AP European History – Period Study Guides – Period 1: 1450 to 1648 Directions: Fill out this study guide to highlight the most important things from the first period of information for this course. Please note that you did not have to answer the terms in proper ID form. Answer them in the way that is going to work best for you. Whether that is writing a series of bullets or proper sentences. Don’t just copy and paste answers from previous study guides. Remember, this is meant to be a tool to help you with the information. You will lose points by not putting enough information or by leaving a question blank. People to know (know what they did, where they were from, movements they were a part of, etc): 1. Petrarch Francesco Petrarch Known as the “Father of Humanism” Italian scholar and poet First person to invent the concept of the “Dark Ages” Discovered the letters of Cicero, which started the 14th century renaissance. 2. The Medici Family A dynasty that came to Florence in the 12th century. Their status was won through commerce. They had dominance over Florence until the 16th century. They were prominent for being patrons of many prominent artists of the Italian Renaissance, such as Michelangelo, Da Vinci, and Raphael. 3. Niccolo Machiavelli Italian Humanist, historian Recognized as the founder of modern political science, ethics Served as an adviser to Cesare Borgia Wrote The Prince 4. Johann Gutenberg Johannes Gutenberg was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe 5. Baldassare Successful Italian courtier who lived during the 15th century. Castiglione Wrote Book of the Courtier. Able to integrate the ancient knowledge of languages and history with military, athletic and musical skills, all whist practicing good manners and demonstrating integrity. 6. Michelangelo Italian sculptor, painter, engineer and poet during the High Renaissance. Considered a “Renaissance Man”. Made the Pieta, David and painted the Sistine Chapel in Rome. 7. Donatello Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature 8. Raphael Italian painter and architect during the High Renaissance Works include The School of Athens, Resurrection of Christ, Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione. 9. Brunelleschi An Italian designer and a key figure in architecture, recognised to be the first modern engineer, planner and sole construction supervisor. He was the oldest amongst the founding fathers of the Renaissance. He is generally well known for developing a 10. Leonardo da Vinci 11. Jan Van Eyck 12. Pieter Brueghel the Elder 13. Rembrandt 14. El Greco 15. Gian Bernini 16. Peter Paul Rubens 17. Nicolaus Copernicus 18. Johannes Kepler 19. Galileo Galilei technique for linear perspective in art and for building the dome of the Florence Cathedral. Italian painter, writer, engineer, mathematician, musician, inventor and historian Epitome of the “Renaissance Man” Works include The Last Supper, Mona Lisa, Vetruvian Man. One of the most significant Northern Renaissance artists of the 15th century. Dutch painter who painted both secular and religious subject matter. Highly influential in the real of oil painting. Works include The Arnolfini Wedding, Ghent Altarpiece, Portrait of a Man in a Turban and Three Marys at the Tomb. Dutch Renaissance painter and printmaker from Brabant Famous for landscape and peasant scenes Influenced by Humanist ideals Works include The Peasant Wedding, The Blind Leading the Blind, Netherlandish Proverbs and his most famous work, The Seven Deadly Sins and The Virtues. A Dutch painter; full name Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn Established his reputation as a painter with The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp. In The Night Watch he makes use of chiaroscuro for more spirituality and introspectiveness. Painted more than 60 self portraits from 1629 to 1669. His portraits and religious works are characterized by distorted perspective, elongated figures, and strident use of color. In Spanish, his name means “the Greek.” El Greco was born in Crete, which was at that time part of the Republic of Venice, and the center of Post-Byzantine art An Italian sculptor, painter, and architect who made the Baldachin in St. Peter's, the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, David, Apollo and Daphne, + The Rape of Proserpina, among others. Became the “successor of Michelangelo” Sir Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish Baroque painter. A proponent of an extravagant Baroque style that emphasized movement, colour, and sensuality, Rubens is well known for his Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects. First to publish a major work that condemned the Aristotelian view of the universe and to propose a heliocentric model. Also first to propose that the earth was spinning. Published Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres Apprentice of Tyco Brahe Was the first to propose elliptical orbits as opposed to perfect circles by applying mathematics. First to do rigorous observations with a telescope. Provided even more evidence for the heliocentric model. 20. Isaac Newton 21. William Harvey 22. Andreas Vesalius 23. