of the
input FM signal. The output of the demodulator depends only on the frequency
variation of the input signal, but also on its eventual amplitude variation (caused for
example by the noise or by disturbances of different nature). To minimize this
inconvenience, insert a limiter circuit before it, which removes or reduces the
unwished amplitude variations.
The characteristics curves of the ideal limiter and an actual limiter are shown in FIG.
1.14 In the first case, the amplitude of the output signal is constant for any input
signal
amplitude; in the second case the output amplitude keeps constant only if the input
signal gets over the minimum value.
2.6
FOSTER-SEELEY DISCRIMINATOR:
FIG. 1.16 shows the typical circuit of a Foster-Seeley discriminator.
The FM signal is inductively coupled to the resonant circuit L2-C2, tuned to the
central frequency of the modulated signal. The same signal is also taken, with C1, to
the main socket of L2. The diodes D1 and D2, with the respective low pass filters CR, form two envelope detectors.
Fo is the frequency at which the circuit L2-C2 is tuned. The operation of the circuit is
analyzed in three situations:
1)
Instantaneous frequency f of the input FM signal equal to Fo.
f = Fo
In the two secondary of L2 we add two voltages FIG. 1.17(A). One is the one induced
with L1 by the input signal vFM; the other is the input signal coupled directly via. C1.
Being at the resonance frequency, the induced voltage vind will be shifted of 90° in
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FALCON
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respect to the voltage vFM. The voltage coupled directly through C1 can be
considered, if the reactance of C1 is small at the signal frequency, in phase with the
input vFM.
The voltages reaching D1 and D2 are the vectorial sum of vFM and +/-vind/2, and
have the same amplitude but opposed sign. The output vo, which is the sum of the
two detected signals, in this case will be null.
2)
Instantaneous input frequency higher than Fo.
f > Fo
When the instantaneous frequency of the input FM signal is superior to Fo, the
resonant circuit L2-C2 has an inductive behavior and the vectorial diagram
FIG. 1.17(B) is obtained. The voltages of the diodes have in this case different
amplitudes, and the resulting output voltage will be positive.
3)
Instantaneous input frequency lower than Fo.
f < Fo
When instantaneo us frequency of the input FM signal is lower than Fo, the resonant
circuit L2-C2 has a capacitive behavior and the vectorial diagram of FIG. 1.17(C) is
obtained. The voltages on the diodes have still different amplitudes, but the resulting
voltage will be negative.
The main disadvantage of the Foster-Seeley demodulator is that it detects amplitude
variations of the input signal, as the voltage amplitude vD1 and vD2 on the diodes
depends also on amplitude of the input signal. This inconvenience is minimized in the
ratio demodulator.
2.7
RATIO DISCRIMINATOR:
The operation of the circuit, as concerns the coupling of the FM signal to the two
detection circuits and the vectorial diagrams, is similar to what seen for the FosterSeeley discriminator. The capacitor C5, with higher value, has the purpose to highly
reduce the amplitude voltage fluctuations vab, due to amplitude variations of the
input signal. In this way the output voltage vo is not affected by unwished amplitude
variations. We can write, in fact:
vae + v eb
vae - veb
vo = ________ - veb =
________ =
2
2
vae + v eb
vo = __________
2
(vae / veb) – 1
x ____________
(vae / veb) + 1
=
vab
(vae / veb) – 1
_____ x ____________
2
(vae / veb) + 1
As Veb is practically constant, the output vo depends only on the relation vae/veb,
which varies only by the effect of the variations of the input frequency signal, and
does not cause amplitude variations.
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FALCON
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2.8
THE PHASE – LOCKED LOOP (PLL) DETECTOR:
This is another demodulator that employs a phase comparator circuit. It is a very
good demodulator and has the advantage that it is available as a self-contained
integrated circuit so there is no setting up required-you plug it in and it works. For
these reasons it is often used in commercial broadcast receivers. It has very low
levels of distortion and is almost immune from external noise signals and provides
very low levels of distortion. Altogether a very nice circuit.
The overall action of the circuit may, at first, seem rather pointless. As we can see in
FIG. 1.20 there is a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The frequency of this
oscillator is controlled by the DC output voltage from the output of the low pass filter.
Now, this DC voltage keeps the oscillator running at the same frequency as the
original input signal and 90 0 out of phase.
The question often arises as to why we would want the oscillator to run at the
same frequency and 900 out of phase. And if we did, then why not just add a
phase shifting circuit at the input to give the 900 phase shift?
The answer can be seen by imagining what happens when the input frequency
changes – as it would with an FM signal.
If the input frequency increases and decreases, the VCO frequency is made to follow
it. To do this, the input control voltage must increase and decrease. It is these
changes of DC voltage level that form the demodulated signal.
The AM signal then passes through a signal buffer to prevent any loading effects
from disturbing the VCO and then through an audio amplifier it necessary.
The Frequency response is highly linear as shown in FIG. 1.20A.
2.9
QUADRATURE DETECTOR:
FIG. 1.19 shows the functional diagram of the quadrature detector. A quadrature
detector multiplies between them the direct FM signal and the same shifted signal by
a resonant circuit LC.
At the frequency of resonance, corresponding to the central frequency of the FM
signal, the shift is 90°. At variation of the input signal the shift introduced by the circuit
LC will vary.
The multiplication of the direct FM signal and the shifted FM signal produces many
components, among which the low frequency component proportional to the
information. The low pass filter separates this signal.
FALCON
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FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
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A(1). TO PLOT THE DEMODULATION CHARACTERISTIC OF THE FM
DEMODULATOR (FOSTER-SEELEY DEMODULATOR).
