CHAPTER 16
COMPROMISE WITH
COLONIALISM
After the fall of Manila to Americans, the
U.S president by the time, William McKinley
ordered Gen. Wesley Meritt as the first general
to establish a military government.
The governor/s exercised wide powers
such as executive, legislative, and judicial which
was later completely taken away by 1901
The duties of the governors were to pacify
provinces and to maintain peace and order.
1. Involvement during the military phase
(1899-1913)
Schurman Commission



Created by Former President William
McKinley on January 20, 1899 but
arrived in Manila by March 1899
Headed by Jacob G. Schurman with four
other members namely;
 George Dewey
 Charles H. Denby
 Elwell S. Otis
 Dean C. Worcester
Main mission is to study Philippines and
report to U.S how they should proceed.
The Christian Filipinos in Negros during 1898
with societal positions such as Land owning class
and Illustrados


Decided, upon the entrance of the U.S.,
to cooperate with the American
colonialist
The provisional government (November
1898) included;
 Juan Araneta
 Jose Luzuriaga
 Leandro Locsin
 Demetrio Larena
 Agustin Montilla


The provisional government was
welcomed by the military government
under Gen. Elwell Otis in February 1899
On March 1, 1899 – General Elwell Otis
created the Visayan Military District with
Gen. James F. Smith as the governor of
Negros.
Negrense Provincial Junta



Useful
ally
in
American
countermeasures
against
Malolos
government.
Represented by Quintin Salas and Zoilo
Mauricio
The masses was led by Dionisio
Magbuela “Papa Isio”
In 1901 Military government was replaced by
Civil Government

The American Colonial Government
could disclose the pacification of the
islands except in the Muslim South until
the abolition of the military governedMoro Province in 1913
 Planned by Chief Justice Cayetano
Arellano of the Supreme Court
A. In the Central Government
National Level of Administration
Filipino elites appointed as members of the
Philippine Commission who are to perform
executive and legislative powers and functions


Gregorio Araneta
Benito Legarda
Judiciary
Elites were given substantial roles

Cayetano Arellano as Chief Justice of
Supreme Court
B. Why the Elites?
2 Reasons:
 Fear of losing the security of their loses
 Basic orientation of the elite
2. Cultural Communities
Understanding of the American benevolent
policy
In cultural communities

Americans were successful in coopting
the ruling elites at the start of the
American rule.
In tribal communities

American teachers and missionaries
 Schools
 Religious missions
 Medical work
A. In Mindanao
Promotion of the needs for social services



Building of schools
Campaign for hygiene and diseases
Education of children
Critical Roles of American Teachers

Dr. Najeeb M. Saleeby
 One of the most effective
instruments
of
American
educational policies
 School Superintendent for the
districts of Mindanao and Jolo
 Assistant chief of the Bureau of
non-Christian tribes led to
American educational objectives
in Moro Province
 Retired on June 30, 1906
 New secretary of the Moro
province under Gov. Tasker H.
Bliss
 Charles R. Cameron
 Superintendent
 Succeeded Dr. Najeeb
 Private Albert L. Burleigh
 Taught Tausug children in Jolo
 Killed by four Moros
 George Kindy
 Agricultural inclination
 Introduced farm schools in
Bukidnon
B. In the Cordillera
 American Pursuit of Aguinaldo’s 200
retreating
forces
(“Retreating
Column”)
 Traditionally hostile Ifugao country
 Demonstration of people power
 Practice of avoiding outright
confiscation of food
 Payment of Ifugao food items
 Assistance in rendering speedy
justice
By 1902

Preparation for the American
colonial government and study of
the area through Dr. David P.
Barrows
By 1903


Acceptance of American rule by
Dominga Atandada of Dullayan and
Rafael Baluyunoan
92 chiefs and headmen of Ifugao
country organized a conference for a
government in the Ifugao area.
Former Military men who helped in the
pacification of the area and the preparation of
the people for the American government:




Samuel Kane
Al Hora
Capt. Lewis Patstone
Lt. Levi Case
By 1906


Entry of Lt. Jeff D. Gallman
Beginning of an era of peace among
the Ifugao and American rule
C. Treaty Traps
 Muslim Leadership was divided into
two: opposing and accepting.
 Accepting: Bates Treaty signed by
Sultan Jamalul Kiram and Gen. John
C. Bates on August 20, 1899
 Bates
Treaty:
political
compromise
 Involvement in American peace
initiative
 Significant accomplishment of
American diplomacy
 Bates Treaty 2 Version:
 Tausug Version and
 English Version
 Tausug Version
 Political co-existence
 English Version
 Establishment of American rule in
Sulu
 Acceptance
of
American
Sovereignty
 Unilateral Abrogation
 Colonial government by Gen.
William Howard Taft and Moro
province Gov. Leonard Wood
 March 1904
 Reaction of Sultan and Datus:
Surprise and irritation
 Dishonor and shame to Sulu
Leadership
D. Carpenter-Kiram Agreement
 March 22, 1915
 Belief in the Sultan’s involvement in
the eruption of the uprisings
 Bloody battle of Bud
Bagsak (Hassan Revolt)
in 1913
 Sultan as Spiritual Leader
 “NOTE” preliminary to the main part
of the agreement:
 Independent
Sovereignty



Partial
Exercise
of
sovereignty by Spain
Partial but de facto
temporal sovereignty of
US (Bates Treaty) in
Article IX
Stipulations
 Total sovereignty of US
overall the Sultanate
 Except in matters in
religion
E. Increase in Filipino Participation
a. Political Change in the United
States
 1912
 Woodrow Wilson
 New political orientation
 Republican Rule
 Conservatism
of
American
Policies
 Acquisition and Maintenance of
colonies
 Expansionist Inertia
 From vigorous, westward
expansion of American
colonist
 Need for raw materials and
markets
 Influence of the “Great
Commission”
 Democratic Rule
b. Effects on Colony
 Democratic
Party
Administration
 Populist Interests
 Modification of control over
colonies
 The Republication Defeat
 1912
 Francis Burton Harrison –
First democratic gov. gen.
1913
 Harrison Rule

Realist Implementation of
American Policies
 Executive brance
 Civil Branch
 Rapid Filipinization
 Jones Law
 Bicameral justice
 Cayetano Arellano – Chief
justice 1901
F. Limits to Filipinization
a. Restraints of Elitism
 Limited the participation to elite
 Significant share of power,
wealth, and status in the
islands
 Right to a new access to
external power
 Exemption of the highest
executive post
 Secretary
of
Public
Instruction
 National Treasury
 Bureau of customs
 Bureau of Internal Revenue
 Local Treasuries
 Filipinization – an aid to colonial
compromise
b. Economic Limitation
 Economic Policy of the US
 Paris Treaty
 Free Trade
 Free Trade
 Payne Aldrich Tariff Act
(1909)
 Filipino Interest is not equal
to American Interest
 Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act
 1913
 Abolished the quotas on
Philippine export
 Tydings-Mcduffie Law
 1934
 Quotas reimposed

Strengthened the Filipino
and American economic
interest
G. Social Effects of Filipinization
a. Tradition vs. Modernism
 American Liberal System
 Filipino Traditional ways
 The
new
system:
Democratic
 Democracy Filipino style
 American Democratic Structure
in Philippines
 Little brown Americans
 Dynamic cultural process
 Propagation of American
activities
b. Democracy Filipino Style
 Continuity of Filipino values in
new democracy
 Not
even
the
elite
abandoned their traditional
values
 The Filipinos saw no
contradiction between the
new democratic institutions
and traditional practices
 Harrison’s Term
 Demonstration of what
TRUST could do to Fil-Am
relations
 Criticisms
 Filipino incompetence in the
bureaucracy
 Graft and Corruption
 Unpreparedness of the
Filipinos for independence