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 24. James I 25. Charles I 26. Oliver Cromwell 27. Charles II 28. James II 29. William and Mary Published "Dialogue Concerning Two World Systems-Ptolemaic and Copernican," "Property of Objects in Water," and "Sidereus Nuncius." Influenced by Galileo Wrote the Principia Mathematica to express systematic observation and mathematical expression. Came up with the three laws of motion. Also invented calculus, so that we may interpret the universe as something that follows natural laws Discovered the circulation of blood and the role of the heart in propelling it. Speculated that humans and animals reproduced through the joining of an egg Founder of modern biological science First to assemble a human skeleton and reject old explanation for blood circulation. Published On the Fabric of the Human Body Lutheran king of Sweden, also a brilliant military strategist, who began the Swedish portion of the war. He won the battle at Brientenfeld with was a turning point in the war. He was killed in the battle of Lutzen. The first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625. He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I. He alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings. King of England who ruled without parliament for 11 years. He supported archbishop Laud’s efforts to suppress Puritanism and was publically executed by Parliament at the behest of Oliver Cromwell. Stuart English military, political, and religious figure that led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England he ruled as a virtual dictator during the 17th century. King of the United Kingdom who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism. Stuart The last Catholic, Stuart king of the United Kingdom during the 17th century. He dissolved parliament and issued the Declaration of Indulgences. He was overthrown in 1688. King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. 30. Cardinal Richelieu 31. Martin Luther 32. Charles V 33. Sir Thomas More 34. Desiderius Erasmus 35. St. Teresa of Avila 36. Henry VIII 37. Mary I 38. Elizabeth I As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only Protestants could be office-holders. Advisor to Louis XIV during 17th century France, who initiated policies that eventually strengthened the power of the monarchy. He is famous for eliminating the political and military rights of Huguenots, while preserving their religious ones. A German monk who is famous for writing the 95 theses in the 16th century. His theology is the basis for Lutheranism, and is one of the Church’s earliest critics. Hapsburg ruler of Spain from 1516-56 He was elected emperor of the Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. He is famous for presiding over the diet and issuing the edict of Worms Divided the Hapsburg and Holy Roman lands between his son, Philip II, and his brother, Ferdinand I. The writer of Utopia, as well as Lord High Chancellor of England in the 16th century under Henry VIII. More refused to sign the act of succession, recognizing Henry as the head of the Church as well as the validity of his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. A Dutch Renaissance humanist who wrote in pure Latin style due to his training as a Classical scholar. His most famous work being The Praise of Folly, Erasmus believed in Christianity being the guiding philosophy of daily life, with an emphasis on inner piety. He is also remembered for translating the New Testament into Greek and Latin. An influential Spanish nun who was said to have had mystical visions. She was a reformer of the Catholic Church and perfect example of the new piety, which stemmed from the Counter-Reformation. A Tudor monarch of England from 1509 to 1547, infamous for his six wives. He passed the Act of Supremacy, which made him the head of the Church of England, all due to the fact that the Catholic Church would not allow him to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. "Bloody Mary” Catholic daughter of Henry VIII & Catherine of Aragon Ruled after Lady Jane Grey Abolished Protestant laws in England Married King Philip II of Spain Reconnected the church with Rome Revived the Heresy Acts to arrest & execute anyone for heresy (including Thomas Crammer) Protestant daughter of Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn Queen of England & Ireland between 1558 & 1603. She was an absolute monarch & is considered to be one of the most successful politiques of all time. 39. John Calvin 40. Catherine de Medici 41. Henry of Navarre 42. Philip II 43. William of Orange The founder of Calvinism, developing it mainly in Zurich during the Swiss Reformation. His main belief was in that of predestination, the concept that God assigns everyone a place in heaven or hell when they are born. Powerful Queen of France and wife of Henry II who ruthlessly played the Huguenots and Guises against each other to expand her influence during the 16th century. Leader of Huguenot forces in the latter stages of the French Wars of Religion On succeeding the Catholic Henry III, he became Catholic himself in order to guarantee peace. He established religious freedom with the Edict of a Nantes and restored order after the prolonged civil war. King of Spain and a devout Catholic. Under his reign, Spain reached the peak of its influence as he directed explorations around the globe, prompting Spanish colonization. A Calvinist exiled to Germany Emerged as the leader of a broad movement for the Netherlands' independence from Spain. Famous for his “apology” to Philip II. Also “William of Normandy” and “William the Silent”. Events to know (You should be able to explain why it happened, what happened, important people involved, and the consequences): 44. Peace of Augsburg A treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, on September 25, 1555, at the imperial city of Augsburg. It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire. 45. Edict of Nantes A document of religious toleration issued by Henry IV that ended religious fighting between Protestants and Catholics in France; granted the Huguenots freedom of public worship, right of assembly admission to public offices and universities, and permission to maintain fortified towns, but only in their own territories. This brought peace to France, but also Henry IV's assassination. Evoked by Louis XIV in 1685. 