EQUIPMENTS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Modules ACL-03 & ACL-04.
Power supply +/-12 V.
Oscilloscope.
Volt meter.
Frequency meter.
Connecting Links.
PROCEDURE:
The demodulation characteristic curve is given by the output voltage of the
demodulator as function of the input instantaneous frequency (FIG. 1.13A). It is
possible to plot the curve of FIG. 1.13 a post by post, varying the input frequency to
the discriminator and measuring the corresponding output voltages.
CALIBRATION OF THE DEMODULATOR:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
FALCON
Refer to the FIG. 2.2 & Carry out the following connections.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACL-03 & ACL-04,
while connecting this; ensure that the power supply is OFF.
Connect the o/p of FREQUENCY MODULATOR FM/RF OUT post to the I/p of
Foster-Seeley Demodulator of ACL-04 FM IN post.
Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting:
FREQUENCY MODULATOR LEVEL about 1 Vpp; switch on
500KHz.
Set the frequency demodulator in Foster-Seeley (jumpers in the FS
position).
Connect the Oscilloscope or frequency-meter to the input of the demodulator
FM IN post.
Connect the voltmeter (or the DC oscilloscope) to the output of the
demodulator (between post FS OUT and ground).
Set the input frequency to 450KHz, and check that the output voltage is 0 volt.
In the contrary, adjust the central frequency of the discriminator.
Vary the input frequency from 400 to 500KHz, with steps of 5KHz, and report
the frequencies and the corresponding output voltages on a table. The output
voltage must vary from about –100 mV to about +100mV.
Fill a graph with the measured values. You obtain a curve similar to the one of
FIG. 1.13.
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FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
A(2). TO OBSERVE THE WAVEFORMS OF FOSTER-SEELEY DEMODULATED
SIGNAL.
EQUIPMENTS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Modules ACL-03 & ACL-04.
Power supply +/-12 V.
Oscilloscope.
Volt meter.
Frequency meter.
Connecting Links.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
FALCON
Refer to the FIG. 2.2 & Carry out the following connections.
Connect the o/p of Function Generator (ACL-03) OUT post to the MOD IN
(ACL-03) post.
Connect the o/p of FREQUENCY MODULATOR FM/RF OUT post to the I/p of
RF IN of mixer in ACL-03.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACL-03 & ACL-04,
while connecting this; ensure that the power supply is OFF.
Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting:
FREQUENCY MODULATOR: Switch on 500KHz; LEVEL about 1 Vpp;
FREQ. about 450 KHz.
Frequency demodulator in Foster-Seeley mode (jumpers in FS
position).
FUNCTION GENERATOR: Sine wave (J1); LEVEL about 100mVpp;
FREQ. about 500Hz.
LOCAL OSCILLATOR: LEVEL about 1 Vpp; FREQ. About1000 KHz
on (Center).
Connect the LOCAL OSCILLATOR OUT to the LO IN of the MIXER and
MIXER OUT to the LIMITER IN post with the help of shorting links.
Then connect the LIMITER OUT post to the FM IN of FOSTER- SEELEY
DETECTOR and FS OUT to the IN of LOW PASS FILTER.
Then observe frequency modulated signal at FM/RF OUT post of
FREQUENCY MODULATOR and achieve the same signal by setting
frequency of LOCAL OSCILLATOR at OUT post of MIXER, then observe
LIMITER OUT post where output is clear from noise and stabilize around a
value of about 1.5Vpp.
Connect the oscilloscope across post FS OUT of ACL-04 (detected signal)
and FUNCTION GENERATOR OUT post (modulating signal) of ACL-04. If the
central frequency of the discriminator and the carrier frequency of the FM
signal and local oscillator frequency coincide, you obtain two signals similar to
the ones of FIG. 2.4. The fact that there is still some high-frequency ripple at
the output of the FOSTER-SEELEY DETECTOR block indicates that the
passive low pass filter circuit at the block’s output (as shown in Figure) is not
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FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
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10.
11.
12.
B.
sufficient to remove this unwanted high-frequency component. We use the
LOW PASS FILTER block to overcome this problem.
The LOW - PASS FILTER block strongly attenuates the high-frequency ripple
component at the detector’s output, and also blocks the d.c. offset voltage.
Consequently, the signal at the output of the LOW - PASS FILTER block
should very closely resemble the original audio modulating signal.
Note that the demodulated signal has null continuous component. Vary the
amplitude of the FM signal and check that the amplitude of the detected signal
varies, too.
Increase the carrier frequency and note that a positive voltage is added to the
detected signal. Still increasing the frequency, the detected signal presents a
distortion similar to the one of FIG. 2.5A (in these condition you operate on a
non linear zone of the discriminator.)
Reduce the carrier frequency to its proper value (450 KHz). Increase the
amplitude of the modulating signal (LEVEL of the FUNCTION GENERATOR)
so to generate an FM signal with freque ncy deviation over the linear zone of
the discriminator. You obtain a much distorted detected signal, similar to the
one of FIG. 2.5C.
TO STUDY THE RATIO DEMODULATOR.
EQUIPMENTS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Modules ACL-03 & ACL-04.
Power supply +/-12 V.
Oscilloscope.
Volt meter.
Frequency meter.
Connecting Links.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
FALCON
Refer to the FIG. 2.6 & Carry out the following connections.
Connect the o/p of Function Generator (ACL-03) OUT post to the MOD IN
(ACL-03) post.
Connect the o/p of FREQUENCY MODULATOR FM/RF OUT post to the I/p of
RF IN of mixer in ACL-03.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACL-03 & ACL-04,
while connecting this; ensure that the power supply is OFF.
Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting:
FREQUENCY MODULATOR: Switch on 500KHz; LEVEL about 1 Vpp;
FREQ. about 450 KHz.
Frequency demodulator in Ratio mode (jumpers in R position).
FUNCTION GENERATOR: Sine wave (J1); LEVEL about 100mVpp;
FREQ. about 500Hz.
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FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
•
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
FALCON
LOCAL OSCILLATOR: LEVEL about 1 Vpp; FREQ. About1000 KHz
on (Center).
Connect the LOCAL OSCILLATOR OUT to the LO IN of the MIXER and
MIXER OUT to the LIMITER IN post with the help of shorting links.
Then connect the LIMITER OUT post to the FM IN of RATIO DETECTOR and
RATIO OUT to the IN of LOW PASS FILTER.
Then observe frequency modulated signal at FM/RF OUT post of
FREQUENCY MODULATOR and achieve the same signal by setting
frequency of LOCAL OSCILLATOR at OUT post of MIXER, then observe
LIMITER OUT post where output is clear from noise and stabilize around a
value of about 1.5Vpp.
Connect the oscilloscope across post RATIO OUT of ACL-04 (detected signal)
and FUNCTION GENERATOR OUT post (modulating signal) of ACL-04. If
the central frequency of the discriminator and the carrier frequency of the FM
signal and local oscillator frequency coincide, you obtain two signals similar to
the ones of FIG. 2.4. The fact that there is still some high-frequency ripple at
the output of the RATIO DETECTOR block indicates that the passive low pass
filter circuit at the block’s output (as shown in Figure) is not sufficient to
remove this unwanted high-frequency component. We use the LOW PASS
FILTER block to overcome this problem. The LOW - PASS FILTER block
strongly attenuates the high-frequency ripple component at the detector’s
output, and also blocks the d.c. offset voltage. Consequently, the signal at the
output of the LOW - PASS FILTER block should very closely resemble the
original audio modulating signal.
Note that the demodulated signal has null continuous component. Vary the
amplitude of the FM signal and check that the amplitude of the detected signal
varies, too.
Increase the carrier frequency and note that a positive voltage is added to the
detected signal. Still increasing the frequency, the detected signal presents a
distortion similar to the one of FIG. 2.5A (in these condition you operate on a
non linear zone of the discriminator.)
Reduce the carrier frequency to its proper value (450 KHz). Increase the
amplitude of the modulating signal (LEVEL of the FUNCTION GENERATOR)
so to generate an FM signal with frequency deviation over the linear zone of
the discriminator. You obtain a much distorted detected signal, similar to the
one of FIG. 2.5C.
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FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
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C.
TO STUDY THE PHASE LOCKED LOOP DETECTOR.
EQUIPMENTS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Modules ACL-03 & ACL-04.
Power supply +/-12 V.
Oscilloscope.
Volt meter.
Frequency meter.
Connecting Links.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
FALCON
Refer to the FIG. 2.8 & Carry out the following connections.
Connect the o/p of Function Generator (ACL-03) OUT post to the MOD IN
(ACL-03) post.
Connect the o/p of FREQUENCY MODULATOR FM/RF OUT post to the I/p of
RF IN of mixer in ACL-03.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACL-03 & ACL-04,
while connecting this; ensure that the power supply is OFF.
Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting:
FREQUENCY MODULATOR: Switch on 500KHz; LEVEL about 1 Vpp;
FREQ. About 450 KHz
FUNCTION GENERATOR: Sine wave (J1); LEVEL about 100mVpp;
FREQ. about 500Hz.
LOCAL OSCILLATOR: LEVEL about 1 Vpp; FREQ. About 1000KHz
on (Center).
Connect the LOCAL OSCILLATOR OUT to the LO IN of the MIXER and
MIXER OUT to the LIMITER IN post with the help of shorting links.
Then connect the LIMITER OUT post to the IN of phase locked loop Detector
and OUT post to the IN of LOW PASS FILTER.
Then observe frequency modulated signal at FM/RF OUT post of
FREQUENCY MODULATOR and achieve the same signal by setting
frequency of LOCAL OSCILLATOR at OUT post of MIXER, then observe
LIMITER OUT post where output is clear from noise and stabilize around a
value of about 1.5Vpp.
Connect the oscilloscope across post OUT of PLL DETECT0R ACL-04
(detected signal) and FUNCTION GENERATOR OUT post (modulating signal)
of ACL-03. The incoming FM signal is taken to one input of the PHASE
COMPARATOR CIRCUIT, where its phase is compared with the square-wave
output from the VOLTAGE- CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR (VCO). If the
central frequency of the detector and the carrier frequency of the FM signal
and local oscillator frequency coincide, you obtain two signals similar to the
ones of FIG. 2.4.
The fact that there is still some high-frequency ripple at the output of the PLL
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FALCON
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ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
10.
11.
12.
D.
DETECT0R block, we use the LOW PASS FILTER block to overcome this
problem.
The LOW - PASS FILTER block strongly attenuates the high-frequency ripple
component at the detector’s output, and also blocks the d.c. offset voltage.
Consequently, the signal at the output of the LOW - PASS FILTER block
should very closely resemble the original audio modulating signal.
Note that the demodulated signal has null continuous component. Vary the
amplitude of the FM signal and check that the amplitude of the detected signal
varies, too.
Increase the carrier frequency and note that a positive voltage is added to the
detected signal. Still increasing the frequency, the detected signal presents a
distortion similar to the one of FIG. 2.5A (in these condition you operate on a
non-linear zone of the discriminator.)