46. Thirty Years’ War Background info: - Peace of Augsburg (1555) ended fighting in the HRE - Lutheranism and Catholicism legal, Calvinism illegal - Each prince can choose religion - Lutherans both distrust Calvinists - Lutherans/Calvinists distrust Jesuits The Bohemian Phase - 1618- Ferdinand becomes King of Bohemia- Hapsburg Takes away right of Lutherans in Bohemia 1619- Ferdinand II becomes the Holy Roman Emperor nobles revolt - Maximilian of Bavaria and Spain join conflict they quickly defeat nobles Catholicism reinstated The Danish Period - 1626 Christian IV enters war in name of Luthernaism Maximilian quickly defeats him Another military leader Albrecht of Wallenstein also becoming powerful Ferdinand tries to reinstate terms of P. of A. but things have changed too much The Swedish Phase - Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden Lutheran 1630- Swedes won a major battle at Breitenfeld Gustavus used new military tactics 1635- Peace of Prague Sweden, France, Dutch refuse to compromise The Swedish-French Phase - French enter war Most violent 47. Peace of Westphalia All countries involved agree to it Each ruler is allowed to choose their religion Calvinism is now legal Netherlands and Switzerland recognized as legit Holy Roman Empire fizzles away Prussia and Austria remain somewhat powerful France becomes dominant force in Europe Spain severely weakened would never rise back up Italy loses a lot of power 48. Fronde in France 49. English Civil War The Fronde was a series of civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635 James I - Dislikes parliamentary control of taxes Charles I - Charles II - Beginning of the Civil War, father took him to a few battles. - - He fled (Mother was French Catholic princess, instead of a Spanish Catholic princess). When defeat is inevitable at the hands of parliament, he flees with his brother and mother to Louis XIV. Lived in Louis’s Catholic court. Cromwell dies in 1658 of illness. Declaration of Breda, had to forgive all people who had fought for Parliament, Tolerant of puritans and Catholics. Reopened theater Restoration Comedies Lots of violence, risqué, sexually explicit content Women allowed to participate Beautiful theatres Emergence of celebrities The Plague Returns - 1665 – kills 1/6, about 70,000 1666 – The Great London Fire Burned down over 13,000 buildings About 80,000 homeless Line of Succession - James II next in line- younger brother of Charles II He was Catholic James II - After putting down a rebellion in Southern England James said he needed a standing army Dissolved parliament Issued Declaration of Indulgences His wife gave birth to a baby boy Glorious Revolution - William and Mary invaded England, James flees Impacts on Catholics - Not allowed to vote Not allowed to be in parliament Not allowed to be commissioned Monarch not allowed to be married to or be Catholic. - 50. Protestant Reformation 51. English Reformation 52. Catholic Reformation 53. Council of Trent 54. French Wars of Religion 55. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Terms to know (Know why these were important during the time period, and, if possible, beyond the time period): 56. Humanism 57. Christian humanism 58. Indulgences 59. Nepotism 60. Simony 61. Jesuits 62. Lutherans 63. Calvinists 64. Anabaptists 65. Huguenots 66. Puritans 67. Mercantilism 68. Compass 69. Astrolabe 70. Joint stock companies 71. Guilds 72. The Bank of Amsterdam 73. The Dutch East India Company 74. Nobles of the Robe in France 75. Enclosure movement Questions you should be able to answer: 76. How did the ideas of humanists shape both the political and religious aspects of Italian life? 77. Why is the printing press so important to history? Be able to cite specific examples. 78. How did artwork change and what were the differences between Italian Renaissance, Northern Renaissance, and Baroque? What caused those changes in society? 79. How did new discoveries made during the scientific revolution challenge long-held religious beliefs in Europe? Why were some people unwilling to believe in the new discoveries? What were the short and long term consequences of this? 80. How did monarchs during the 16th and 17th centuries consolidate their power into a more centralized government? What other factors in society allowed them to be able to do this at this particular time period? a. What pushback did those monarchs receive from the following, try to think of specific examples: i. Nobility ii. Religious institutions iii. Middle and lower classes 81. What changes in military warfare took place during this time period? 82. Which European countries allowed religious toleration during this time period? How did this impact their own countries and countries people fled from? 83. What motivated Europeans to begin exploring during the late 15th century? 84. Be able to explain the areas explored and conquered by Europeans in chronological order. 85. What were the most important goods exchanged in the Columbian Exchange? a. From the Old World to the New World. b. From the New World to the Old World. 86. What was the importance of sugar during the age of exploration and colonization? How did it change society in Europe, the Americas, and Europe? 87. Why were the Dutch able to become so powerful in the 17th century? What factors caused their decline at the end of the century? 88. Why was there an increase in witchcraft during the 17th century? Big picture questions from this time period. Imagine that these are FRQ questions. How would you answer? 89. How did religion dramatically impact the social and political make up of Europe from the 15th to the 17th centuries? 90. How did the role of women change from the 15th to the 17th centuries and what was responsible for that change? 91. Why did Western European countries develop differently than Central and Eastern European countries during this time period? How would those changes impact future events? 92. How did the Age of Exploration allow European countries to become world super powers? 93. What were the differences between urban and rural communities? Be able to name specific aspects of life in each.