Reduce the carrier frequency to its proper value (450 kHz). Increase the
amplitude of the modulating signal (LEVEL of the FUNCTION GENERATOR)
so as to generate an FM signal with frequency deviation over the linear zone
of the detector. You obtain a much distorted detected signal, similar to the one
of FIG. 2.5C.
TO STUDY THE QUADRATURE DETECTOR.
EQUIPMENTS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Modules ACL-03 & ACL-04.
Power s upply +/-12 V.
Oscilloscope.
Volt meter.
Frequency meter.
Connecting Links.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
FALCON
Refer to the FIG. 2.9 & Carry out the following connections.
Connect the o/p of Function Generator (ACL-03) OUT post to the MOD IN
(ACL-03) post.
Connect the o/p of FREQUENCY MODULATOR FM/RF OUT post to the i/p of
RF IN of mixer in ACL-03.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACL-03 & ACL-04,
while connecting this; ensure that the power supply is OFF.
Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the foll owing presetting:
FREQUENCY MODULATOR: Switch on 500kHz; LEVEL about 1 Vpp;
FREQ. About 450 kHz
FUNCTION GENERATOR: Sine wave (J1); LEVEL about 100mVpp;
FREQ. about 500Hz.
LOCAL OSCILLATOR: LEVEL about 1 Vpp; FREQ. About 1000 kHz
on (Center).
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6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Connect the LOCAL OSCILLATOR OUT to the LO IN of the MIXER and
MIXER OUT to the LIMITER IN post with the help of shorting links.
Then connect the LIMITER OUT post to the FM IN of QUADRATURE
DETECTOR.
Connect 0°° post to IN1 post of the quadrature detector (ACL-04) and Connect
90°° post to IN2 post of the quadrature detector (ACL-04) also connect OUT
post to the IN of LOW PASS FILTER.
Then observe frequency modulated signal at FM/RF OUT post of
FREQUENCY MODULATOR and achieve the same signal by setting
frequency of LOCAL OSCILLATOR at OUT post of MIXER, then observe
LIMITER OUT post where output is clear from noise and stabilize around a
value of about 1.5Vpp.
Connect the oscilloscope across post OUT of QUADRATURE DETECT0R
ACL-04 (detected signal) and FUNCTION GENERATOR OUT post
(modulating signal) of ACL-03 also If the central frequency of the detector and
the carrier frequency of the FM signal and local oscillator frequency coincides,
you obtain two signals similar to the ones of FIG. 2.4. Then connect the
oscilloscope (probes 10:1) to the two inputs of the quadrature detector (posts
IN1 and IN2). Check that the two signals are shifted exactly of 90º. The fact
that there is still some high-frequency ripple at the output of the
QUADRATURE DETECT0R block indicates that the passive low pass filter
circuit at the block’s output (as shown in Figure) is not sufficient to remove
this unwanted high-frequency component. We use the LOW PASS FILTER
block to overcome this problem. The LOW - PASS FILTER block strongly
attenuates the high-frequenc y ripple component at the detector’s output, and
also blocks the d.c. offset voltage. Consequently, the signal at the output of
the LOW - PASS FILTER block should very closely resemble the original
audio modulating signal.
Note that the demodulated signal has null continuous component. Vary the
amplitude of the FM signal and check that the amplitude of the detected signal
varies, too.
Increase the carrier frequency and note that a positive voltage is added to the
detected signal. Still increasing the freque ncy, the detected signal presents a
distortion similar to the one of FIG. 2.5A (In this condition you operate on a
non-linear zone of the discriminator.)
Reduce the carrier frequency to its proper value (450 KHz). Increase the
amplitude of the modulating signal (LEVEL of the FUNCTION GENERATOR)
so to generate an FM signal with frequency deviation over the linear zone of
the detector. You obtain a much distorted detected signal, similar to the one of
FIG. 2.5C.
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 44A -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 44B -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 44C -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 44D -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
EXPERIMENT
NO.3
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 46 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
EXPERIMENT NO: 3
NAME:
FREQUENCY MODULATION VIA PHASE MODULATION.
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment to Study Frequency modulation and Demodulation
via Phase modulator.
THEORY:
3.1
PHASE MODULATION:
It is a type of modulation in which the phase of high frequency sine wave (carrier) is
varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
3.2
MAIN ASPECTS
Consider a generic low frequency signal Vm(t) and a sine wave signal Vc(t) with
pulse Ω:
Vc(t) = A
sin[Ω
Ω t+θ
θ (t)] = A
sin[φ
φ (t)]
The signal Vm(t) is called modulating signal, the signal Vc(t) is called carrier signal.
The phase modulation is produced by varying the angle θ, so that its instantaneous
phase, in respect to the value θo in absence of modulation, is proportional to the
amplitude of the modulating signal Vm (t). So the following must be true:
θ (t) = θ o + K Vm(t)
Where K is the sensibility of modulation.
3.2.1 MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF THE PHASE MODULATED SIGNAL
For ease consider a null starting phase θo, the instantaneous angle becomes:
φ (t) = Ω t + K Vm(t)
The phase modulated signal VM (t) becomes:
VM (t) = A sin[Ω
Ω t + K Vm(t)]
The instantaneous pulse of the signal modulated in phase is obtained detecting the
instantaneous angle φ(t) in respect to time:
Ω (t) = Ω + K dvm(t)
dt
FALCON
- 47 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 48 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
from which you detect the instantaneous frequency F(t) of the phase-modulated
signal:
F(t) = Ω (t) = Ω + K • dvm(t)
2π
π
2π
π 2π
π dt
From the last relation you observe that F(t) is proportional to the derivative of the
modulating signal (in frequency modulation the instantaneous frequency of the
modulated signal is proportional to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal).
In case of the sine wave modulating signal we have vm(t) = B • sin(w•t), and the last
relations becomes:
φ (t) = Ω • t + K • B • sin(w • t)
vM(t) = A • sin[Ω
Ω • t + K • B • sin(w • t)]
F(t) = Ω = K • B • w • cos(w • t) = F + K • B • f • cos(w • t)
2π
π
2π
π
From the last relation you can note that the frequency shift ∆F of the phase
modulated signal is:
∆F = K • B • f
and depends on the amplitude (K•B) as well as on the frequency (f) of the modulating
signal.
FIG. 2.10 shows the waveforms related to the carrier, the modulating signal, the
frequency and phase modulated signals.
3.3
PHASE MODULATOR
The principle diagram of a phase modulator is shown in FIG. 2.11. It is an amplifier
with resonant load, which resonance frequency is varied, with the Varicap diode, by
the modulating signal.
FIG. 2.12 shows the amplitude and phase responses of a resonant circuit. Observe
the phase response. If the circuit is tuned to the input frequency, the output signal
results in phase with the input one; on the contrary it is lag or lead shifted. By varying
the resonance frequency of the circuit you can then introduce a shift between one
fixed input signal (carrier) and the output signal (phase modulated signal). As the
max. phase shift ∆θ which can be obtained with a phase modulator is very low
(fraction of radiance) to increase it make a frequency multiplication of the modulated
signal. The phase shift results equal to N times the starting deviation:
∆θ N = N • ∆θ
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 50 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
3.4
CONVERSION OF THE PHASE MODULATION INTO FREQUENCY
MODULATION
We have seen before that the instantaneous frequency of the phase modulated
signal is:
FPM(t) =
Ω (t)
2π
π
Ω
2π
π
K•
2π
π
dvm(t)
dt
we saw that the instantaneous frequency of the frequency modulated signal is:
FPM(t) =
Ω (t) Ω
2π
π 2π
π
K • vm(t)
2π
π
From the two last relations, you can detect that the instantaneous frequency of a
signal modulated in signal vm(t) is equivalent to a signal modulated in frequency by
modulating signal
vm(t) = dvm(t)/dt
This propriety can be exploited to obtain a freque ncy modulation from by a phase
modulator. It is sufficient to integrate the modulating signal before applying it to the
phase modulator (FIG. 2.10) and the following is obtained:
FPM(t) =
Ω
K
d
____ + __ • __
2π
π
=
2π
π
vm (t) dt
dt
Ω
K
__ + __ • vm(t) = FFM(t)
2π
π
2π
π
EQUIPMENT:
•
•
•
•
•
FALCON
Modules ACL-03 & ACL-04.
+/-12-Vdc power supply.
20MHz oscilloscope.
Frequency meter.
Connecting Links.
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 52 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
FALCON
Refer to the FIG. 3.1 & Carry out the following connections.
Connect the FM/RF OUT post of FREQUENCY MODULATOR block (ACL-03)
to the I/p of Phase modulator (ACL-03) RF IN post.
Connect the OUT post of Function Generator (ACL-03) to the MOD IN post of
PHASE MODULATOR block of (ACL-03).
Connect the OUT of Phase modulator (ACL-03) post to the I/p of RF IN of
mixer in ACL-03 post.
Connect the LOCAL OSCILLATOR OUT to the LO IN of the MIXER and
MIXER OUT to the LIMITER IN post with the help of shorting links.
Then connect the LIMITER OUT post to the FM IN of FOSTER-SEELEY
DETECTOR.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACL-03 & ACL-04,
while connecting this; ensure that the power supply is OFF.
Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting:
FUNCTION GENERATOR: Triangular (J2); LEVEL about 0.5 Vpp;
FREQ about 1 kHz.
FREQUENCY MODULATOR: LEVEL about 2 Vpp; Switch on 500 kHz;
FREQ. 450 kHz
PHASE MODULATOR: Switch on PM.
•
LOCAL OSCILLATOR (ACL-03): LEVEL 1Vpp, Freq. about 900KHz.
Set the Frequency Demodulator in Ratio mode (Jumper in R position)
Connect the oscilloscope to the modulating signal and to the detected signal
(posts OUT FUNCTION GENERATOR (ACL-03) and post RATIO OUT of
FOSTER-SEELEY/RATIO DETECTOR (ACL-04).) and examine the
waveforms. As the phase shift (and consequently the frequency deviation)
introduced by the modulator is very small also the amplitude of the detected
signal is very small (about 10 mVpp). Be sure that the Phase modulator and
Ratio Discriminator are tuned to 450 kHz i.e. If the central frequency of the
detector and the carrier frequency of the FM signal and local oscillator
frequency coincides, you obtain two signals similar to the ones of triangular.
Observe the following:
If the modulator is set to FM (Inserted integrator the FM detector
supplies the same wave form of the modulating signal this means that
the signal generated by the modulator is effectively and FM signal.
If the modulator is set to PM (Disconnected integrator the FM detector
supplies derivative of the same wave form of the modulating signal if
the modulating signal is a triangular wave the detected signal will be a
square wave as shown in FIG. 3.3.
If the modulating signal is the square wave the detected signal will be a
wave with positive and negative pulses as shown in
FIG. 3.4. Tuned pot RV9 in ACL-03 & carrier frequency slightly to get
similar waveforms.
- 53 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 54 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
EXPERIMENT
NO.4
FALCON
- 55 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 56 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
EXPERIMENT NO: 4
NAME:
PHASE MODULATION.
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to Study Phase modulator.
THEORY:
PHASE MODULATION:
It is a type of modulation in which the phase of high frequency sine wave (carrier) is
varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
EQUIPMENTS:
•
•
•
•
•
Modules ACL-03 & ACL-04.
+/-12-Vdc power supply.
20MHz oscilloscope.
Frequency meter.
Connecting Links.
PROCEDURE:
WAVE FORMS OF THE MODULATED SIGNAL:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
FALCON
Refer to the FIG. 4.1 & Carry out the following connections.
Connect the o/p of FREQUENCY MODULATOR (ACL-03) FM/RF OUT post to
I/p of Phase modulator RF IN post.
Connect the OUT post of Function Generator (ACL-03) to the MOD IN post of
PHASE MODULATOR block of (ACL-03).
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACL-03 & ACL-04
while connecting this; ensure that the power supply is OFF.
Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting:
•
FREQUENCY MODULATOR: LEVEL about 2 Vpp; switch on 500 kHz;
FREQ. about 450 kHz.
•
FUNCTION GENERATOR: Triangular (J2); LEVEL about 0.5 Vpp;
FREQ about 1kHz.
Connect the oscilloscope (probes 10:1) to the input and output of the
modulator (RF IN and OUT posts of PHASE MODULATOR.), and synchronize
it to the input signal. Rotate the trimmer RV until the output signal reaches its
maximum value. In this condition the resonant circuit is centered to the input
carrier frequency (450 kHz). Check that the output signal is shifted of about
- 57 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 58 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
FALCON
90° in respect to the input one. This shift is the global shift introduced by the
modulator in absence of modulation.
Keep the oscilloscope (probes 10:1) connected to the input of the modulator
and synchronize it to the input signal.
Gradually increase the amplitude of the modulating signal. If the modulator is
calibrated to the carrier frequency, the oscilloscope detects wave forms as the
ones of FIG. 4.2 (eventually vary RV to obtain such wave forms)
As the output waveform posts out, the width of the trace obtained by adding
more phase shifted sine waves keeps constant. This does not occur in the
case of frequency modulated signal, where the trace widens moving from right
to left (see FIG. 4.2).
The amplitude variation of the phase modulated signal is due to the analogous
variation introduced by the resonant circuit used as modulator.
Vary RV (which means the central frequency of the resonant circuit is varied)
and examine how the output waveform of the modulator varies. Explain the
reason. Tune the modulator again (via RV) to the carrier frequency.
- 59 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 60 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
EXPERIMENT
NO.5
FALCON
- 61 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 62 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
EXPERIMENT NO: 5
NAME:
PHASE DEMODULATION.
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to Study and observe the Waveforms of Phase
Demodulated Signal.
EQUIPMENTS:
•
•
•
•
•
Modules ACL-03 & ACL-04.
+/-12-Vdc power supply.
20MHz oscilloscope.
Frequency meter.
Connecting Links.
PROCEDURE:
The quadrature detector supplies the output with the product of the two input signals.
Consider the carrier signal and the phase modulated signal to be applied to the two
inputs. The multiplication of the two signals produces different components, among
which a low frequency component proportional to the phase difference between the
same signals. This signal, which corresponds to the detected signal, is separated via
the low pass filter.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
FALCON
Refer to the FIG. 5.1 & Carry out the following connections.
Connect the FM/RF OUT post of FREQUENCY MODULATOR block (ACL-03)
to the I/p of Phase modulator (ACL-03) RF IN post.
Connect the OUT post of Function Generator (ACL-03) to the MOD IN post of
PHASE MODULATOR block of (ACL-03).
Connect the OUT of Phase modulator (ACL-03) post to the I/p of RF IN of
mixer in ACL-03 post.
Connect the LOCAL OSCILLATOR OUT to the LO IN of the MIXER and
MIXER OUT to the LIMITER IN post with the help of shorting links.
Then connect the LIMITER OUT post to the IN2 of quadrature detector in
QUADRATURE DETECTOR block and connect the same post of FM/RF OUT
of FREQUENCY MODULATOR block as carrier to the IN1 post.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit while connecting this;
ensure that the power supply is OFF.
Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting:
FUNCTION GENERATOR: Triangular (J2); LEVEL about 0.5 Vpp;
FREQ about 1 kHz. PHASE MODULATOR: Switch on PM.
- 63 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
9.
10.
FREQUENCY MODULATOR: LEVEL about 2 Vpp; Switch on 500 kHz;
FREQ. 450 kHz.
•
LOCAL OSCILLATOR (ACL-03): LEVEL 1Vpp, Freq. About 900KHz.
Connect the oscilloscope to the modulating signal and to the detected signal
(posts OUT of FUNCTION GENERATOR and OUT of QUADRATURE
DETECTOR block.)) and examine the waveforms. The amplitude variation of
the modulated signal can be removed inserting a limiter Circui t.
Vary the amplitude of the modulating signal and the tuning of the modulator
(RV).
If the central frequency of the detector and the carrier frequency of the PM
signal and local oscillator frequency coincides, you obtain two signals similar
to the ones of triangular wave generated at OUT post of FUNCTION
GENERATOR.
FALCON
- 64 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
EXPERIMENT
NO.6
FALCON
- 65 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 66 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
EXPERIMENT NO: 6
NAME:
VOICE TRANSMISSION ON VARIOUS MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
METHODS.
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to Study voice transmission on various modulation
and demodulation methods.
A.
To study voice transmission on Frequency Modulation with varactor modulator
and the foster-seeley detector as Frequency Demodulator.
B.
To Study voice transmission on Frequency Modulation with varactor modulator
and the Ratio Detector as Frequency Demodulator.
C.
To Study voice transmission on Frequency Modulation with varactor modulator
and the Phase Locked Loop Detector as Frequency Demodulator.
D.
To Study voice transmission on Frequency Modulation with varactor modulator
and the Quadrature Detector as Frequency Demodulator.
E.
To Study voice transmission on Phase Modulation and Phase Demodulation
technique.
A.
TO STUDY VOICE TRANSMISSION ON FREQUENCY MODULATION WITH
VARACTOR MODULATOR AND THE FOSTER-SEELEY DETECTOR AS
FREQUENCY DEMODULATOR.
EQUIPMENTS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Modules ACL-03 & ACL-04.
+/-12-Vdc power supply.
20MHz oscilloscope.
Frequency meter.
Connecting Link.
Dynamic microphone.
Speaker or headphones.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
FALCON
Refer to the FIG. 6.1 & Carry out the following connections.
Connect the dynamic microphone provided with the kit to the socket marked
MIC IN of AUDIO PREAMPLIFIER block.
Connect the OUT post of AUDIO PREAMPLIFIER to MOD IN post of
FREQUENCY MODULATOR block.
Connect the o/p of FREQUENCY MODULATOR FM/RF OUT post to the I/p of
RF IN of mixer in ACL-03.
- 67 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 68 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
B.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACL-03 & ACL-04,
while connecting this; ensure that the power supply is OFF.
Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting:
•
FREQUENCY MODULATOR: Switch on 500KHz; LEVEL about 1 Vpp;
FREQ. about 450 KHz.
Frequency demodulator in Foster-Seeley mode (jumpers in FS
position).
FUNCTION GENERATOR: Sine wave (J1); LEVEL about 100mVpp;
FREQ. about 500Hz.
LOCAL OSCILLATOR: LEVEL about 1 Vpp; FREQ. About 1000 KHz
on (Center).
Connect the LOCAL OSCILLATOR OUT to the LO IN of the MIXER and
MIXER OUT to the LIMITER IN post with the help of shorting links.
Then connect the LIMITER OUT post to the FM IN of FOSTER- SEELEY
DETECTOR and FS OUT to the IN of LOW PASS FILTER.
Connect the OUT post of LOW PASS FILTER to AUDIO IN post of Audio
Amplifier.
Connect speaker provided with the kit to the socket marked SPEAKER in the
Audio Amplifier section of KIT.
If the central frequency of the discriminator and the carrier frequency of the FM
signal and local oscillator freque ncy coincides, you obtain good voice
reception signals, Adjust VOLUME knob for amplification of voice to form
audio link.
TO STUDY VOICE TRANSMISSION ON FREQUENCY MODULATION WITH
VARACTOR MODULATOR AND THE RATIO DETECTOR AS
FREQUENCY DEMODULATOR.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
FALCON
Refer to the FIG. 6.2 & Carry out the following connections.
Connect the dynamic microphone provided with the kit to the socket marked
MIC IN of AUDIO PREAMPLIFIER block.
Connect the OUT post of AUDIO PREAMPLIFIER to MOD IN post of
FREQUENCY MODULATOR block.
Connect the o/p of FREQUENCY MODULATOR FM/RF OUT post to the I/p of
RF IN of mixer in ACL-03.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACL-03 & ACL-04,
while connecting this; ensure that the power supply is OFF.
Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting:
FREQUENCY MODULATOR: Switch on 500KHz; LEVEL about 1 Vpp;
FREQ. about 450 KHz.
Frequency demodulator in Ratio mode (jumpers in R position).
FUNCTION GENERATOR: Sine wave (J1); LEVEL about 100mVpp;
FREQ. about 500Hz.
- 69 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 70 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
•
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
C.
LOCAL OSCILLATOR: LEVEL about 1 Vpp; FREQ. About1000 KHz
on (Center).
Connect the LOCAL OSCILLATOR OUT to the LO IN of the MIXER and
MIXER OUT to the LIMITER IN post with the help of shorting links.
Then connect the LIMITER OUT post to the FM IN of RATIO DETECTOR and
RATIO OUT to the IN of LOW PASS FILTER.
Connect the post RATIO OUT of ACL-04 (detected signal) to AUDIO IN of
Audio Amplifier.
Connect speaker provided with the kit to the socket marked SPEAKER in the
audio amplifier section of KIT.
If the central frequency of the discriminator and the carrier frequency of the FM
signal and local oscillator frequency coincide, you obtain good voice reception
signals, Adjust VOLUME knob for amplification of voice to form audio link.
TO STUDY VOICE TRANSMISSION ON FREQUENCY MODULATION WITH
VARACTOR MODULATOR AND THE PHASE LOCKED LOOP DETECTOR
AS FREQUENCY DEMODULATOR
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
Refer to the FIG. 6.3 & Carry out the following connections.
Connect the dynamic microphone provided with the kit to the socket marked
MIC IN of AUDIO PREAMPLIFIER block.
3.
Connect the OUT post of AUDIO PREAMPLIFIER to MOD IN post of
FREQUENCY MODULATOR block.
4.
Connect the o/p of FREQUENCY MODULATOR FM/RF OUT post to the I/p of
RF IN of mixer in ACL-03.
5.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACL-03 & ACL-04,
while connecting this; ensure that the power supply is OFF.
6.
Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting:
FREQUENCY MODULATOR: Switch on 500KHz; LEVEL about 1 Vpp;
FREQ. About 450 KHz
FUNCTION GENERATOR: Sine wave (J1); LEVEL about 100mVpp;
FREQ. about 500Hz.
LOCAL OSCILLATOR: LEVEL about 1 Vpp; FREQ. About 1000KHz
on (Center).
7.
Connect the LOCAL OSCILLATOR OUT to the LO IN of the MIXER and
MIXER OUT to the LIMITER IN post with the help of shorting links.
8.
Then connect the LIMITER OUT post to the IN of Phase Locked Loop
Detector and OUT post to the IN of LOW PASS FILTER.
9.
Then connect OUT post of LOW PASS FILTER to the AUDIO IN post of
AUDIO AMPLIFIER KIT.
10.
Connect speaker provided with the kit to the socket marked SPEAKER in the
audio amplifier section of KIT.
11.
If the central frequency of the detector and the carrier frequency of the FM
signal and local oscillator frequency coincide, you obtain good voice reception
signals, Adjust VOLUME knob for amplification of voice to form audio link.
FALCON
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
- 71 -
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
- 72 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
D.
TO STUDY VOICE TRANSMISSION ON FREQUENCY MODULATION WITH
VARACTOR MODULATOR AND THE QUADRATURE DETECTOR AS
FREQUENCY DEMODULATOR.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
FALCON
Refer to the FIG. 6.4 & Carry out the following connections.
Connect the dynamic microphone provided with the kit to the socket marked
MIC IN of AUDIO PREAMPLIFIER block.
Connect the OUT post of AUDIO PREAMPLIFIER to MOD IN post of
FREQUENCY MODULATOR block.
Connect the o/p of FREQUENCY MODULATOR FM/RF OUT post to the i/p of
RF IN of mixer in ACL-03.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACL-03 & ACL-04,
while connecting this; ensure that the power supply is OFF.
Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting:
FREQUENCY MODULATOR: Switch on 500kHz; LEVEL about 1 Vpp;
FREQ. About 450 kHz
FUNCTION GENERATOR: Sine wave (J1); LEVEL about 100mVpp;
FREQ. about 500Hz.
LOCAL OSCILLATOR: LEVEL about 1 Vpp; FREQ. About 1000 kHz
on (Center).
Connect the LOCAL OSCILLATOR OUT to the LO IN of the MIXER and
MIXER OUT to the LIMITER IN post with the help of shorting links.
Then connect the LIMITER OUT post to the FM IN of QUADRATURE
DETECTOR.
Connect 0°° post to IN1 post of the quadrature detector (ACL-04) and Connect
90°° post to IN2 post of the quadrature detector (ACL-04) also connect OUT
post to the IN of LOW PASS FILTER.
Then connect OUT post of LOW PASS FILTER to the AUDIO IN post of
AUDIO AMPLIFIER KIT.
Connect speaker provided with the kit to the socket marked SPEAKER in the
audio amplifier section of KIT.
If the central frequency of the detector and the carrier frequency of the FM
signal and local oscillator frequency coincide, you obtain good voice reception
signals, Adjust VOLUME knob for amplification of voice to form audio link.
- 73 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
FALCON
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
ACL-03: FREQUENCY MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT & ACL-04: FREQUENCY DEMODULATION RECEIVER KIT
E.
TO STUDY VOICE TRANSMISSION ON PHASE MODULATION AND
PHASE DEMODULATION TECHNIQUE.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
FALCON
Refer to the FIG. 6.5 & Carry out the following connections.
Connect the dynamic microphone provided with the kit to the socket marked
MIC IN of AUDIO PREAMPLIFIER block.
Connect the OUT post of AUDIO PREAMPLIFIER to MOD IN post of
FREQUENCY MODULATOR block.
Connect the FM/RF OUT post of FREQUENCY MODULATOR block (ACL-03)
to the I/p of Phase modulator (ACL-03) RF IN post.
Connect the OUT of Phase modulator (ACL-03) post to the I/p of RF IN of
mixer in ACL-03 post.
Connect the LOCAL OSCILLATOR OUT to the LO IN of the MIXER and
MIXER OUT to the LIMITER IN post with the help of shorting links.
Then connect the LIMITER OUT post to the IN2 of quadrature detector in
QUADRATURE DETECTOR block and connect the same post of FM/RF OUT
of FREQUENCY MODULATOR block as carrier to the IN1 post.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit while connecting this;
ensure that the power supply is OFF.
Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting:
FUNCTION GENERATOR: Triangular (J2); LEVEL about 0.5 Vpp;
FREQ about 1 kHz. PHASE MODULATOR: Switch on PM.
FREQUENCY MODULATOR: LEVEL about 2 Vpp; Switch on 500 kHz;
FREQ. 450 kHz.
•
LOCAL OSCILLATOR (ACL-03): LEVEL 1Vpp, Freq. About 900KHz.
Then connect the OUT post of QUADRATURE DETECTOR block to the IN
post of Low Pass Filter.
Then connect OUT post of LOW PASS FILTER to the AUDIO IN post of
AUDIO AMPLIFIER KIT.
Connect speaker provided with the kit to the socket marked SPEAKER in the
audio amplifier section of KIT.
If the central frequency of the detector and the carrier frequency of the PM
signal and local oscillator frequency coincide, by tuning of the modulator (RV).
You obtain good voice reception signals, Adjust VOLUME knob for
amplification of voice to form audio link.
- 75 -
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
FALCON
Email: support@falconindia.biz
Website: www.falconindia.biz